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This paper examines the philosophical justification for World Rugby’s ban of trans women athletes from the ‘Women’s’ category at elite level. It is argued that Pike’s lexical priority argument in support of this ban is flawed; that Burke’s partially concessive response to Pike leads Burke to endorse an incoherent position; and that by rejecting Pike’s lexical priority argument, Burke’s view can both be made consistent and can be defended against the two criticisms levelled to it by Imbrišević. A stronger justification for WR’s ban is identified and discussed, and a diagnosis for the debate’s intractability is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited research into professional rugby union players' experiences of seeking formal support for their mental health exists, despite comparable rates of mental health issues among elite rugby players with the general population. This qualitative study explored professional players' actual experiences of accessing Rugby Players Ireland's mental well-being service, via separate focus group discussions with professional players (n = 5) and player development managers (n = 4) who refer players into the service. An inductive reflexive thematic analysis identified three themes detailing players' (a) journey to disclosure of their mental health difficulties, (b) their expectations and engagement with the well-being service, and (c) participants' reflections on mental health experiences in a high-performance environment. Embedding mental health as a key component of player development in high-performance environments, improving mental health literacy, normalizing mental health experiences, and encouraging help-seeking would help promote player well-being and support holistic development alongside sporting performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female Rugby Union players were affected by contact breast injuries (CBI) and exercise-induced breast pain (EIBP). Hundred and eighty-two female Rugby players from 25 different countries reported incurring a CBI or EIBP which affected sport performance. A higher percentage of 7s players (7s: 64.3%, 15s: 51.9%) reported at least one CBI over a 12-month period. EIBP frequency, during the same period, was notably low for 7s and 15s. Sprinting, jumping and running were the most frequent activities precipitating the severest EIBP. Being tackled or tackling most frequently caused a CBI. Respondents affected by either CBI (57.3%) or EIPB (51.3%) reported always playing-on during matches despite their pain or injury. Between 19.4% and 32.1% of the respondents did not have a CBI or EIBP prevention strategy. A paucity of player knowledge on prevention strategies was noted, indicating a need for education addressing breast pain and injury among players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catastrophic cervical spine injuries in rugby often occur during tackling. The underlying mechanisms leading to these injuries remain unclear, with neck hyperflexion and buckling both proposed as the causative factor in the injury prevention literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre-impact head–neck posture on intervertebral neck loads and motions during a head-first rugby tackle. Using a validated, subject-specific musculoskeletal model of a rugby player, and computer simulations driven by in vivo and in vitro data, we examined the dynamic response of the cervical spine under such impact conditions. The simulations demonstrated that the initial head–neck sagittal-plane posture affected intervertebral loads and kinematics, with an extended neck resulting in buckling and supraphysiologic intervertebral shear and flexion loads and motions, typical of bilateral facet dislocation injuries. In contrast, an initially flexed neck increased axial compression forces and flexion angles without exceeding intervertebral physiological limits. These findings provide objective evidence that can inform injury prevention strategies or rugby law changes to improve the safety of the game of rugby. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine whether musculoskeletal injury history is a factor that influences countermovement jump (CMJ) performance in rugby players and to compare CMJ performance between player's position (forwards or backs). Thirty rugby players (15 with an injury history and 15 without an injury history) performed the CMJ using an inertial sensor (Baiobit®) to evaluate kinematic (Jump Height, Velocity and Phase duration) and kinetic data (rate of force development [RFD], impact peak [IP], take-off force and Stiffness]. The group comparison was performed with an independent t -test, and the association between CMJ performance, sociodemographic variables and injury history was investigated with Pearson's correlation test. Rugby players with and without history of musculoskeletal injury differed in age and playing experience, but there was no difference in CMJ performance between groups. Jump height of uninjured players was positively correlated with take-off force and RFD and negatively correlated with concentric phase duration and RFD. Injured players demonstrated a negative correlation between take-off force and IP. Compared to backs, forwards were heavier and taller, showed greater IPs and were more likely to have an injury history. There were no differences in CMJ performance between rugby players with and without an injury history. Forwards showed greater IPs and were more likelier to have an injury history than backs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates dietary supplement use among rugby players and their general health, focusing on prevalence and underlying motivations. Involving 92 athletes, it examines the relationship between supplement usage, motivations, and health outcomes using the 36-item Short Form Health Survey and a 24-item ad hoc questionnaire. Findings reveal a high frequency of supplement usage, motivated by desires to enhance performance, appearance, and mood. Significant differences in health-related quality of life are found between users and non-users, particularly in mental health, social functioning, and emotional stability. Motivations like performance enhancement and body shape manipulation were linked to altered health perceptions, indicating the psychosocial impacts of supplementation. This study emphasizes the need to consider the holistic effects of supplements on athlete well-being, advocating for a balanced approach prioritizing both physical and mental health. It calls for increased awareness among athletes, coaches, and sports professionals about the potential risks and benefits of supplement use and the importance of informed decision-making. Additionally, it highlights the need for further research to understand the mechanisms of supplement use and its impact on athlete health, aiming to enhance sports science and promote overall athlete well-being in competitive environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The growing concern for player safety in rugby has led to an increased focus on head impacts. Previous laboratory studies have shown that rugby headgear significantly reduces peak linear and rotational accelerations compared to no headgear. However, these metrics may have limited relevance in assessing the effectiveness of headgear in preventing strain-based brain injuries like concussions. This study used an instantaneous deep-learning brain injury model to quantify regional brain strain mitigation of rugby headgear during drop tests. Tests were conducted on flat and angled impact surfaces across different heights, using a Hybrid III headform and neck. Results Headgear presence generally reduced the peak rotational velocities, with some headgear outperforming others. However, the effect on peak regional brain strains was less consistent. Of the 5 headgear tested, only the newer models that use open cell foams at densities above 45 kg/m3 consistently reduced the peak strain in the cerebrum, corpus callosum, and brainstem. The 3 conventional headgear that use closed cell foams at or below 45 kg/m3 showed no consistent reduction in the peak strain in the cerebrum, corpus callosum, and brainstem. Conclusions The presence of rugby headgear may be able to reduce the severity of head impact exposure during rugby. However, to understand how these findings relate to brain strain mitigation in the field, further investigation into the relationship between the impact conditions in this study and those encountered during actual gameplay is necessary.

Background and Study Aim. In the Indonesian national rugby team, there is a lack of awareness among back and forward players about the amount of fluids they lose while playing their respective positions. This is due to the different intensity and roles associated with each position. The aim of this research is to determine the difference in body fluid loss between players in the forward and back positions in the Indonesian national rugby team. Material and Methods. The research method used in this study was an experimental method with a two-group pre-test and post-test design. The data collection process employed purposive sampling with the criterion of selecting 12 individuals from a population of 23 who were willing to participate. The data analysis technique used was the independent t-test. Results. The research results concluded that there was a significant difference in body weight between the initial and final tests for players in the forward position. The t-count of 7.661 exceeded the t-table value of 2.571. Similarly, for players in the back position, there was a significant difference in body weight before and after the match. The t-count of 4.805 exceeded the t-table value of 2.571. Furthermore, when comparing fluid loss between forwards and backs, there was a significant difference. The t-count of 2.443 was greater than the t-table value of 2.222. This demonstrates the difference in fluid loss after competing with the Indonesian national rugby team. Conclusions. The weight of both forward and back players decreased after competing. There are differences in body fluid loss between the two positions, with forwards losing more fluid than backs. This study provides empirical evidence that the position played on the field influences the amount of body fluid lost during the game. This insight is important for developing customized hydration strategies that consider the specific physical demands of each playing position.

