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El objetivo general del presente estudio ha sido evaluar la prevalencia y las tendencias de consumo de drogas legales e ilegales y de otras conductas adictivas entre los/as estudiantes del último curso de Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria (4º ESO) y 2º de Formación Profesional Básica, de la ciudad de Alicante.

Introduction: It has been shown that lifestyle is a highly modifiable determinant having a direct effect on the health status. Therefore, short and simple questionnaires assessing the lifestyle of the general and clinical population are needed to create interventions on behavioral aspects that can improve the health status. The Simple Lifestyle Indicator Questionnaire (SLIQ) is a validated health scale in English that combines five lifestyle factors: diet, exercise, alcohol consumption, tobacco use, and stress level. The objective of this study was to validate the SLIQ questionnaire in Spanish by analyzing the scale’s validity and reliability. Its discriminatory power of the scale was also examined by evaluating the differences in health outcomes according to the levels of adherence to a healthy lifestyle. Methods: The sample consisted of 745 participants with an average age of 39.94 (SD: 16.99). A transcultural adaptation process was carried out to validate the SLIQ questionnaire in the Spanish context, to determinate the structural equivalence of the Spanish version as compared to the English version, and to assess the psychometric properties of the scale. PREDIMED and IPAQ scales were used to analyze the convergent validity of the Spanish version of the SLIQ regarding to diet and exercise, and the questionnaires SF-12 and DASS-21 questionnaires were used to assess the capacity of the Spanish version of the SLIQ to discriminate health status related to different levels of reported lifestyles. Results: Regarding validity, the results indicate significant correlations between the different dimensions of the SLIQ questionnaire and those used as a reference. As for reliability, the test–retest analyses reveal a high temporal consistency for the scores obtained on the questionnaire. Finally, the differences found in anxiety, depression, and quality of life, with regard to the different levels of adherence in the SLIQ questionnaire, suggest that the questionnaire’s Span

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed mainly in children, marked by inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. The symptoms are highly variable, such as different ages of onset and potential comorbidities, contributing to frequent misdiagnoses. Professionals note a gap in modern diagnostic tools, making accurate identification challenging. To address this, recent studies recommend gamification for better ADHD diagnosis and treatment, though further research is essential to confirm its efficacy. This work aims to create a serious game, namely “Attention Slackline", to assess attention levels. The game, designed with expert input, requires players to concentrate on a specific point to recognize specific patterns while managing distractions. A controlled experiment tested its precision, and results were compared with established attention tests by a correlation analysis. Statistical analysis confirmed the game's validity, especially in tracking attention through correct responses and errors. Preliminary evidence suggests that “Attention Slackline" may serve as a credible instrument for the assessment of attentional capacities in individuals with ADHD, given that its outcomes have been empirically shown to correlate with those derived from a well-established attention assessment methodology.

SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infection is still under study today, mainly because of its long-term effects. This study aims to analyse health status and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in survivors of coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) who have developed pulmonary sequelae. Prospective observational study of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia between February and May 2020. Reviews were conducted at 3 and 12 months after hospital discharge. HRQoL was assessed by administration of the SF-36 questionnaire and data related to medical records and physical examination were also collected. In addition, chest X-ray, computed tomography and pulmonary function test were included as additional tests. 305 patients were admitted for COVID-19 pneumonia of which 130 (42.6%) completed follow-up. The mean age of the enrolled group was 55.9 ± 15.9 years. The most prevalent persistent symptoms were dyspnea (37.3%) and asthenia (36.9%). Pulmonary sequelae were detected in 20.8% of participants. The most frequent alteration was ground ground glass opacities (GGO) (88.9%), with mild extension. Fibrotic changes were found in only 2% of cases. When comparing the two groups, at 3 and 12 months of evolution, lower scores in the vitality (VT) and mental health (MH) domains were found only in the group without sequelae. Days of hospitalisation and Charlson index acted as influential factors on HRQoL. Minimal or mild pulmonary sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 do not cause further deterioration of HRQoL. Repeated medical care and pulmonary rehabilitation are effective tools to improve HRQoL.

