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Background Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is a mental health issue that affects individuals worldwide. However, the lack of knowledge about the biomarkers associated with the development of IGD has restricted the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder.Aims We aimed to reveal the biomarkers associated with the development of IGD through resting-state brain network analysis and provide clues for the diagnosis and treatment of IGD.Methods Twenty-six patients with IGD, 23 excessive internet game users (EIUs) who recurrently played internet games but were not diagnosed with IGD and 29 healthy controls (HCs) performed delay discounting task (DDT) and Iowa gambling task (IGT). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were also collected.Results Patients with IGD exhibited significantly lower hubness in the right medial orbital part of the superior frontal gyrus (ORBsupmed) than both the EIU and the HC groups. Additionally, the hubness of the right ORBsupmed was found to be positively correlated with the highest excessive internet gaming degree during the past year in the EIU group but not the IGD group; this might be the protective mechanism that prevents EIUs from becoming addicted to internet games. Moreover, the hubness of the right ORBsupmed was found to be related to the treatment outcome of patients with IGD, with higher hubness of this region indicating better recovery when undergoing forced abstinence. Further modelling analysis of the DDT and IGT showed that patients with IGD displayed higher impulsivity during the decision-making process, and impulsivity-related parameters were negatively correlated with the hubness of right ORBsupmed.Conclusions Our findings revealed that the impulsivity-related right ORBsupmed hubness could serve as a potential biomarker of IGD and provide clues for the diagnosis and treatment of IGD.

Abstract Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory disease that causes a wide range of cognitive impairments. Although COPD-Smoking comorbidity is common, the relationship between smoking and cognitive function in COPD-Smoking comorbidity remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of smoking on cognitive function like attention in COPD-Smoking patients. Methods In this study, we used the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore the effect of smoking on attention in patients with COPD. Results Behavioral analysis revealed that among patients with COPD the smokers had a shorter course of COPD and showed a worse attention performance than the non-smokers. Resting-state fMRI analysis revealed that among patients with COPD smokers showed lower regional homogeneity (ReHo) value of the fusiform gyrus than non-smokers. Importantly, the ReHo of the fusiform gyrus is positively associated with attention and mediates the effect of smoking on attention in COPD. Conclusions In summary, our study provides behavioral and neurobiological evidence supporting the positive effect of smoking on attention in COPD. This may be helpful for understanding and treating COPD and even other diseases comorbid with smoking.

BackgroundDue to the high recurrence rate in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after resection, preoperative prognostic prediction of HCC is important for appropriate patient management. Exploring and developing preoperative diagnostic methods has great clinical value in treating patients with HCC. This study sought to develop and evaluate a novel combined clinical predictive model based on standard triphasic computed tomography (CT) to discriminate microvascular invasion (MVI) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).MethodsThe preoperative findings of 82 patients with HCC, including conventional clinical factors, CT imaging findings, and CT texture analysis (TA), were analyzed retrospectively. All included cases were divided into MVI-negative (n = 33; no MVI) and MVI-positive (n = 49; low or high risk of MVI) groups. TA parameters were extracted from non-enhanced, arterial, portal venous, and equilibrium phase images and subsequently calculated using the Artificial Intelligence Kit. After statistical analyses, a clinical model comprising conventional clinical and CT image risk factors, radiomics signature models, and a novel combined model (fused radiomic signature) was constructed. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was used to assess the performance of the various models in discriminating MVI.ResultsWe found that tumor diameter and pathological grade were effective clinical predictors in clinical model and 12 radiomics features were effective for MVI prediction of each CT phase. The AUCs of the clinical, plain, artery, venous, and delay models were 0.77 (95% CI: 0.67–0.88), 0.75 (95% CI: 0.64–0.87), 0.79 (95% CI: 0.69–0.89), 0.73 (95% CI: 0.61–0.85), and 0.80 (95% CI: 0.70–0.91), respectively. The novel combined model exhibited the best performance, with an AUC of 0.83 (95% CI: 0.74–0.93).ConclusionsModels derived from triphasic CT can preoperatively predict MVI in patients with HCC. Of the models tested here, the novel combined model was most predictive and could become a useful tool to guide subsequent personalized treatment of HCC.