Background: The growing concern for player safety in rugby has led to an increased focus on head impacts. Previous laboratory studies have shown that rugby headgear significantly reduces peak linear and rotational accelerations compared to no headgear. However, these metrics may have limited relevance in assessing the effectiveness of headgear in preventing strain-based brain injuries like concussions. This study used an instantaneous deep-learning brain injury model to quantify regional brain strain mitigation of rugby headgear during drop tests. Tests were conducted on flat and angled impact surfaces across different heights, using a Hybrid III headform and neck. Results: Headgear presence generally reduced the peak rotational velocities, with some headgear outperforming others. However, the effect on peak regional brain strains was less consistent. Of the 5 headgear tested, only the newer models that use open cell foams at densities above 45 kg/m3 consistently reduced the peak strain in the cerebrum, corpus callosum, and brainstem. The 3 conventional headgear that use closed cell foams at or below 45 kg/m3 showed no consistent reduction in the peak strain in the cerebrum, corpus callosum, and brainstem. Conclusions: The presence of rugby headgear may be able to reduce the severity of head impact exposure during rugby. However, to understand how these findings relate to brain strain mitigation in the field, further investigation into the relationship between the impact conditions in this study and those encountered during actual gameplay is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of pressure training on the performance of semi-professional female rugby league athletes. Methods: Using a within-subjects design, 16 female athletes (19.9 ± 3.4 years) performed a passing accuracy task under three conditions; (1) a control condition; (2) a physiological fatigue condition; and (3) a threat of consequence condition. Passing performance, perceived pressure, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and self-confidence were assessed. Results: A significant main effect of conditions was found for rate of perceived exertion (p < 0.001), self-confidence (p < 0.028), and perceived pressure (p = 0.011). There was no main effect of condition on passing performance. Post hoc comparisons revealed that RPE was significantly higher in the physiological fatigue condition when compared to the control (p = 0.009) and threat of consequence conditions (p < 0.001). Perceived pressure was significantly higher in the threat of consequence condition compared to the control condition (p = 0.037). Conclusions: The main findings of this study are that (1) passing performance was not impacted by pressure training conditions, and (2) threats of consequences are an effective manipulation to generate pressure in female semi-professional rugby league players. These results offer nuanced insights into the impact of pressure generation in training environments for female semi-professional rugby league athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Report two-years of training injury data in senior and academy professional rugby league. Prospective cohort study. Match and training time-loss injuries and exposure data were recorded from two-seasons of the European Super League competition. Eleven/12 (2021) and 12/12 (2022) senior and 8/12 (2021) and 12/12 (2022) academy teams participated. Training injuries are described in detail and overall match injuries referred to for comparison only. 224,000 training exposure hours were recorded with 293 injuries at the senior (mean [95 % confidence interval]; 3 [2–3] per 1000 h) and 268 academy level (2 [2–3] per 1000 h), accounting for 31 % and 40 % of all injuries (i.e., matches and training). The severity of training injuries (senior: 35 [30–39], academy: 36 [30–42] days-lost) was similar to match injuries. Lower-limb injuries had the greatest injury incidence at both levels (senior: 1.85 [1.61–2.12], academy: 1.28 [1.08–1.51] per 1000 h). Head injuries at the academy level had greater severity (35 [25–45] vs. 18 [12–14] days-lost; p < 0.01) and burden (17 [16–18] vs. 4 [4–5] days-lost per 1000 h; p = 0.02) than senior level. At the senior level, the incidence of contact injuries was lower than non-contact injuries (risk ratio: 0.29 [0.09–0.88], p = 0.02). Training injuries accounted for about a third of injuries, with similar injury severity to match-play. Within training there is a higher rate of non-contact vs. contact injuries. Whilst current injury prevention interventions target matches, these data highlight the importance of collecting high quality training injury data to develop and evaluate injury prevention strategies in training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rugby is a sport involving a great number of shoulder collisions. Traumatic stress of the shoulder can weaken the static stabilizers and promote major injuries as dislocation or full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff. The goal of this study is to evaluate the clinical and ultrasonographic dominant shoulder factures in a group of amateur rugby players, with no history of shoulder injuries, and to compare them with those of a control group. Methods: 52 male subjects join in the study: 26 amateur rugby players and 26 subjects, which did not practice rugby or competitive sport. Clinical history was obtained from all subjects, followed by dominant shoulder physical and ultrasonographic exams. Results: Rugby players showed a higher prevalence of positive clinical test, suggesting subacromial impingement than control group (p = 0.01). Among rugby group, five players (19,2%) showed positive test for radiculopathy (p = 0,02), and ten players (73,1%) reported shoulder pain needing pain-reliever drugs at list one time in the last six months (p = 0.001). In rugby group, ultrasound exams showed 23,1% degenerative changes and 30,8% tendon calcifications in supraspinatus tendons (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Uninjured dominant shoulder of rugby players shows higher prevalence of clinical and ultrasound changes compare to control. Some rugby players without history of cervical symptoms show positive clinical test of cervical radiculopathy. Clinical and ultrasonographic monitoring of the shoulder can play a role in prevention and knowledge of silent shoulder damage in these athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rugby union is an intermittent team sport with variability in body composition and match-play demands between positions which requires careful consideration for individual dietary requirements. While previous reviews have detailed the macronutrient intake in rugby players, none have discussed the further determinants of dietary intake in this population. Therefore, the purpose of the current review was to summarise the current evidence detailing dietary intake in rugby union players, report on contemporary nutritional research themes, and provide recommendations for athletes, nutritionists, and other stakeholders. In total, eighteen articles report on dietary intake in rugby players, with only one of these detailing dietary intake in female athletes. Recent studies have reported on both protein and carbohydrate periodisation practices in rugby union players; however, there is currently limited evidence as to the influence of these on performance, recovery, and well-being. Factors influencing eating patterns, the impact of sports nutritionists on dietary intake, and food consumption in catered and non-catered environments has been explored in isolated studies. Nutrition knowledge levels in rugby players have been reported in several studies; however, the influence this has on dietary intake in rugby players is unknown. Collectively, despite new contemporary themes emerging in the literature concerning dietary intake in rugby players, the studies are isolated; as such, there is limited scope to the translatability of information due to heterogeneity in sex, level of play, and location of participants. Given this, future research should aim to build upon the themes identified in this review in combination to support practitioners working within their specific environments. This will subsequently build towards the generation of rugby-specific recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rugby players must develop excellent levels of conditioning during adolescence. However, this pivotal period of life is also characterized by a surge in biological growth, which further increases the energy and nutritional requirements of this population. This study examined within-individual differences in energy intake (EI) and energy balance (EB) of 46 young rugby players during a pre-season micro-cycle. Two clusters were identified with significantly different characteristics and EB states, suggesting that young rugby players adjust their EI to match their