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Die 17 Ziele einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung (SDG) wurden im Jahr 2015 durch die Vereinten Nationen mit großer Mehrheit in der Agenda 2030 definiert und beschrieben. Ihre Umsetzung oder zumindest ihre konsequente Verfolgung ist angesichts der aktuellen globalen Herausforderungen notwendiger und dringender denn je. Eine nachhaltige Entwicklung ist durch die gleichwertige Berücksichtigung ökonomischer, ökologischer und sozialer Aspekte gekennzeichnet. Tatsächlich kann der Bergbau der strengen Definition des Begriffs „Nachhaltigkeit“ nicht gerecht werden. Der Beitrag setzt sich mit diesem – vermeintlichen – Widerspruch auseinander und zeigt Handlungsoptionen auf, die das Markscheidewesen in diesem Kontext besitzt. Das Potential der vorhandenen Chancen darf im Hinblick auf die Zukunftsfähigkeit des Berufsstandes nicht ungenutzt bleiben. Im Interesse seiner „social license to operate“ muss der Bergbau sein besonderes Interesse an der Umsetzung der 17 SDG deutlich machen. Der Beitrag befasst sich mit den sich hieraus für das Markscheidewesen ergebenden Handlungsfeldern und Verantwortlichkeiten. Die markscheiderische Expertise wird auf jeden Fall benötigt, um bergbauliche Lebenszyklen im Sinne der Nachhaltigkeit zu planen, zu organisieren, zu überwachen und zu kommunizieren., The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were defined and described by the United Nations with a large majority in Agenda 2030 in 2015. Their implementation or at least their consistent pursuit is more necessary and urgent than ever in view of the current global challenges. Sustainable development is characterised by the equal consideration of economic, ecological and social aspects. In fact, mining cannot meet the strict definition of the term “sustainability”. The article deals with this - supposed - contradiction and shows options for action that the mine surveying sector has in this context. The potential of the existing opportunities must not remain unused with regard to the future viability of the profession. In the interest of its “social licence to operate”, the mining sector must make clear its special interest in the implementation of the 17 SDGs. The article deals with the resulting fields of action and responsibilities for the mine surveying sector. Mine surveying expertise is needed in any case to plan, organise, monitor and communicate mining life cycles in terms of sustainability.

The global turnaround in the energy industry shows clear tendencies towards the further integration of renewable energy alternatives. While China is especially known for being the worldwide biggest producer and consumer of hard coal, it is also going high speed for the renewables. The recently announced goal of climate neutrality seems to support this new path. This is because a closure of hard coal mines and their substitution by renewable energies is being touted as the future potential of a green economic transition. Yet the rare earths used in large quantities for this are anything but green or recyclable. An example of the potential and the impact on ecology and human health of the rapidly increasing development and integration of renewable alternatives can be shown with the help of an exemplary life cycle assessment at the Bayan Obo Mine in Baotou, Inner Mongolia. Here, it is clear that the negative effects are long term and have a strong influence not only over land, air and water, but also on human development through induced diseases and inhibition of development. The method of the life cycle assessment is still highly underrepresented in this research field and needs more reliable data and calculations for improved policy decisions and strategic action in the future.

Mining and post-mining processes have a significant impact on the environment. An important current task and challenge is therefore the continuous monitoring of mining areas. The project "Digital Twin - Integrated Geomonitoring" financed by RAG Stiftung (no. 20-0013) and carried out in cooperation with the Geological Survey of North-Rhine Westphalia develops an integrated geoscientific workflow to monitor the former mine Prosper-Haniel, (Bottrop). This paper describes a method of environmental geo-monitoring using vegetation indices, which allow long-term, temporal-spatial observation of changes and trends at the land surface. The freely available EU-Copernicus Data with its multispectral Sentinel-2 as well as the NASA Landsat-8 data provide a giant data repository for this investigation. To validate the results a subsurface model of the overburden und tectonic elements of the mine is integrated. The results show the full valorisation of integrated geoscientic workflows to understand changes at the surface above a former mine.