Background: Temporal interference (TI) stimulation is a new technique of non-invasive brain stimulation. Envelope-modulated waveforms with two high-frequency carriers can activate neurons in target brain regions without stimulating the overlying cortex, which has been validated in mouse brains. However, whether TI stimulation can work on the human brain has not been elucidated.Objective: To assess the effectiveness of the envelope-modulated waveform of TI stimulation on the human primary motor cortex (M1).Methods: Participants attended three sessions of 30-min TI stimulation during a random reaction time task (RRTT) or a serial reaction time task (SRTT). Motor cortex excitability was measured before and after TI stimulation.Results: In the RRTT experiment, only 70 Hz TI stimulation had a promoting effect on the reaction time (RT) performance and excitability of the motor cortex compared to sham stimulation. Meanwhile, compared with the sham condition, only 20 Hz TI stimulation significantly facilitated motor learning in the SRTT experiment, which was significantly positively correlated with the increase in motor evoked potential.Conclusion: These results indicate that the envelope-modulated waveform of TI stimulation has a significant promoting effect on human motor functions, experimentally suggesting the effectiveness of TI stimulation in humans for the first time and paving the way for further explorations.

Learning of prediction error (PE), including reward PE and risk PE, is crucial for updating the prediction in reinforcement learning (RL). Neurobiological and computational models of RL have reported extensive brain activations related to PE. However, the occurrence of PE does not necessarily predict updating the prediction, e.g., in a probability-known event. Therefore, the brain regions specifically engaged in updating the prediction remain unknown. Here, we conducted two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments, the probability-unknown Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the probability-known risk decision task (RDT). Behavioral analyses confirmed that PEs occurred in both tasks but were only used for updating the prediction in the IGT. By comparing PE-related brain activations between the two tasks, we found that the rostral anterior cingulate cortex/ventral medial prefrontal cortex (rACC/vmPFC) and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) activated only during the IGT and were related to both reward and risk PE. Moreover, the responses in the rACC/vmPFC and the PCC were modulated by uncertainty and were associated with reward prediction-related brain regions. Electric brain stimulation over these regions lowered the performance in the IGT but not in the RDT. Our findings of a distributed neural circuit of PE processing suggest that the rACC/vmPFC and the PCC play a key role in updating the prediction through PE processing during decision making.

Human voice is a gender discriminating cue and is important to mate selection. This study employed electrophysiological recordings to examine whether there is specific cerebral activity when presented with opposite-sex voices as compared to same-sex voices. Male voices and female voices were pseudo-randomly presented to male and female participants. In Experiment 1, participants were instructed to determine the gender of each voice. A late positivity (LP) response around 750 ms after voice onset was elicited by opposite-sex voices, as reflected by a positive deflection of the ERP to opposite-sex voices than that to same-sex voices. This LP response was prominent around parieto-occipital recording sites, and it suggests an opposite-sex specific process, which may reflect emotion- and/or reward-related cerebral activity. In Experiment 2, participants were instructed to press a key when hearing a non-voice pure tone and not give any response when they heard voice stimuli. In this task, no difference were found between the ERP to same-sex voices and that to opposite-sex voices, suggesting that the cerebral activity to opposite-sex voices may disappear without gender-related attention. These results provide significant implications on cognitive mechanisms with regard to opposite-sex specific voice processing.