Approximately half of all adults living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) experience cognitive alterations related to difficulties in treatment adherence and, therefore, to a significant decrease in quality of life. In this sense, new studies are needed to identify potential mediators related to treatment in this association, such as treatment fatigue. This fact is especially important in at specific groups of individuals with HIV, namely men with HIV who have sex with men (MSM). The objective of this study was to analyze the association between cognitive functioning, Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL), and treatment fatigue in MSM with HIV. A cross-sectional study was developed with a sample of 70 MSM, from the Infectious Diseases Unit of the General University Hospital of Alicante (Spain). Participants completed questionnaires related to sociodemographic data, HRQoL, and treatment fatigue in an initial phase; in a second phase, they were administered a computerized cognitive evaluation. Our results demonstrate a significant relationship between a lower cognitive performance in the memory domain and worse HRQoL. Mediation analysis has revealed the total mediation effect of treatment fatigue, specifically, the treatment cynicism domain, on this relationship. This mediation effect remained significant after controlling the sociodemographic and clinical HIV-related variables in the model. No significant mediation effects of the rest of evaluated cognitive domains (attention, perception, reasoning, or coordination) were found in this relationship. The results of this study highlight how MSM with a significant deterioration of memory are at greater risk of developing high levels of treatment fatigue, and, therefore, a lower adherence to the same and a significant deterioration in their HRQoL.

Introduction: The inextricable bond between humans and the environment underscores the pivotal significance of environmental sensitivity. This innate trait encompasses a wide array of ways individuals perceive, process, and react to various internal and external stimuli. The evaluation of this trait in children is generally conducted by parents. However, little is known about the concordance of the parents reports with those conducted by others, such as teachers. Children’s behavior assessment is a current and relevant issue and finding out more positive results could make improvements in different contexts, such as home, clinics and schools. Objective: This study examines agreements and discrepancies between parents and teachers as raters of environmental sensitivity in Spanish children. Methods: Participants were 124 parents and eight teachers of youngsters between 3 and 10 years, who completed a paper survey providing information about parental and school variables and environmental sensitivity. Results: Parents and teachers mostly differ when rating environmental sensitivity, being parents the raters who score higher levels of this trait than teachers. Also, poor intra-class coefficients of reliability are found in both the items of HSCS, the dimensions and the general factor of environmental sensitivity among the informants. Conclusion: The present investigation provides novel findings related to inter-rater assessment on environmental sensitivity and how these different informants could affect in the report. This study also highlights the need of making and validating new and specific tools to assess environmental sensitivity for teachers.