The use of geographic information systems in the field is often referred to as mobile GIS. This method makes it possible to collect, edit data with a smartphone application using GNSS locations. Especially important in scientific research is the verification of the obtained results. Mobile GIS allows the integration and implementation of data from various in-situ measurements such as soil sensors or thermometer. In this paper we will present results of mobile GIS application in projects: C2M2 - Climate Change | Management and Monitoring, Digital Twin- Integrated Geomonitoring and KaMonSyS - System for monitoring the installation and safety to cavernous storage facilities using satellite and drone-derived data, carried out by Research Center of Post-Mining at Technische Hoschschule Georg Agricola.

Die Überwachung der Bereitstellung von Georessoucen stellt eine komplexe Herausforderung dar. Bildlich gesprochen handelt es sich um Puzzle bei dem nicht alle Teile vorhanden sind und nicht vollständig klar ist, welches Motiv entsteht. Gleichzeitig ist es notwendig das Motiv zu erklären. Dieser Prozess ist bereits für Geowissenschafter:innen herausfordernd, stellt aber eine Vielzahl an Beteiligten und Betroffenen vor große Probleme hier ein vollständiges Prozessverständnis aufzubauen. Die Forschungskooperation Epe hat das Ziel die Bodenbewegung am Kavernenspeicher Epe erklärbar zu machen und hier Transparenz in die Beeinflussungsfaktoren der Bodenbewegungen aufzubauen. Hierzu besteht die Forschungskooperation aus der Stadt Gronau, der Bürgerinitiative Kavernenfeld Epe e.V., der Firma EFTAS, Münster und dem Forschungszentrum Nachbergbau der Technischen Hochschule Georg Agricola, Bochum. Zusätzlich wird dieses Vorhaben durch die Betreiber im Kavernenfeld unterstützt. In der Forschungskooperation werden die Ergebnisse der flächigen Radarinterferometrie mit den vor-Ort verfügbaren öffentlichen Geodaten fusioniert umso ein Gesamtbild zu erzielen. Gleichzeitig werden diese technischen Arbeiten mit einem öffentlichen Beteiligungsprozess begleitet. Die Forschungskooperation stellt somit erstmalig eine direkte Zusammenführung unterschiedlichster Beteiligter in einem bergbaulichen Projekt dar, um mit transparenten Werkzeugen ein gemeinsames Prozessverständnis aufzubauen.

Die Befriedigung des Rohstoff- und Energiebedarfs der Bevölkerung, des produzierenden Gewerbes und der Industrie ist ohne den Bergbau und die Energiewirtschaft nicht möglich. Damit verbunden sind Einflüsse auf das Umfeld der Bergwerke und Produktionsanlagen, die sich räumlich und zeitlich nicht immer begrenzen lassen. Es stellt sich vor diesem Hintergrund die Frage, ob der Bergbau im eigentlichen Sinn nachhaltig entwickelt, geführt und beendet werden kann. Eine schlüssige Antwort auf diese Frage dient in jedem Fall dazu, die öffentliche Akzeptanz des Bergbaus zu verbessern.

Rohstoffgewinnung geht mit einer mehr oder minder massiven Veränderung der Landschaft und den natürlichen Verhältnissen einher. Die für unseren Alltag notwendige Entnahme von Ressourcen beeinflusst nahezu alle Aspekte des Naturhaushaltes: Wasser, Boden, Flora und Fauna. Aus geowissenschaftlicher und geoökologischer Sicht betrifft das insbesondere die sogenannten Polder im Ruhrgebiet; Areale, die durch den Steinkohleabbau erhebliche Bergsenkungen erfahren haben und heute kontinuierlich entwässert werden müssen. Im Projekt „MuSE - Multisensor-Geomonitoring zur Optimierung der nachbergbaulichen Wasserhaltung“ sollen für solche Gebiete Konzepte entwickelt werden, nach denen die Wasserhaltung möglicherweise optimiert werden kann. Ziel ist es, Ideen zu entwickeln, das Polderwasser bspw. in Dürreperioden sinnvoll in Land- und Forstwirtschaft zu nutzen oder den Polder bei Starkregenereignissen vielleicht sogar als Pufferspeicher einsetzen zu können, um zu erwartende Schäden zu verhindern. Um ein Prozessverständnis aufzubauen, gehen die Geowissenschaftler:innen des FZN dreistufig vor: Neben den klassischen geowissenschaftlichen Ansätzen über die Geologie, den Boden, die Vegetation und Wetterparameter (in situ-Komponente) sollen letztlich Bewertungen auf Basis von Satellitendaten (Sentinel 1 und 2) eine flächenhafte Aussage erlauben. Zur besseren Interpretation dieser Daten werden hochauflösende Multispektraldrohnen eingesetzt, um mögliche Wasser- und Vegetationsindizes abbilden und mit dem Satellitensegment vergleichen zu können. Beispielhaft stellt der Vortrag die kombinierten Ansätze einer Sensordatenfusion aus In situ-Messkomponenten, einer Ground Trouthing-Ebene aus UAV-gestützten Sensoren und (bislang noch eingeschränkt) dem Satellitensegment mit einer Konzentration auf die ersten Beiden Aspekte vor.