Background Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is a mental health issue that affects individuals worldwide. However, the lack of knowledge about the biomarkers associated with the development of IGD has restricted the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder. Aims We aimed to reveal the biomarkers associated with the development of IGD through resting-state brain network analysis and provide clues for the diagnosis and treatment of IGD. Methods Twenty-six patients with IGD, 23 excessive internet game users (EIUs) who recurrently played internet games but were not diagnosed with IGD and 29 healthy controls (HCs) performed delay discounting task (DDT) and Iowa gambling task (IGT). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were also collected. Results Patients with IGD exhibited significantly lower hubness in the right medial orbital part of the superior frontal gyrus (ORBsupmed) than both the EIU and the HC groups. Additionally, the hubness of the right ORBsupmed was found to be positively correlated with the highest excessive internet gaming degree during the past year in the EIU group but not the IGD group; this might be the protective mechanism that prevents EIUs from becoming addicted to internet games. Moreover, the hubness of the right ORBsupmed was found to be related to the treatment outcome of patients with IGD, with higher hubness of this region indicating better recovery when undergoing forced abstinence. Further modelling analysis of the DDT and IGT showed that patients with IGD displayed higher impulsivity during the decision-making process, and impulsivity-related parameters were negatively correlated with the hubness of right ORBsupmed. Conclusions Our findings revealed that the impulsivity-related right ORBsupmed hubness could serve as a potential biomarker of IGD and provide clues for the diagnosis and treatment of IGD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microcystins with leucine arginine (MC-LR) is a virulent hepatotoxin, which is commonly present in polluted water with its demethylated derivatives [Dha7] MC-LR. This study reported a low-cost molecularly imprinted polymer network-based electrochemical sensor for detecting MC-LR. The sensor was based on a three-dimensional conductive network composed of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), graphene quantum dots (GQDs), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The molecularly imprinted polymer was engineered by quantum chemical computation utilizing p-aminothiophenol (p-ATP) and methacrylic acid (MAA) as dual functional monomers and L-arginine as a segment template. The electrochemical reaction mechanism of MC-LR on the sensor was studied for the first time, which is an irreversible electrochemical oxidation reaction involving an electron and two protons, and is controlled by a mixed adsorption–diffusion mechanism. The sensor exhibited a great detection response to MC-LR in the linear range of 0.08–2 μg/L, and the limit of detection (LOD) is 0.0027 μg/L (S/N = 3). In addition, the recoveries of the total amount of MC-LR and [Dha7] MC-LR in the actual sample by the obtained sensor were in the range from 91.4 to 116.7%, which indicated its great potential for environmental detection. HIGHLIGHTS A molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor was proposed for detecting MC-LR.; The sensor was based on a 3D conductive network composed of MWCNTs, GQDs and AuNPs.; The molecularly imprinted polymer was engineered by quantum chemical computation.; The reaction mechanism of MC-LR on the sensor was studied.; The total amount of MC-LR in actual samples was detected successfully.;

The development of high-performance aero-engines raises the urgent requirement of coatings deposited on blades, containing both thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) on the external surface and aluminide coatings in the internal winding cooling channels. A TBC system with a low activity aluminizing process before deposition of conventional TBC was developed here to evaluate the feasibility of co-deposition technology. The thermal cyclic oxidation behavior of co-deposited “Al-modified TBC” was examined at 1100 °C and compared to that of conventional TBC. The cross-sectional microstructure evolution and elemental diffusion behavior of the modified TBC were also investigated. Even though the underlying aluminizing layer can serve abundant Al for the upper NiCoCrAlYHf layer to eliminate “Al depletion” in conventional TBC, which is a main reason for spallation, the Al-modified TBC system exhibited shorter thermal cycling life than conventional TBC. The spallation mechanism was discussed. Cracks caused by the fast growth rate of thermally grown oxide (TGO), Cr-rich precipitates resulted from the decreased γ/γ′-phase in the coating, and Re-rich precipitates originated from outward diffusion through the aluminide layer were mainly responsible for the failure.

The emergence and growth of drug-resistant cancer cell subpopulations during anti-cancer treatment is a major challenge for cancer therapies. Combination therapies are usually applied for overcoming drug resistance. In the present paper, we explored the evolution outcome of tumor cell populations under different combination schedules of chemotherapy and p53 vaccine, by construction of replicator dynamical model for sensitive cells, chemotherapy-resistant cells and p53 vaccine-resistant cells. The local asymptotic stability analysis of the evolutionary stable points revealed that cancer population could evolve to the population with single subpopulation, or coexistence of sensitive cells and p53 vaccine-resistant cells, or coexistence of chemotherapy-resistant cells and p53 vaccine-resistant cells under different monotherapy or combination schedules. The design of adaptive therapy schedules that maintain the subpopulations under control is also demonstrated by sequential and periodic application of combination treatment strategies based on the evolutionary velocity and evolutionary absorbing regions. Applying a new replicator dynamical model, we further explored the supportive effects of sensitive cancer cells on targeted therapy-resistant cells revealed in mice experiments. It was shown that the supportive effects of sensitive cells could drive the evolution of cell population from sensitive cells to coexistence of sensitive cells and one type of targeted therapy-resistant cells.