Introduction: The assessment of group cohesion is a fundamental aspect in the context of higher education. However, there is a need for appropriate and specific instruments to assess this construct in the university context. Objective: To adapt and validate the University Group Environment Questionnaire (UGEQ) group cohesion measure to the Spanish population. Method: The sample used for this study consisted of 309 Spanish university students, with a mean age of 22.61 (SD=5.5). For data analysis, a confirmatory factorial analysis was performed, following the structure of the original instrument (UGEQ). Results: The results suggest optimal adjustment indices (CFI= 0.92; TLI=0.90; SRMR=0.068 and RMSEA= 0.081 [90% CI: 0.071- 0.092]) and appropriate internal consistency (0.88 [95% CI: 0.86-0.90]) and temporal stability. Discussion: These findings support the use of the UGEQ as a valid and reliable instrument to assess group cohesion in the Spanish university context., Introducción: La evaluación de la cohesión grupal es un aspecto fundamental en el contexto de la educación superior. Sin embargo, existe la necesidad de instrumentos apropiados y específicos para evaluar este constructo en el contexto universitario. Objetivo: Adaptar y validar el University Group Environment Questionnaire (UGEQ) para evaluar la cohesión grupal en población española. Método: La muestra utilizada para este estudio estuvo formada por 309 estudiantes universitarios, con una edad media de 22,61 años (DE=5,5). Para el análisis de los datos, se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio, siguiendo la estructura del instrumento original (UGEQ). Resultados: Los resultados sugieren índices de ajuste óptimos (CFI= 0,92; TLI=0,90; SRMR=0,068 y RMSEA= 0,081 [IC 90%: 0,071-0,092]) y consistencia interna adecuada (0,88 [IC 95%: 0,86-0,90]) y estabilidad temporal. Discusión: Estos hallazgos apoyan el uso del UGEQ como un instrumento válido y fiable para evaluar la cohesión grupal en el contexto universitario español., Introdução: A avaliação da coesão grupal é um aspecto fundamental no contexto do ensino superior. Entretanto, há necessidade de instrumentos apropriados e específicos para avaliar esta construção no contexto universitário. Objetivo: Adaptar e validar o Questionário de Ambiente do Grupo Universitário (UGEQ) para avaliar a coesão do grupo em uma população espanhola. Método: A amostra utilizada para este estudo consistiu de 309 estudantes universitários, com idade média de 22,61 anos (SD=5,5). Para a análise dos dados, foi realizada uma análise fatorial de confirmação, seguindo a estrutura do instrumento original (UGEQ). Resultados: Os resultados sugerem índices de ajuste ótimo (CFI= 0,92; TLI=0,90; SRMR=0,068 e RMSEA= 0,081 [90% CI: 0,071-0,092]) e consistência interna adequada (0,88 [95% CI: 0,86-0,90]) e estabilidade temporal. Discussão: Estas conclusões apóiam o uso da UGEQ como um instrumento válido e confiável para avaliar a coesão do grupo no contexto universitário espanhol.

A significant number of studies have shown that highly sensitive individuals are predisposed to benefit more from psychological interventions. Additionally, a vast variety of individuals with high levels of sensory processing sensitivity tend to be easily stressed, apart from being disturbed in overstimulated environments. Therefore, some interventions have taken that into consideration, and was developed with the aim to teach those individuals how to deal with their emotional disturbances. Interventions have made use of mindfulness and yoga techniques, or even school-based antibullying programs so far. Be that as it may, not only have researchers investigated the impact of interventions on highly sensitive children, but they have also put their mind to examining how adults high in sensory processing sensitivity may benefit from psychological interventions. It is of the utmost importance to fathom how those individuals may take advantage of psychological interventions, to utilize the most valuable aspects for them. The present chapter aimed to analyze the results of different psychological interventions received by highly sensitive individuals. Another goal of this chapter was to examine which type of interventions in health and education contexts were more beneficial to them so as to provide different useful methods with which to support them.

Humans and other living beings are sensitive to the environment. Some of them differ in the way they are influenced by environmental conditions. Therefore, environmental sensitivity, which is defined as the ability to perceive and process external stimuli, has been broadly studied. Such a concept includes different theories which all concur that only a minority of the population possesses a significantly higher environmental sensitivity, and that highly sensitive individuals differ in their response to both positive and negative features of the environment. That sensitivity alludes to internal and external stimuli, such as internal events and sensory, physical and social environments. The factors linked to a strengthened environmental sensitivity can be genetic, behavioral/temperamental and physiological. Every theoretical contribution is unique, but they share some key elements as well. The Sensory Processing Sensitivity theory conceives that sensitivity to be a personality trait manifested in depth of processing, ease of overstimulation, emotional reactivity and awareness of subtleties. The Differential Susceptibility model, which includes the Diathesis-Stress and Vantage Sensitivity theories, suggests that some individuals are more predisposed to be both negatively and positively influenced by the environment, depending on whether its conditions are adverse or thriving. The biological Sensitivity to Context approach proposes that sensitivity is shaped by early environmental conditions, and it is increased by stress response systems. Throughout this chapter, the conceptualization of environmental sensitivity and every theoretical contribution which is included in the Environmental Sensitivity meta-framework will be discussed, as well as the aspects on which they agree and differ.