body composition goals. The first cluster is characterized by players with a low body fat% (12.87 ± 2.53). They had a positive EB (330 ± 517 kcal), suggesting a goal of increasing muscle mass. Conversely, the second cluster is characterized by a higher body fat% (23.1 ± 1.6, p < 0.005) and reported a negative, lower EB (−683 ± 425 kcal, p < 0.005), suggesting a goal focused on reducing fat mass. Although our study provides more optimistic results than previous ones regarding the high risk of inadequate EI in young rugby players, we emphasize the importance of rigorous nutritional support, especially for players aiming to lose weight, to avoid severe caloric restriction, as well as the downstream effects of such practices on their nutritional status, given the higher risk of macro- (e.g., CHO < 6 g/kg/d) and micronutrient (e.g., iron < 11 mg/d, calcium < 1300 mg/d, vitamin D < 5 mg/d) deficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is a form of interval training that involves alternating between short periods of high-intensity movements, elevating the heart rate to at least 80% of one's maximum, and brief intervals of lower-intensity activity. While there's a substantial body of evidence demonstrating the Psycho-physiological benefits of HIIT, there is indeed a recognized gap in research that specifically emphasizes HIIT's potential to induce sports-specific adaptations which leads to enhanced performance in chosen sports. By addressing the unique demands of the sport through targeted HIIT protocols, athletes may experience more transferable improvements in skills and fitness requirements. Closing this research gap is essential for providing athletes, coaches, and sports scientists with evidence-based insights into how HIIT can be optimized for specific sports training. As such, ongoing studies and future research endeavours focusing on sport-specific adaptations through HIIT are likely to contribute valuable insights to the field of sports science and conditioning. Purpose: This study seeks to examine the impact of a brief tailor made HighIntensity Interval Training (HIIT) program on key performance indicators, specifically Speed, Agility and Resting Heart Rate (RHR) levels in female rugby players. Understanding how short-term HIIT interventions influence these parameters can provide valuable insights into the potential benefits of this training approach for female athletes in a rugby context. Methods: 30 female rugby players (17-25 years of age) at the inter-collegiate level, representing various campuses of Calicut University, were chosen and randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group participated in an 8-week HighIntensity Interval Training (HIIT) program designed specifically for rugby players, whereas the control group did not undergo any training. Assessments of speed, Agility and Resting Heart Rate (RHR) levels were performed both before and after the completion of the HIIT training program. Assessments were done using 60 meters Sprint test for speed, RHR with the help of stethoscope and Agility by using Agility cone drill test. Results: Following an 8-week intervention, all measured indices showed significant improvement in the HIIT group, while no significant changes were observed in the control group. Significantly different outcomes between the scores of HIIT and control groups were evident in Speed, Agility and Resting Heart Rate (RHR) levels both before and after the HIIT program. Conclusion: The custom-designed High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) program implemented in the current study resulted in significant improvements in the speed, Agility, and resting heart rate levels, thereby enhancing the overall game performance of female rugby players. This underscores the efficacy of HIIT, emphasizing its adaptability to be specifically tailored to replicate the intensity and duration of movements pertinent to a particular sport, such as rugby. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims were to determine the relationship(s) between match-play external load and post-match neuromuscular fatigue as latent constructs, the contribution of the specific measured variables to these latent constructs, and how these differ between forwards and backs in elite rugby union. Forty-one elite male rugby union players (22 forwards and 19 backs) from the same international rugby union team were tested, with data included from the 2020 and 2021 international seasons (11 matches; 146 player appearances). Player's match-play external loads were quantified using microtechnology (for locomotor activities) and video analysis (for collision actions). Neuromuscular fatigue was quantified using countermovement jump tests on force plates which were conducted ~ 24 to 48 hours pre- and post-match. Partial least squares correlation (PLSC) leave one variable out (LOVO) procedure established the relative variable contribution to both external load (X matrix) and neuromuscular fatigue (Y matrix) constructs. Linear mixed-effects models were then constructed to determine the variance explained by the latent scores applied to the variables representing these constructs. For external load, both locomotor and collision variables were identified for the forwards and the backs, although the identified variables differed between groups. For neuromuscular fatigue, jump height was identified as a high contributor for the forwards and the backs, with concentric impulse and reactive strength index high contributors only for the backs. The explained variance between the external load and neuromuscular fatigue latent constructs at the individual player level was 4.4% and 32.2% in the forwards and the backs models, respectively. This discrepancy may be explained by differences in match-play external loads and/or the specificity of the tests to measure indicators of fatigue. These may differ due to, for example, the activities undertaken in the different positional groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing performance indicators in rugby is essential for improving training programs and team dynamics. A key direction is to compare these indicators between winning and losing teams in prestigious rugby tournaments to identify patterns and strategic insights that can enhance team performance. However, current research frequently examines isolated competitions and lacks thorough comparative analysis across different tournaments. This study aims to analyze and identify the differences between winning and losing men's rugby union teams across various competitions in 2023. This study analysed performance data from men's rugby competitions in 2023, encompassing matches from The Six Nations Championship, The Rugby Championship, and the Rugby World Cup. A total of 68 matches were examined, categorizing 47 matches from the Rugby World Cup and 21 from international competitions for comparative analysis. Data collection included 32 performance indicators for both winning and losing teams, analysed using statistical methods to identify significant differences. Comparative analysis of team performance indicators between the Rugby World Cup and international competitions, including The Six Nations Championship and The Rugby Championship, reveals significant differences. Winning teams in the Rugby World Cup scored significantly higher points on average (41.5 ± 13.2) compared to international competitions (32.8 ± 7.7), reflecting greater variability in performance at the World Cup. Conversely, losing teams in the Rugby World Cup averaged fewer points (13.2 ± 8.0) compared to international competitions (16.3 ± 6.9). These findings underscore distinct competitive levels across different rugby tournaments. The analysis revealed that in the World Cup, 18 indicators (56.3%) exhibit statistically significant differences between losing and winning teams, whereas the analysis of performances in international competitions identified only 4 (12.5%) statistically significant differences between losing and winning teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explore if implementing an individualised Sub-Symptom Heart Rate Threshold (SSHeRT) rehabilitation program within 48 hours versus physical rest for 14 days affects recovery following SRC in university-aged student-athletes. Prospective, observational cohort study. Two UK university-aged student-athlete rugby union cohorts were compared (Physical Rest Group (PRG), n = 140, July 2019–March 2020 and Controlled Early-Exercise Group (CEG), n = 167, July 2021–April 2023). Both groups completed the test battery (Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS), Immediate Post-Concussion and Cognitive Test (ImPACT), Vestibular-Ocular Motor Screening Tool (VOMS)) during pre-season to provide a baseline and within 48 hours, at 4, 8, 14-days post-SRC and at Return to Play (RTP). The PRG (n = 42) physically rested for 14 days as per the nationwide