Geomonitoring of mining processes is a very current topic. Geomonitoring uses modern surface and subsurface methods observing the Earth’s surface. “Digital Twin” is a research project whose main goal is to use methods to detect surface and subsurface trends in post-mining areas and relate them to environment processes (e.g. climate changes). An important aspect it to distinguish between environment and artificial/mining influences and effects. The research area of this project is the closed Prosper-Haniel coal mine. The project uses modern research methods and instruments ranging from modelling the geological subsurface in order to visualize the model in three-dimensional space. Through a spatiotemporal analysis of available satellite data and verify the results, in-situ mapping using a mobile GIS application or copter flights with multispectral and thermal sensors are deployed. Each of the sensors play an important role in project “Digital Twin”, but collaboration and combination of different domains allows a broader view of the problems of environmental and geoscientific processes.

The Emscher, formerly discredited as the "Köttelbecke", is being renaturalised at great expense by the EMSCHERGENOSSENSCHAFT / LIPPEVERBAND in the course of post-mining activities. In addition to the Emscher Canal as the central structure, this primarily affects the Emscher itself and the receiving waters in the catchment area, such as the Boye. River areas that have been redesigned to be close to nature are to be gradually transformed into functioning natural areas. Today the project faces the challenges of climate change. The question arises whether the Emscher can be supplied with enough water from the catchment area in the future to achieve the ambitious goals? FZN is tackling this question on behalf of EGLV together with its partner EFTAS. A complex data mix of sentinel satellite data, special multicopter sensor technology, in situ sensors and soil samples are fused in a model test to calibrate each other. This will result in a better hydro(geo)logical process understanding of the catchment over a hydrological year. The aim is to obtain area-wide, but reliable statements via the satellite level to be able to transfer the model test to other catchments. The lecture presents first results from the copter and in situ level. It describes the procedure and approaches for the experimental setup and the evaluations. In this context, inexpensive RFID/NFC data loggers from the greenhouse sector are tested for the first time to see how they can contribute to the overall hydrogeological/geological understanding as a future in situ component.

In order to cope with the wide-ranging field of geoscientific and geotechnical research it is essential to invest in the education of the next generation’s scientists and engineers. Many German high-school graduates decide to pursue a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) degree. Unfortunately, the dropout rates in STEM education are high and students struggle with basic subjects like science and mathematics where they are lacking knowledge from school [1]. With the project “PepperMINT“, funded by RAG-Stiftung, we present a new approach to close gaps in school STEM education and prepare freshmen for a successful beginning of their studies. PepperMINT is developed as a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) hosted by TH Georg Agricola (THGA), offering digital courses in mathematics, physics, chemistry and engineering. Students will be introduced to the lectures and exercises of the THGA by the integration of interactive and applied examples. For example, the mathematics module of trigonometry can be taught by applying geotechnical-surveying technology or geomonitoring methods like earth-observation. The concept allows students to get to know the area of geoscience and geotechnical engineering before they decide in which area they want to pursue their academic career. With the conception of a MOOC, the e-learning platform can be used independently from the location and available time. The project PepperMINT has the potential to gain attention from pupils and students all over Germany, to attract the geoscientists and engineers of the next generation and will therefore improve the value chain of mining and the circular economy.