Introduction: the assessment of group cohesion is a fundamental aspect in the context of higher education. However, there is a need for appropriate and specific instruments to assess this construct in the university context. Objective: to adapt and validate the University Group Environment Questionnaire (UGEQ) group cohesion measure to the Spanish population. Method: the sample used for this study consisted of 309 Spanish university students, with a mean age of 22.61 (SD=5.5). For data analysis, a confirmatory factorial analysis was performed, following the structure of the original instrument (UGEQ). Results: the results suggest optimal adjustment indices (CFI= 0.92; TLI=0.90; SRMR=0.068 and RMSEA= 0.081 [90% CI: 0.071-0.092]) and appropriate internal consistency (0.88 [95% CI: 0.86-0.90]) and temporal stability. Discussion: these findings support the use of the UGEQ as a valid and reliable instrument to assess group cohesion in the Spanish university context., Introducción: la evaluación de la cohesión grupal es un aspecto fundamental en el contexto de la educación superior. Sin embargo, existe la necesidad de instrumentos apropiados y específicos para evaluar este constructo en el contexto universitario. Objetivo: adaptar y validar el University Group Environment Questionnaire (UGEQ) para evaluar la cohesión grupal en población española. Método: la muestra utilizada para este estudio estuvo formada por 309 estudiantes universitarios, con una edad media de 22,61 años (DE=5,5). Para el análisis de los datos, se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio, siguiendo la estructura del instrumento original (UGEQ). Resultados: los resultados sugieren índices de ajuste óptimos (CFI= 0,92; TLI=0,90; SRMR=0,068 y RMSEA= 0,081 [IC 90%: 0,071-0,092]) y consistencia interna adecuada (0,88 [IC 95%: 0,86-0,90]) y estabilidad temporal. Discusión: estos hallazgos apoyan el uso del UGEQ como un instrumento válido y fiable para evaluar la cohesión grupal en el contexto universitario español.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused several changes in society, especially in the educational context, where several learning methodologies and social interactions have been modified significantly. This fact could have had a negative impact on academic stress levels of students and the classroom climate, especially in the university context. The main aim of the present study was to identify changes in academic stress and the perceived classroom climate caused by COVID-19 in a sample of Spanish university students. Academic stress was evaluated trough the Stressor Academic Scale (SAS) and perceived classroom climate employing the Perceived Classroom Responsibility Climate (PCRC) questionnaire. A longitudinal study was conducted. 135 students (97 females and 38 males) from the Gastronomy (n = 31) and Criminology (n = 104) degrees were evaluated before and after the COVID-19 lockdown in Spain. Academic stress levels and perceived classroom climate were analyzed before (Time 1) and after (Time 2) the lockdown declaration. An increase in academic stress was found, especially in the categories regarding Teachers’ Methodological Deficiencies, Academic Over-Burden and Beliefs About Performances. Females and final year students suffered higher levels of academic stress. No differences were found between Time 1 and 2 in perceived classroom climate. The obtained results point out a significant increase of academic stress in university students due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. The implemented educational changes and the uncertainty that resulted from the pandemic could have a significant negative impact on mental health in this population, resulting in higher levels of academic stress, especially in females and final year students. Future studies should analyze the strategies that students are employing to cope with these educational challenges and intervention strategies to promote them in the context of higher education.