community guidelines. The CEG (n = 52) followed the SSHeRT rehabilitation program. Individual change to baseline was used in all analyses. The CEG performed better on ImPACT's verbal memory at 4 (PRG; − 5.5 (− 10.8–0.0), CEG; 1.0 (− 2.0–10.5), p = 0.05) and 14 days (PRG; − 2.0 (− 10.0–3.0), CEG; 4.0 (− 1.0–11.0), p = 0.05) and on the VOMS at 4 (PRG; 3.0 (0.0–12.0), CEG; 0.0 (0.0–5.0), p = 0.03, OR; 2.910) and 14-days post-SRC (PRG; 0.0 (0.0–1.0), CEG; 0.0 (0.0–0.0), OR; 5.914). Near point convergence was better at all time points for the CEG. The CEG was 26.7 % more likely to have RTP within 30 days, and 6.7 and 5.1 times more likely to have resumed non-contact and contact academic activities by 4 days. SSHeRT is safe, can be used within 48 hours of a SRC and may hasten university-aged student-athletes recovery following an SRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contact sports such as rugby, players are at risk of sustaining traumatic brain injuries (TBI) due to high-intensity head impacts that generate high linear and rotational accelerations of the head. Previous studies have established a clear link between high-intensity head impacts and brain strains that result in concussions. This study presents a novel approach to investigating the effect of a range of laboratory controlled drop test parameters on regional peak and mean maximum principal strain (MPS) predictions within the brain using a trained convolutional neural network (CNN). The CNN is publicly available at https://github.com/Jilab-biomechanics/CNN-brain-strains. The results of this study corroborate previous findings that impacts to the side of the head result in significantly higher regional MPS than forehead impacts. Forehead impacts tend to result in the lowest region-averaged MPS values for impacts where the surface angle was at 0° and 45°, while side impacts tend to result in higher regional peak and mean MPS. The absence of a neck in drop tests resulted in lower regional peak and mean MPS values. The results indicated that the relationship between drop test parameters and resulting regional peak and mean MPS predictions is complex. The study's findings offer valuable insights into how deep learning models can be used to provide more detailed insights into how drop test conditions impact regional MPS. The novel approach used in this paper to predict brain strains can be applied in the development of better methods to reduce the brain strain resulting from head accelerations such as protective sports headgear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While several clinical factors have independently been linked to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk factors, their collective impact on knee loading during the sidestep maneuver is unknown. To better understand these factors, we assessed the relationship between strength, balance, and sprint kinetics and external knee abduction moments during sidestepping on each leg. Methods: Sixteen male academy-level rugby union athletes (age, 20 ± 3 years; body-height, 186 ± 9 cm; body-mass, 99 ± 14 kg) were bilaterally assessed in single-leg: isokinetic concentric and eccentric knee and concentric hip strength, balance at 2 difficulty levels, vertical and horizontal force production during maximal sprinting, and 3-dimensional motion capture while sidestepping on the preferred and non-preferred leg. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis based on this theoretical approach of the mechanics of ACL injury risk was performed. Results: When sidestepping on the preferred leg, larger abduction moments were explained by less concentric hip extension strength and vertical force production during maximal sprinting (R 2 = 41%; ES = 0.64); when sidestepping on the non-preferred leg, larger abduction moments were explained by more concentric hip flexion strength (R 2 = 8%; ES = 0.29). Larger symmetry scores between the legs (representing greater abduction moments) were explained by more horizontal force production during maximal sprinting and less eccentric knee flexion strength (R 2 = 32%; ES = 0.56). Conclusions: Independently, the preferred and non-preferred legs contribute to increased knee abduction moments via unique distributions of strength and/or sprint kinetics. The allocations of strength and sprint kinetics appear interrelated through weaker posterior muscular strength and may be modifiable through a targeted strength training approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of low, moderate, or high doses of taurine on anaerobic and physiological performance in female rugby players. A total of 16 sub-elite female rugby athletes (21.3 ± 1.5 yr, 168.0 ± 4.9 cm, 62.1 ± 3.5 kg mean ± SD) participated in this research. Following familiarization, participants attended 4 successive tests separated by 72 h in a randomized, counter-balanced, crossover research design. Following an over night fast, participants completed a 5-min 60 Watt warm-up followed by a 30-s Wingate anaerobic test on a cycle ergometer after ingestion of either 2 g taurine (LOWTAU), 4 g (MODTAU), 6 g (HIGHTAU) or placebo (PLA) 1 h before the test. Peak (PP) and mean power (MP) along with heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), capillary lactate and blood glucose were measured. LOWTAU did not affect PP, MP, HR, lactate and glucose compared to PLA (p > 0.05), while MODTAU improved MP and HIGHTAU improved PP and MP compared to PLA and LOWTAU (p < 0.05). MODTAU and HIGHTAU had little effect on HR, blood lactate and glucose (p > 0.05). A single dose of taurine (MODTAU or HIGHTAU) 1 h prior to competition or training would provide an ergogenic effect on subsequent power output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the importance of strength and power in rugby skills and match outcomes, there exists a noticeable gap in the measurement consistency and estimation of a true change of typical assessments designed to assess these qualities. To address this gap, we investigated the between-session reliability, interrelationships, and minimal detectable changes (MDC) of commonly used strength and power measures in team sports. Sixteen national-level rugby 7 s players were tested on two occasions, one week apart. Both the best and average (of 2-3 trials) peak force, peak power, height, distance, and/or strength indices during countermovement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ), isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), plyometric push-up (PPU), and standing long jump (SLJ) were obtained. Furthermore, one-repetition maximum (1RM) strength for bench press and back squat, reactive strength index, and dynamic strength index were also determined. Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and coefficients of variation (CV), and used for MDC calculations, and interrelationships between variables were determined using correlation coefficients. Reliability was excellent for bench press, back squat, and SLJ (ICCs > 0.91); high to excellent for IMTP peak force, all CMJ, and DJ (except best DJ height and contact time), and PPU peak force parameters (ICCs > 0.78), with < 10% CVs (except PPU peak power). MDCs were generally smaller for average than best values. Large to very large relationships (r = 0.60 to 0.85) were observed between bench press, back squat, and IMTP with selected parameters of CMJ and PPU (p < 0.05), but not in DJ and SLJ. In conclusion, selected measures of strength and power displayed high to excellent reproducibility, with average values (rather than best) offering more stable assessments, and "smaller" MDCs. Based upon the relationships, it can be inferred that maximising strength would likely contribute to enhanced explosive performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rugby athletes consume large amounts of animal protein in accordance with conventional dietary guidance to increase muscle mass and strength. This misaligns with national dietary guidelines, which suggest limiting meat consumption for chronic disease prevention. The ability of completely plant-based diets to satisfy the nutritional needs of rugby players has not been explored. This study scaled nutrient data from a large population consuming completely plant-based diets with limited supplemental protein to meet the calorie requirements of adult male rugby athletes to assess whether protein and leucine recommendations for muscular development and athletic performance would be achieved. Calorie requirements were estimated from research that employed the doubly labeled water method, and dietary data from the Adventist Health Study-2 were scaled to this level. The modeled protein level was 1.68 g/kg/day, which meets recommendations for maximal gains in muscle mass, strength, and athletic performance. The modeled leucine level was 2.9 g/meal for four daily meals, which exceeds the threshold proposed to maximally stimulate muscle protein synthesis in