Bergbau im 21. Jahrhundert bedeutet auch Alt- und Nachbergbau, immer geknüpft an die Bewältigung post-montaner Herausforderungen und die Langzeit- und Zukunftsaufgaben. Hiermit einhergehend sind Fragestellungen zu den damit verbundenen Kosten und der Möglichkeit der Weiterentwicklung im Bereich der Standortintegrität und -überwachung. Zusätzlich ist die gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz (engl. „social license to operate“) von Bergbauprojekten immer ein Thema. Die Forderung der Öffentlichkeit nach mehr Informationen bei der Erkundung, der Erschließung, der Produktion und der Stilllegung eines Bergbaustandortes stellt den Betreiber vor neue, weitere Herausforderungen. Hier kann ein modernes Geomonitoring, welches Daten aus einer Vielzahl von Messverfahren aus der Luft, an der Oberfläche und untertage, z. B. über Satelliten, Drohnen, Begehungen, in-situ-Sensoren, Bohrlochgeophysik, petrophysikalische und mikroskopische Gesteinscharakterisierungen und Modellrechnungen integriert, helfen. Das Geomonitoring schafft somit ein transparentes, raum- und zeitbezogenes Prozessverständnis und umfasst mikroskopische, makroskopische sowie regionalgeologische Maßstäbe. Zudem kann das Risikomanagement von Bergbauprojekten unterstützt werden.

The social license to operate of projects in applied geosciences and engineering has been an issue since the days of Georg Agricola. Its importance for the reputation of companies has increased in recent years. This is due to the public's increased environmental awareness, the desire for more transparency regarding commodity supply chains (circular economy), and especially the perception of catastrophic events such as dam breaches at tailings ponds. The institutionalized and private public's demand for more information introduces new challenges for operators. Most conflicts between stakeholders and companies occur during periods of change in projects. However, from the operational point of view, only securing and strengthening the social licence to operate leads to the creation of a positive atmosphere. For this purpose, modern geomonitoring concepts are necessary. A modern geomonitoring integrates a variety of geospatial and engineering measurement techniques and sensors, from space, air, ground and subsurface. This fusion creates a transparent, spatial and temporal understanding of processes that must be communicated to stakeholders. Geomonitoring therefore represents an important tool and supports open and transparent communication and transfer. Stakeholders see the integration of geomonitoring, risk management and communication into operational practice as evidence that the company is pursuing sustainable development. In this way, the basis for social acceptance of current but also future projects in applied geosciences and engineering is created.

Aufgrund der jüngsten Ankündigung des chinesischen Präsidenten Xi Jinping, bis 2060 klimaneutral zu werden, steht China vor einem großen Umbruch. In China ist die Stromerzeugung der größte Kohleverbraucher und Kohle bleibt auch zukünftig eine wichtige Energiequelle. Im bevorstehenden Zeitalter der erneuerbaren Energien und des Klimaschutzes hat auch der Übergang zu einem nachhaltigeren Energieversorgungssystem begonnen. Daher hat der Kohlebergbau in China derzeit eine Phase der Stagnation erreicht. Dies impliziert eine beschleunigte Rolle des Nachbergbaus und beinhaltet das integrierte Verständnis des bergbaulichen Lebenszyklus und der berücksichtigten Auswirkungen. Die wichtigsten Herausforderungen sind der Grubenwasseranstieg, langfristige und ewige ökologische Aufgaben, das Geomonitoring und Markscheidewesen sowie die Reaktivierung und Transition von Brachflächen. Das Forschungszentrum Nachbergbau (FZN) an der Technischen Hochschule Georg Agricola (THGA) in Bochum nutzt dabei sein Wissen sowie umfangreiche Erfahrungen in verschiedenen Disziplinen. Eine integrierte nachbergbauliche Analyse des Bergbaulands China in Technologie, Politik und Wirtschaft hat ergeben, dass sich der Prozess dort noch in der Entwicklung befindet. Angesichts der Breite der damit verbundenen interdisziplinären Aufgaben sind geeignete Lösungen und Empfehlungen erforderlich. Das langjährige umfassende Fachwissen und die Erfahrung des FZN können als Vorbild für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung des Nachbergbaus in China eingesetzt werden., Due to the recent announcement by the Chinese President Xi Jinping to become carbon neutral by 2060, China is facing a major upheaval. Because in China, power generation is the largest consumer of coal and remains a major future source of energy. In the upcoming age of renewable energies and climate protection, the transition to a more sustainable energy supply system has already begun. Therefore, the coal mining industry in China has currently reached a phase of stagnation. This implies an accelerated role of post-mining and includes the integrated understanding of the mine cycle, and the effects considered. Main challenges are the rise in mine water, long-term and eternal ecological tasks, geomonitoring and mine surveying, as well as reactivation and transition of brownfields. The Research Center of Post-Mining (FZN) at the TH Georg Agricola University (THGA) in Bochum/Germany is hereby using its knowledge, as well as extensive experience in various disciplines. An integrated post-mining analysis of the mining country China in technology, politics and economics has determined that the process in China is still developing. Given the width of the interdisciplinary tasks involved, appropriate solutions and recommendations are required. The many years of comprehensive specialized knowledge and experience at the FZN can be deployed as a role model for a sustainable post-mining development in China.