It has been demonstrated that athletes in competitive sports suffer from high levels of competitive anxiety, especially in the case of females. In this sense, it is necessary to identify possible risk and protective factors of those athletes in this collective who suffer from this type of anxiety. However, few studies analyze the relationship between Physical Activity (PA) and anxiety, identifying the possible mediation effect of trait variables such as impulsivity and mindfulness in female athletes. Hence, the aims of this study were: to determine differences between PA levels with anxiety, mindfulness, and impulsiveness; to identify the predictive value of sociodemographic factors and physical activity, impulsivity, and mindfulness on anxiety factors; and to analyze the possible mediating effects of mindfulness on the relationship between impulsivity and anxiety. A total of 242 female athletes underwent an assessment of physical activity, anxiety, mindfulness traits, and impulsivity using validated questionnaires. Data were analyzed according to (1) individual or collective sport, and (2) PA levels according to energy expended (METs min/day). Participants were grouped by light, moderate, and vigorous PA levels. There were 30.5% elite athletes and 73.2% collective sports athletes. Mean age was 22.1 years and mean light, moderate, and vigorous PA were 86.1 ± 136.2, 114.4 ± 159.8, and 370.1 ± 336.3 METs min/day, respectively. Those athletes performing vigorous PA exhibited lower levels of impulsiveness and higher mindfulness traits. As expected, the mindfulness trait was a mediating factor in the relationship between impulsiveness and each factor of competitive anxiety (cognitive, somatic, and self-efficacy). Female athletes could suffer competitive anxiety, especially those who present higher levels of impulsivity. However, higher levels of mindfulness traits seem to be a protective factor in the effects of impulsivity on anxiety in this population and have demonstr

The Mediterranean Lifestyle (MLS) has been related to better health and quality of life. However, there is no consensus on how to assess this lifestyle. The main objective of this work was to systematically review the methodology used in different studies on the evaluation of the MLS. The specific objectives were (1) to analyze the MLS components evaluated in previous studies, (2) to explore the assessment instruments available for the analysis of the MLS, and (3) to identify the psychometric properties of these instruments. The search was carried out using the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases with the purpose of identifying those published articles in which the MLS was assessed. The review included 26 studies linked to the assessment of the MLS. Of these studies, only four exclusively used a tool to analyze MLS components globally. These studies included two questionnaires and three different indexes. None of them, however, evaluated all of the recognized MLS components, and food preparation was the least frequently evaluated component. Given the clear importance of analyzing MLS adherence and the lack of consensus in previous research, an evaluation tool needs to be created to comprehensively assess all of the MLS dimensions by means of appropriate psychometric properties.

SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infection and the course of its sequelae remain to be defined. The aim of this study is to analyze health status and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in a Spanish sample of survivors of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Methods: Prospective observational study of patients who survived SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, between February 2020 and May 2020, with systematic evaluation at 3 and 12 months after the onset of the disease. The data were obtained by reviewing the clinical history and performing a physical examination, a chest X-ray, and a pulmonary function test on the patients. Additionally, the SF-36 questionnaire was administered for the HRQoL study. Results: In total, 130 patients aged 55.9 ± 15.9 years were included. Dyspnea (36.9%) and asthenia (36.2%) were the most frequent persistent symptoms. Fibrotic pulmonary changes were detected in 20.8% of the participants. Compared to the general population, significant deterioration was detected in all domains of the SF-36 questionnaire at 3 and 12 months post-COVID-19 infection. The greatest differences were in the physical role (RF) and in the emotional role (RE). Conclusions: COVID-19 pneumonia causes a long-term deterioration in HRQoL compared to the general population. Over time, a trend toward improvement is detected in most domains of the SF-36.

Sensory processing sensitivity has been determined as a personality trait featured by the perception, processing, and interpretation of internal and external stimuli. Thus, this trait has been considered by some recent research studies from different frameworks. Although it exists a lack of accuracy in terminology, some articles have demonstrated that sensitivity of sensory processing may not be considered as a disorder. Therefore, this trait shows different ways to be manifested in some life spheres: physical, cognitive, emotional and interpersonal. In fact, in each sphere we can find several characteristics of sensory processing sensitivity and its manifestation depending on the level. Despite in some cases this trait has been associated with poor well-being, health and quality of life, research reports that sensitivity has a variety of degrees resulting in positive outcomes in general population. This chapter will present a definition of sensory processing sensitivity, a summary of high sensitivity characteristics, some theoretical approaches and recommendations for parents and teachers who are in contact to children with high sensitivity.