young men. These results indicate that consuming large portions of completely plant-based meals can satisfy protein and leucine requirements for maximal muscular development and athletic performance in adult male rugby athletes while aligning with public health recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Study Aim In the Indonesian national rugby team, there is a lack of awareness among back and forward players about the amount of fluids they lose while playing their respective positions. This is due to the different intensity and roles associated with each position. The aim of this research is to determine the difference in body fluid loss between players in the forward and back positions in the Indonesian national rugby team. Material and Methods The research method used in this study was an experimental method with a two-group pre-test and post-test design. The data collection process employed purposive sampling with the criterion of selecting 12 individuals from a population of 23 who were willing to participate. The data analysis technique used was the independent t-test. Results The research results concluded that there was a significant difference in body weight between the initial and final tests for players in the forward position. The t-count of 7.661 exceeded the t-table value of 2.571. Similarly, for players in the back position, there was a significant difference in body weight before and after the match. The t-count of 4.805 exceeded the t-table value of 2.571. Furthermore, when comparing fluid loss between forwards and backs, there was a significant difference. The t-count of 2.443 was greater than the t-table value of 2.222. This demonstrates the difference in fluid loss after competing with the Indonesian national rugby team. Conclusions The weight of both forward and back players decreased after competing. There are differences in body fluid loss between the two positions, with forwards losing more fluid than backs. This study provides empirical evidence that the position played on the field influences the amount of body fluid lost during the game. This insight is important for developing customized hydration strategies that consider the specific physical demands of each playing position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Head-down tackling has been associated with higher rates of head and neck injuries and less successful tackles compared with head-up tackling in American football. In rugby, head and neck injuries have been associated with tackling, with the tackler's head positioned in front of the ball carrier. Purpose: To assess the success and risks of tackling techniques used in the English Rugby Premiership matches. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Three reviewers analyzed 1000 consecutive solo defensive tackling attempts during the 2022 to 2023 season in 6 English Rugby Premiership matches. Slow-motion replays were used to analyze the success of the tackling attempt in terms of head angulation (head up vs head down), head position relative to the offensive player's waist at point of contact, and tackling method (inside shoulder, arm, head across the bow, and head-to-head). The chi-square test or Fisher exact test was used to analyze categorical data, and the 2-tailed Student t test or the Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze continuous data. Results: The mean interrater reliabilities for analyzing the tackles were good across all groups (κ = 0.715). Head-up and head-down tackling occurred in 848 tackle attempts (84.8%) and 152 tackle attempts (15.2%), respectively. Head-up tackles were successful in 80.7% of the tackle attempts compared with 71.1% of the head-down tackle attempts (P =.0072). Tackles made at or above the waist were successful in 80.7% of the tackle attempts compared with 73.1% of tackles below the waist (P =.0193). The inside-shoulder technique had the highest successful tackle rate at 90.8%, compared with 44.2% with the arm technique (P <.0001) and 72.4% with the head-across-the-bow technique (P <.0001). The inside-shoulder technique resulted in head-up tackling in 84.8% of players compared with 59.8% with the head-across-the-bow technique (P <.0001) and 94.9% with arm tackling (P =.0001). There were 4 recorded injuries to the tackler: 2 neck injuries, 1 shoulder injury, and 1 wrist/hand injury. Conclusion: Head-up tackling, tackles made at or above the level of the offensive player's waist, and inside-shoulder tackling were found to be more efficient in producing successful tackles. The head-down, tackling below the waist, and head-across-the-bow techniques were associated with poor tackling and lower success rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purposes of this study were to quantify the physiological response to the initial two-week preseason period in elite male rugby league (RL) athletes, and to determine if a repeated bout effect (RBE) occurs. Eighteen RL players were monitored for the initial two-week preseason period. Blood samples were collected on days (D)1, D2, D4, D5, D8, D9, D11 and D12 to measure creatine kinase (CK). Neuromuscular power was assessed on D1, D5, D8 and D12. During field-based sessions, the external training load was quantified using global positioning system technology, whilst the internal load was quantified using the training impulse and the session rating of perceived exertion. Resistance-based gym session volume was quantified by total repetitions x weight lifted. Perceived measures of fatigue and muscle soreness were assessed on all training days. Two-way (day x week) repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni’s corrected post-hoc tests identified significant changes. There were no significant changes in CK activity (649.2 ± 255.0 vs. 673.8 ± 299.1 μL; p = 0.63) or internal training load measures from week 1 to week 2. External training load measures including total distance (4138.1 ± 198.4 vs. 4525.0 ± 169.2 m; p < 0.001) and repeated high-intensity efforts (12.6 ± 1.8 vs. 17.5 ± 1.8 au; p < 0.001) significantly increased in week 2 compared to week 1. Internal training loads and CK activity did not change in response to an increase in external training loads during the initial preseason. The current results provide support for a ‘real world’ perspective of the RBE phenomenon that may be more applicable for team sport practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of an 18-year-old female U.S. Military Academy cadet who sustained a right third distal interphalangeal joint dislocation during a rugby match. Topics discussed include the initial examination and imaging results, the decision for open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) surgery, and the patient's return to rugby after a 5-month recovery period.

This cross-sectional study examined the lower limb balance, ankle dorsiflexion, orofacial tissue pressure, and occlusal strength of rugby players. Twenty-six participants were divided into groups: rugby players (n ​= ​13) and healthy sedentary adults (n ​= ​13). Participants underwent an analysis of lower limb balance using a composite score (Y-Balance Test). Ankle dorsiflexion was measured using the Lunge Test. The Iowa Oral Performance Instrument was employed to measure orofacial tissue pressure. Bite force was measured with a dynamometer, and T-Scan assessed occlusal contact distribution. Data were analyzed using the t-test (p ​

The aim of the study is to identify the most significant indicators of the national team's performance at the European Rugby Championships 15 and to design a model for predicting the outcomes of matches. Data was collected from teams’ performance at the European Rugby 15 Championships 2021, 2022 and 2023 for the analysis. The total number of matches was 41. All indicators presented in the official reports were taken: 22 for the home and away teams. The analysis of the team results was carried out according to all indicators: mean value, standard deviation, and test were used to compare the performance indicators of the winning and losing teams. Machine learning techniques were utilized to develop a predictive model for match outcomes. On one hand, 15 indicators (68.2%) are higher for teams that won (winning teams). On the other hand, 7 (31.8%) indicators are higher for teams that lost. The difference between the teams' means varies from -56.46% (the minus indicates that this indicator is higher for the teams that lost) to 273.68%. Based on the results, the Random Forest Classifier and Extra Trees Classifier algorithms have the best prediction accuracy (0.92). The most significant indicators of team performance that affect the final result of the match are tries (196.3% – the difference between the average values of winning and losing teams), conversions (176.7%), missed tackles (- 56.46%), offload (126.3%). Based on the data obtained, refining the team training process in Rugby 15 is possible.