Background: Impaired value-based decision-making is a feature of behavioral addictions and drug addictions. Both reward and loss aversion are key elements in value-based decisionmaking. Studies have consistently investigated reward in behavioral addictions and drug addictions, however, few studies explored loss aversion especially in behavioral addictions. In this study, we investigated loss aversion in the Internet gaming disorder patients. Method: In this study, Internet gaming disorder patients (PIGD) and healthy controls (Con-PIGD) performed the Iowa gambling task (IGT), under functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We investigated group differences in loss aversion, brain functional networks of node-centric functional connectivity (nFC) and the overlapping community features of edge-centric functional connectivity (eFC) in IGT. Results: PIGD performed worse with lower average net score in IGT. The computational model results showed that PIGD significantly reduced loss aversion. There was no group difference in nFC. However, there were significant group differences in the overlapping community features of eFC. Furthermore, in Con-PIGD, loss aversion was positively correlated with the edge community profile similarity of the edge between left IFG and right hippocampus at right caudate. This relationship was suppressed by response consistency in PIGD. In addition, reduced loss aversion was negatively correlated with the promoted bottom-to-up neuromodulation from the right hippocampus to the left IFG in PIGD. Conclusions: The present study consistently demonstrated that Internet gaming disorder showed loss aversion deficit, a key element in the value-based decision-making. These findings may have important implications for the definition, diagnosis, and prevention of Internet gaming disorder in the future, and we calls for future research to investigate loss aversion in other behavioral addictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Internet gaming disorder and tobacco use disorder are globally common, nonsubstance-related disorders and substance-related disorders worldwide, respectively. However, whether Internet gaming disorder share common neurobiological pattern with the tobacco use disorder remains unknown. Recognizing the commonalities between Internet gaming disorder and tobacco use disorder will deepen understanding of the underlying mechanisms of addictive behavior and excessive online gaming. Method: Using node strength, 141 resting-state data were collected in this study to compute network homogeneity. The participants included participants with Internet gaming disorder (PIGD: n = 34, male = 29, age: 15-25 years), participants with tobacco use disorder (PTUD: n = 33, male = 33, age: 19-42 years), and matched healthy controls (control-for-IGD: n = 41, male = 38, age: 17-32 years; control-for-TUD: n = 33, age: 21-27 years). Results: PIGD and PTUD exhibited common enhanced node strength between the subcortical and motor networks. Additionally, a common enhanced resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) was found between the right thalamus and right postcentral gyrus in PIGD and PTUD. Node strength and RSFC were used to distinguish PIGD and PTUD from their respective healthy controls. Interestingly, models trained on PIGD versus controls could classify PTUD versus controls and vice versa. Conclusions: The present study consistently demonstrates Internet gaming disorder share common neurobiological patterns with substance-related disorders such as tobacco use disorder. The present study discovered that the connectivity between the subcortical and motor networks is a potential biological target for developing addiction treatment in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: For analyzing the distribution characteristics of MTHFR C677T polymorphism in Chinese females in order to provide information for reducing birth defects and formulating public health policies to prevent congenital malformations.Methods: Literature search in the last 6 years on “MTHFR C677T,” “polymorphism” and “methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase.” The included literature provides the MTHFR C677T frequency in healthy females in the corresponding regions. The data were grouped by the national administrative region as a unit to obtain the distribution information of the MTHFR C677T and alleles in the female population in every province, municipality or autonomous region. This was done for analyzing the overall distribution of the MTHFR C677T allele and the geographical distribution of pregnancy complications.Results: A total of 126 studies were included, covering five autonomous areas, four municipalities directly under the Central Government, as well as 22 provinces (except Taiwan Province) in China. MTHFR C677T polymorphism data of 27 groups of Chinese Han women and 31 groups of other Chinese females were obtained, and the chi-square test revealed notable inter-group differences (p = 0.000). The TT genotype and T allele of MTHFR C677T accounted for 18.2% (4.7%–38.3%) and 40.3% (19.7%–61.4%) of the Chinese female population, respectively, with a significant north-south difference. Chinese females had a consistent frequency of the T allele with the geographical distribution of pregnancy complications such as recurrent abortion and preeclampsia.Conclusion: With a obvious geographical gradient, the MTHFR C677T polymorphism distribution in Chinese females is consistent with the geographical distribution of multiple pregnancy complications, and the risk assessment for it might be included in primary prevention for birth defects.