The task of this European research project (PostMinQuake) is to identify mechanisms, relevant parameters and dependencies causing post-mining seismicity for several European coal regions. When closing an underground coalmine, the mine water raises by stopping mine water pumping, which can lead to micro seismic events due to the final change of the geomechanical stress-regime. The consortium partners (FZN-THGA, GFZ, BRGM, INERIS, CMI, SUT, SRK, IGN, Green Gas, DIAMO) will collect and analyse information from the coal basins Gardanne (France) and Upper Silesia (Czech Republic and Poland). In Germany, we will focus in the Ruhr Basin and Ibbenbüren (North-West Germany), which are places with centuries of hard coal mining history and where mining ceased in 2018. In order to detect the processes that cause micro-seismicity, we are gathering information in the basins regarding geology; mining methods and monitoring protocols; and post-mining situation and seismicity. This information will be analysed to identify similar approaches to develop a synthesis of good practices, compulsory and desired improvements, as well as an post-mining seismicity map for post-mining seismicity diagnosis. We also aim to develop a Ground Motion Prediction Equation, and the elaboration of criteria of hazard rating. The final guideline could help the mining industry and decision-making bodies to manage the risks of post-mining micro seismicity, also of interest in old petroleum reservoirs when used to storage H2 or even for geothermal energy. Acknowledgements: The Research Fund for Coal and Steel funds the PostMinQuake project under the grant agreement No 899192.

After the closure of mines in Germany, former districts are nowadays subject to changes, which may require geomonitoring. This concerns the mine water management in particular as pumping of mine water in the abandoned mines is technically not necessary anymore. As a result of the controlled mine water rebound, fluid pore pressures in subsurface rocks increase and may alter the stress state of the subsurface rocks. The increased pore pressures may result in geomechanical changes in the deeper subsurface around the mine. This may result in ground movements and micro-seismic events, which may be measured on the surface. Post-mining also provides an opportunity for post-usage, such as new natural (geo)heritage sites or geothermal energy. Thus, centuries-long active mining produced a wealth of geological, geodetic, geophysical, and geomechanical data. Based on such multidisciplinary data, interdisciplinary geological models and technical solutions can be developed and applied to different mining areas worldwide where active mining has been closed. This session invites contributions from different scientific disciplines that study the processes that undergo in post-mining areas in Germany and globally. Among others, this may include geology investigating sediment or rock properties and structures on different scales, geophysics detecting fluid-induced micro-seismic events and studying stress fields, and geomonitoring of ground movements or gas emissions. It may address strategies to improve land rehabilitation above and below ground.

Water bearing adits form a historic near-surface underground drainage and outflow systems whose functionality is of considerable importance in many mining areas all over the world. Water bearing adits are technical structures that have often been in place and in operation for more than two centuries. In most cases, they are no longer accessible directly behind the tunnel portal. Therefore, stable hydraulic, geotechnical and rock mechanical conditions are important, otherwise the hydraulic system would collapse. In recent years, the Research Centre of Post-Mining has investigated the current situation of a large number of water bearing adits in the southern Ruhr area/Germany. To understand the interaction with the groundwater- systems hydrochemical parameters were analysed, the rate of discharge and of precipitation compared. An essential step is the spatiotemporal evaluation of available mine survey maps of the water bearing adits and the hydraulically connected mine workings. This is needed in order to determine the catchment area of a water bearing adits within the groundwater-system. To further enhance the process understanding the results from monitoring-stations, special depth-dependent hydrochemical sampling campaigns in former shafts and infiltration/tracer tests in ditches/local streams were integrated. The entire data fusion happened in 3D geological/hydrogeological subsurface models. This integrated subsurface understanding is now the enabler for the implementation of a risk monitoring and management system for this sensitive system of water bearing adits.