Objectives. The study purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of an experimental program of training means aimed at stimulating reactions of aerobic energy supply of athletes who are part of Ukraine national rugby union team. Material and methods. The athletes of the Ukrainian national rugby union team were divided into two homogeneous groups (experimental and control) consisting of 15 individuals. The experimental group underwent a specialized program aimed at developing aerobic energy supply, whereas the control group followed a standard training program. The object of study focused on the training process of Ukraine national rugby union team. Results. The results of testing rugby players in the experimental group demonstrated reliable changes in reactions of aerobic energy supply under the influence of a program of special training sessions. The most significant alterations were noted in the indicators of kinetics and stability of reactions. The indicators of O2 consumption and pulmonary ventilation in the intensity zone of anaerobic metabolism threshold increased significantly. There was a tendency to increase indicators characterizing the power of the respiratory response (max VE), in particular under conditions of growing fatigue (% excess VE). However, there were no significant changes in indicators of aerobic capacities components in the athletes’ control group. Conclusions. We believe that the mentioned indicators mostly reflect specialized manifestations of rugby players’ aerobic capacities and impact the increase of athletes’ special functional capabilities. This has been confirmed by the results of the analysis of urgent adaptive responses registered in model conditions of competition activity. As a result of the implementation of the specified experimental programme during the preparation process, the Ukrainian national team achieved 2nd place at the European Rugby Union Championship in the Trophy division of the 2022-2023 season.

A partir del establecimiento del rugby en Cataluña a principios de los años veinte del siglo pasado, este deporte también fue introducido en la “región de Centro”. Ello coincidió con el periodo de la dictadura de Miguel Primo de Rivera, momento en el que surgieron los primeros conflictos federativos del rugby entre Barcelona y Madrid. En el fondo de la cuestión subyacían intereses personales, pero también condicionantes del ambiente político. El objetivo es el de continuar vertiendo información alrededor del desarrollo del rugby español, pero teniendo en cuenta la coyuntura social y política del momento histórico. Ello es posible a través de una exploración de la prensa histórica deportiva y de noticias, pero también de la revisión de otros estudios pertinentes a la contextualización. Se concluye que durante la dictadura el desarrollo del rugby estuvo mediado en un difícil contexto político centralizador y represivo, que conformó un ambiente hostil a cualquier brote del nacionalismo deportivo catalán. Si bien, la hegemonía del rugby catalán no se ponía en duda, al llegar a los años treinta este deporte logró, además, un completo arraigado en el ambiente universitario de la capital española.

Introduction: Initially developed by New Zealand Rugby in 2014, the Blue Card initiative in rugby enables match officials to remove athletes from play if they are suspected to have sustained a concussion. Considerable attention has been paid by sport and health advocates to the possibilities and limitations of this initiative in safeguarding athlete health. However, little if any attention has been paid to the well-being of those responsible for administering the Blue Card (i.e., match officials). The aim of this paper was to examine match officials’ experiences with and perspectives on implementing the Blue Card initiative in Ontario, Canada, with focused attention on the tensions around their ability to manage games and participants (e.g., athletes, coaches) while attempting to safeguard athlete well-being. Methods: Using Relational Coordination Theory (RCT) as a guiding framework and qualitative research method, we highlight the rich accounts of 19 match officials’ perspectives and experiences regarding sport-related concussion (SRC) management and the Blue Card protocol. Results: Four themes were derived from the data, reflecting latent assumptions embedded within the concussion management process, which include: assumptions of trust, respect, and cooperation; assumptions of shared responsibility; assumptions of shared understanding; and assumptions of harassment-free sport. Discussion: Our findings emphasize the need to attend to social relations in concussion management and provide insight into match officials’ fraught experiences on the frontlines of concussion management. We identify factors affecting match official well-being and provide considerations for concussion management initiatives designed to improve athlete safety, such as the Blue Card. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial turf provides a consistent and durable surface; however, it has historically been associated with a high skin injury risk, or a 'friction burn', when a player falls or slides. Second-generation surfaces feature a short carpet pile, whilst third generation (3G) carpet piles are longer, enabling the integration of a performance infill. 3G surfaces provide sufficient energy absorption characteristics to be approved as Rugby Turf; however, such pitches can still cause skin injuries, despite being assessed using a friction-based test. Reducing skin injury risk motivates this study to develop a more sensitive testing methodology. A new test apparatus and impactor are proposed, achieving kinematics representative of an elite male rugby tackle. A commercially available skin simulant is employed to ensure the collection of repeatable and valid data. Photography and thresholding were used to assess surface abrasion and material transfer, whilst a thermal camera captured surface temperature change. Accelerometers quantified the surface resistance during the impact and sliding phases. These metrics were compiled into the Maxwell Tribo Index (MTI), providing a single measure of skin injury risk. The results demonstrated good repeatability and validity when four teams tested four different 3G surfaces. These results compared favourably to an expert panel's ranked order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The jackling position within rugby has not been previously described as a mechanism for proximal hamstring injuries. Hypothesis: Acute surgical repair of proximal hamstring avulsion injuries sustained from the jackling contact position enables a return to a previous level of sporting activity with low risk of recurrence. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: This study included 54 professional rugby players (mean age, 26 ± 4.8 years) who underwent acute primary surgical repair of complete, proximal hamstring avulsion injuries. The mean follow-up time was 17 months (range, 12-24 months). Mean isometric hamstring strength and function testing was performed at 3 months and 1 year after repair. Results: Of the 54 players, 51 (94.4%) returned to their preinjury level of sporting activity. The mean time from surgical repair to full sporting activity was 7 months (range, 4-12 months). No patients had recurrence of the primary injury. At 1 year postoperatively, patients had significantly restored mean isometric hamstring muscle strength when compared with the uninjured leg at 0° (98.4% ± 2.8%), 15° (95.9% ± 2.9%), and 45° (92.9% ± 4.1%); improved Lower Extremity Functional Score (78.0 ± 2.0); and improved Marx activity rating score (14.3 ± 1.5) (P <.001 for all). Conclusion: Acute surgical repair of proximal hamstring avulsion injuries caused by the contact jackling position produced a high return to preinjury level of sporting activity, increased muscle strength, and improved functional outcome scores, with a low risk of recurrence at short-term follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This cross-sectional study examined the lower limb balance, ankle dorsiflexion, orofacial tissue pressure, and occlusal strength of rugby players. Twenty-six participants were divided into groups: rugby players (n = 13) and healthy sedentary adults (n = 13). Participants underwent an analysis of lower limb balance using a composite score (Y-Balance Test). Ankle dorsiflexion was measured using the Lunge Test. The Iowa Oral Performance Instrument was employed to measure orofacial tissue pressure. Bite force was measured with a dynamometer, and T-Scan assessed occlusal contact distribution. Data were analyzed using the t-test (p < 0.05) and ANCOVA with age and weight as covariates, where it is possible to verify that these factors did not influence the results obtained. Significant differences were observed in the balance of the right (p = 0.07) and left (p = 0.02) lower limbs, where rugby players had