To substantially prevent electromagnetic threatens, microwave absorbing materials (MAMs) are required to eliminate surplus electromagnetic waves. As a typical MAM, Fe3O4 particles with complex permittivity and permeability have been widely applied due to the coexistence of magnetic loss and dielectric loss. However, the necessary high mass fraction significantly limited its applications, thus Fe3O4 nanostructures have been extensively investigated to overcome this problem. In this work, uniform Fe3O4 nanobelts were prepared by electrospinning and two-step thermal treatment. By controlling the composition and viscosity of the electrospinning precursor solution, Fe3O4 nanobelts with tunable lateral sizes (200 nm–1 μm) were obtained. The samples with low content (only 16.7 wt%) Fe3O4 exhibited wide maximum effective absorbing bandwidths (EAB) over 3 GHz, and Fe3O4 nanobelts with smaller lateral sizes showed a maximum EAB of 4.93 GHz. Meanwhile, Fe3O4 nanobelts with smaller lateral sizes presented superior reflection loss properties, the lowest reflection loss reached −53.93 dB at 10.10 GHz, while the maximum EAB was up to 2.98 GHz. The excellent microwave reflection loss of Fe3O4 nanobelts was contributed to the enhanced synergistic effect of magnetic loss, dielectric loss, and impedance matching, originated from the hierarchically cross-linked networks and shape anisotropies. This study could broaden the practical applications of magnetic absorbers, and provided an approach for the development of shape anisotropic magnetic materials.

In this brief review, we discuss the recent advancements in using poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels for tissue engineering applications. PEGDA hydrogels are highly attractive in biomedical and biotechnology fields due to their soft and hydrated properties that can replicate living tissues. These hydrogels can be manipulated using light, heat, and cross-linkers to achieve desirable functionalities. Unlike previous reviews that focused solely on material design and fabrication of bioactive hydrogels and their cell viability and interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM), we compare the traditional bulk photo-crosslinking method with the latest three-dimensional (3D) printing of PEGDA hydrogels. We present detailed evidence combining the physical, chemical, bulk, and localized mechanical characteristics, including their composition, fabrication methods, experimental conditions, and reported mechanical properties of bulk and 3D printed PEGDA hydrogels. Furthermore, we highlight the current state of biomedical applications of 3D PEGDA hydrogels in tissue engineering and organ-on-chip devices over the last 20 years. Finally, we delve into the current obstacles and future possibilities in the field of engineering 3D layer-by-layer (LbL) PEGDA hydrogels for tissue engineering and organ-on-chip devices.

Summary: La2Zr2O7 coatings are promising candidates to substitute YSZ coatings in advanced gas turbine engines. In this work, Sm-doped La2Zr2O7 coatings were deposited by physical vapor deposition. This work focuses on the crystal structure, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion coefficient, morphology, composition, and thermal durability of LaSmZrO coatings. The LaSmZrO ceramics exhibit low thermal conductivity (1.69 W/mK at 800°C) and high thermal expansion coefficient (9.72∗10−6 K−1 at 1500°C) compared with La2Zr2O7. The LaSmZrO/YSZ coatings with feathery microstructure show relatively good thermal durability (8183 cycles or 856 h) under high temperature. The broken regions are observed at the ceramic coating/bond coating interface. The failure behaviors are relevant with crack evolution and thermally grown oxide growth. This work might guide the investigation of advanced coatings under high temperature.