lower composite scores. There were significant differences in the right (p = 0.005) and left (p = 0.004) lunges, with rugby players showing lower values, as well as lower tongue pressure (p = 0.01) and higher lip pressure (p = 0.03), with significant differences to sedentary participants. There was no significant difference in molar bite force and distribution occlusal contacts between groups. Rugby seems to reduce lower limb displacement, cause ankle hypomobility, lead to changes in orofacial tissues, particularly the tongue and lips. This study is significant for identifying significant differences between rugby players and sedentary individuals, providing new insights into the impact of rugby on health and performance, which can benefit sports training and injury prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rugby is considered by many to be the antithesis of femininity because, since its creation, it has been a way for men to prove their masculinity. For this reason, the trajectory of women who practice it can be permeated with prejudices. The aim of this article is to advance the conceptual understanding of gender prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination, through an evaluation of the sports trajectory of cis women rugby players in Brazil. Ten female athletes, who are current or former athletes of the Brazil women's rugby 7's national team, were interviewed. They identified gender prejudice in relation to: (1) playing a sport considered masculine in which women should not take part; (2) being considered not to be able to practice it; (3) having bodies which do not fit the requirements of the ideal female body; (4) playing a violent sport; (5) trying to highlight attributes of femininity in publicity and press coverage. We conclude that, in the sport of rugby in Brazil, women are treated unfairly, with unequal salaries and limited opportunities. Moreover, they suffer prejudice and social pressure where they need to constantly reaffirm their sexuality, their femininity and their technical competence to play rugby. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores Duncan Bell's heuristic of the mythscape as a means to conceptualize the nationalistic narrativization of the sporting past. Bell approaches the forging of national identity through evocations of the past as mythologized: that is, partial, contested, power-laden, and perpetually mutating. First, we introduce Bell's concept as a means to evaluate the selective, contested and shifting construction of the sporting past through the prism of nationalism. We first chart the narrativisation of the New Zealand – South African rugby rivalry within popular literature during the apartheid era (1948–1994). This was characterized by the production of 'governing' myths and oppositional narrations from the 1960s onward. We then evaluate subsequent post-apartheid narrativizations (1994 onwards) within popular rugby histories, focussing on the 1986 Cavaliers rugby tour to South Africa – the final event in apartheid-era rugby ties between the two nations. We explore how writers use particular narratives, and what they have chosen to exclude, and how it informs a national mythscape. We find the rehabilitation of governing myths that sanitize and redact connections between New Zealand rugby and apartheid. This is symptomatic of a selective construction that valorizes rugby as a idealized national institution. Finally, we offer comments on the utility of the mythscapes concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: A sport-related concussion (SRC) is a traumatic brain injury that is caused by biomechanical stresses and results in a complex pathophysiological process in the brain. Some in the sporting community believe that headgear (HG) can prevent SRC, and several professional Australian sports organizations, including rugby, football, and soccer clubs, recommend its use. Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine whether HG is effective in lowering the prevalence of SRC in sports. Data Sources: A systematic search for related studies published between 1985 and 2023 was conducted using the following databases: Cochrane Library, AMED, PubMed, Web of Science, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). Study Selection: Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the effectiveness of HG in reducing SRC rate were included. Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. Level of Evidence: Level 1a. Data Extraction: Two researchers independently completed the title and abstract search and performed full-text reviews. A third reviewer was consulted to reach a consensus if any discrepancies were noted. The PEDro scale was used to evaluate the quality of the included RCTs. Data recorded from each study included authors, year of publication, type and number of players, study design, duration of the study, injury rate, compliance (%), sports/level, and exposure hours. Results: The pooled results of 6311 players and 173,383 exposure hours showed 0% SRC reduction per 1000 hours of exposure in the experimental group compared with the control group, with an injury risk ratio of 1.03 (95% CI, 0.82-1.30; P = 0.79). Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates that HG does not prevent SRC among soccer and rugby players, and therefore the findings from this meta-analysis do not currently support the use of HG to prevent SRC in soccer or rugby. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some sports participants are often reluctant to wear a mouthguard due to issues with comfort, breathing and communication. However, there is limited evidence that investigates the use of custom‐made mouthguards and variations in design as key factors to minimise these issues. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of custom‐made mouthguard design on cardiopulmonary function, exercise performance and perception of comfort in rugby union players. Fourteen rugby players (aged 20.2 ± 1.19 years) were recruited to undertake a rugby‐specific exercise protocol on a treadmill over four conditions (no mouthguard and three custom‐made mouthguard designs). Cardiopulmonary responses were assessed using breath‐by‐breath analysis, in conjunction with blood lactate (BLa) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) was assessed before and after the study to identify any changes in players' level of performance. Participants scored each mouthguard in relation to preference, comfort, breathing, protection and retention. There were no differences in oxygen uptake (p = 0.785, ηp2 ${\eta }_{p}^{2}$ = 0.021), ventilation (p = 0.952, ηp2 ${\eta }_{p}^{2}$ = 0.007), respiratory exchange ratio (p = 0.564, ηp2 ${\eta }_{p}^{2}$ = 0.039) and heart rate (p = 0.830, ηp2 ${\eta }_{p}^{2}$ = 0.017), whilst participants performed with the selected custom‐made mouthguards. However, RPE was higher without a mouthguard than whilst using two of the mouthguards during the first 3 min of exercise, in combination with higher BLa accumulation (p ≤ 0.05). Although there was no statistical difference between mouthguard designs in the ratings around comfort, there was a preference towards mouthguards with reduced palatal coverage. Individual preference in design may improve compliance of wearing a mouthguard without affecting physiological parameters. Highlights: Wearing any of the three selected custom‐made mouthguards had no impact on cardiorespiratory parameters, such as oxygen uptake, minute ventilation, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate and blood lactate.In terms of participants' perceived comfort, there were no differences between the selected mouthguard designs.The findings of the present study may lead to encouraging the use of custom‐made mouthguards amongst rugby players as no negative influence on the examined physiological parameters was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An examination of team-level and player-specific injury incidence in Rugby Union, using different match exposure calculations, Match time-loss injuries and match exposure using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) was collected across three seasons (2016/17–2018/19). Team-level and player-specific injury incidence were calculated using standard match length and GPS exposure. The probability of one or two or more injuries was calculated using the Poisson probability. A total of 487 injuries were sustained by 111 players. Team-level injury incidence across three seasons using standard match length was lower than the injury incidence using GPS (59.5 vs 95.7 injuries/1000 match hours, respectively). More than 84% of players fell outside the 95% confidence intervals for the team-level injury incidence each season. When exposed to a lower number of match hours, at the same incidence the probability of only one injury was higher. When exposed to a higher number of match hours, at the same incidence the probability of sustaining two or more injuries was higher. The standard match length underestimates the team-level injury incidence if the entire player cohort has not provided consent. In addition, team-level injury incidence is a poor representation of the underlying injury incidence of players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Rugby is a popular sport and requires participants to have commensurate physical attributes for effective participation. One physical fitness test battery which enjoys extensive use contextually is the European Test of Physical Fitness (Eurofit). However, the psychometric properties of the test battery have not been explored and documented in the local context. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the test-retest reliability of the Eurofit test battery items among elite schoolboy rugby players in Harare, Zimbabwe. Thirty-two (32) players with the mean age of 17.2 (SD = 1.03) years completed all the tests during the in-season period. Anthropometric and Eurofit test measurements were obtained twice with seven days separating the assessments. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) estimated the reliability of the test items. The global ICCs for the Eurofit test items ranged from 0.59 to 0.98. The Sit-and-Reach test yielded the highest temporal reliability (ICC = 0.98). The Plate Tapping test, Flamingo Balance test and 10 × 5m Shuttle Run test showed ICCs < 0.7. Cognisant of the study limitations, some component test items of Eurofit test battery can be recommended for reliably evaluating aspects of physical fitness in junior rugby players in Zimbabwe whilst others still need consideration and test modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. The study purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of an experimental program of training means aimed at stimulating reactions of aerobic energy supply of athletes who are part of Ukraine national rugby union team. Material and methods. The athletes of the Ukrainian national rugby union team were divided into two homogeneous groups (experimental and control) consisting of 15 individuals. The experimental group underwent a specialized program aimed at developing aerobic energy supply, whereas the control group followed a standard training program. The object of study focused on the training process of Ukraine national rugby union team. Results. The results of testing rugby players in the experimental group demonstrated reliable changes in reactions of aerobic energy supply under the influence of a program of special training sessions. The most significant alterations were noted in the indicators of kinetics and stability of reactions. The indicators of O2 consumption and pulmonary ventilation in the intensity zone of anaerobic metabolism threshold increased significantly. There was a tendency to increase indicators characterizing the power of the respiratory response (max VE), in particular under conditions of growing fatigue (% excess VE). However, there were no significant changes in indicators of aerobic capacities' components in the athletes' control group. Conclusions. We believe that the mentioned indicators mostly reflect specialized manifestations of rugby players' aerobic capacities and impact the increase of athletes' special functional capabilities. This has been confirmed by the results of the analysis of urgent adaptive responses registered in model conditions of competition activity. As a result of the implementation of the specified experimental programme during the preparation process, the Ukrainian national team achieved 2nd place at the European Rugby Union Championship in the Trophy division of the 2022-2023 season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oggetto del presente lavoro è il tema della formazione dell’insegnante sportivo. L’argomento verrà inizialmente approcciato con metafore al fine di meglio comprendere alcuni concetti del percorso formativo quali il processo necessario al suo compimento, la forma didattica (arte o razionalità?), la competenza (tecnica o empatia?) e l’approccio comunicativo dell’insegnante. Successivamente sarà illustrato un progetto formativo in corso di svolgimento basato su un modello integrato multi-sportivo, nella sua fase sperimentale inizialmente orientata all'istruttore federale di rugby, il cui successo, sostenibilità, e trasferibilità didattica nei corsi per istruttori di sport giovanile verrà verificata con metodo scientifico, del quale è descritto il protocollo di studio. L’esito dell’iniziativa potrà confermare l’adeguatezza del metodo per raggiungere gli obiettivi della formazione dei professionisti nell’ambito motorio-sportivo e, in forma più estesa, per la promozione della physical literacy dei destinatari finali di suddetta formazione, vale a dire i bambini.

Both the approach taken by World Rugby to address the question of trans women participation in women's rugby and the paper by Jon Pike that explains the ethical justification for the exclusion of trans women players from world rugby are compelling when understood within the dominant rugby/sport narrative. However, in this article, I suggest that what is absent is a radical feminist understanding that engages with the political purposes of separate sport spaces for women in producing feminist counternarratives that challenge men's power in/over sport. Decisions about the inclusion of trans women in women's sporting competitions should be made on a sport context-by-sport context basis oriented by broader feminist political goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the importance of strength and power in rugby skills and match outcomes, there exists a noticeable gap in the measurement consistency and estimation of a true change of typical assessments designed to assess these qualities. To address this gap, we investigated the between-session reliability, interrelationships, and minimal detectable changes (MDC) of commonly used strength and power measures in team sports. Sixteen national-level rugby 7 s players were tested on two occasions, one week apart. Both the best and average (of 2–3 trials) peak force, peak power, height, distance, and/or strength indices during countermovement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ), isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), plyometric push-up (PPU), and standing long jump (SLJ) were obtained. Furthermore, one-repetition maximum (1RM) strength for bench press and back squat, reactive strength index, and dynamic strength index were also determined. Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and coefficients of variation (CV), and used for MDC calculations, and interrelationships between variables were determined using correlation coefficients. Reliability was excellent for bench press, back squat, and SLJ (ICCs > 0.91); high to excellent for IMTP peak force, all CMJ, and DJ (except best DJ height and contact time), and PPU peak force parameters (ICCs > 0.78), with < 10% CVs (except PPU peak power). MDCs were generally smaller for average than best values. Large to very large relationships (r = 0.60 to 0.85) were observed between bench press, back squat, and IMTP with selected parameters of CMJ and PPU (p < 0.05), but not in DJ and SLJ. In conclusion, selected measures of strength and power displayed high to excellent reproducibility, with average values (rather than best) offering more stable assessments, and “smaller” MDCs. Based upon the relationships, it can be inferred that maximising strength would likely contribute to enhanced explosive performance.

La práctica de Actividad Física y Deportiva en los procesos de reinserción promueve escenarios formativos integrales para la construcción de relaciones saludables dentro del entramado social, presentándose como una herramienta efectiva para el trabajo con jóvenes en situación de riesgo por contexto de pandillas. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la práctica del rugby como alternativa dentro de los procesos de reinserción social de jóvenes ex-integrantes de pandillas junto al Colectivo Calle, Paz y Respeto de la ciudad de Ibarra-Ecuador. La investigación empleó un enfoque cualitativo basado en el estudio de caso y análisis etnográfico, utilizando entrevistas semiestructuradas para recopilar datos. El análisis, codificación y categorización de la información se realizó mediante el software MAXQDA, enfocándose en tres categorías: Actividad Física y Deportiva, Reinserción Social e Identidad. Los resultados revelan correlaciones significativas, como la relación entre reinserción social y oportunidades de superación; uso adecuado del tiempo libre y salud mental; y, la decisión de cambiar y oportunidades de superación. Se concluye que el rugby se presenta como un medio eficaz para la reinserción social de jóvenes en situación de riesgo, gracias a su potencial para mitigar conflictos, regular conductas violentas e inculcar hábitos positivos como la disciplina, respeto y compromiso.