Abstract We investigated the nucleation and grain growth of graphene grown on Cu through radio frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RF-PECVD) at different temperatures. A reasonable shielding method for the placement of copper was employed to achieve graphene by RF-PECVD. The nucleation and growth of graphene grains during PECVD were strongly temperature dependent. A high growth temperature facilitated the growth of polycrystalline graphene grains with a large size (~ 2 μm), whereas low temperature induced the formation of nanocrystalline grains. At a moderate temperature (790 to 850 °C), both nanocrystalline and micron-scale polycrystalline graphene grew simultaneously on Cu within 60 s with 50 W RF plasma power. As the growth time increased, the large graphene grains preferentially nucleated and grew rapidly, followed by the nucleation and growth of nanograins. There was competition between the growth of the two grain sizes. In addition, a model of graphene nucleation and grain growth during PECVD at different temperatures was established.

Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is considered one of the methods to synthesize graphene with the greatest development potential due to its advantages to operate in low temperatures with high efficiency. However, unlike thermal chemical vapor deposition (TCVD), graphene grown by PECVD usually has smaller grain size with higher nucleation density of graphene films, in which excessive grain boundaries would lead to unsatisfactory electric performance for practical applications. One of the challenges in preparing graphene by PECVD is to improve the quality of graphene by controlling the nucleation and growth of graphene. In this article, the optimal growth of graphene in a Faraday cage by PECVD was studied. The nucleation density and growth rate of graphene in PECVD were decreased significantly with a Faraday cage. Large-sized graphene grains(∼20 µm) were successfully synthesized on polycrystalline copper by rising the growth temperature in the Faraday cage, and showed high quality. Besides, the graphene grown in a Faraday cage exhibits an average current carrier mobility of 309.1 cm2V−1s−1 under room temperature.

The lack of effective control of the defects and layers of graphene restricts its advanced technological applications. The synthesis of high-quality graphene requires a low nucleation density. Through the pre-oxidation of a copper foil and subsequent annealing to reduce the atmosphere at different times, the effect of the surface variation on the nucleation density of graphene domains are discussed, as well as the effects on the domain size. The obtained domain is a combination of a sub-millimeter-size single-crystal graphene layer and thick multilayer graphene branches. The formation mechanism of the special structure was explored, as the accumulation of carbon atoms at the surface impurities with the help of oxygen. These results provide directions for the synthesis of controllable high-quality graphene films.

The applications of plant proteins in the food and beverage industry have been hampered by their precipitation in acidic solution. In this study, pea protein isolate (PPI) with poor dispersibility in acidic solution was used to form complexes with soybean soluble polysaccharide (SSPS), and the effects of PPI aggregates on the structure and stability of PPI/SSPS complex emulsions were investigated. Under acidic conditions, high pressure homogenization disrupts the PPI aggregates and the electrostatic attraction between PPI and SSPS facilitates the formation of dispersible PPI/SSPS complexes. The PPI/SSPS complex emulsions prepared from the PPI containing aggregates prove to possess similar droplet structure and similar stability compared with the PPI/SSPS emulsions produced from the PPI in which the aggregates have been previously removed by centrifugation. The oil droplets are protected by PPI/SSPS complex interfacial films and SSPS surfaces. The emulsions show long-term stability against pH and NaCl concentration changes. This study demonstrates that PPI aggregates can also be used to produce stable complex emulsions, which may promote the applications of plant proteins in the food and beverage industry.

Electronic tongue is widely applied in liquid sensing for applications in various fields, such as environmental monitoring, healthcare, and food quality test. A rapid and simple liquid‐sensing method can greatly facilitate the routine quality tests of liquids. Nanomaterials can help miniaturize sensing devices. In this work, a broad‐spectrum liquid‐sensing system is developed for rapid liquid recognition based on disposable graphene–polymer nanocomposite test paper prepared through ion‐assisted filtration. Using this liquid‐sensing system, a number of complex liquids are successfully recognized, including metal salt solutions and polymer solutions. The electronic tongue system is especially suitable for checking the quality of the foodstuff, including soft drinks, alcoholic liquor, and milk. The toxicants in these liquids can be readily detected. Furthermore, the novel material‐structure design and liquid‐detection method can be expanded to other chemical sensors, which can greatly enrich the chemical information collected from the electrical response of single chemiresistor platform.