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Objective: The objective of this study was to identify strategies to address breastfeeding disparities across New York in the United States., Methods: Data were collected from August-December 2021 using a qualitative research design that included 45 key informant interviews and 253 online questionnaires., Results: Ninety-six percent of participants lived in or represented New York, and four percent were national experts. Participants discussed the factors contributing to breastfeeding disparities across the social ecological continuum. They identified New York subgroups most likely to report lower rates of breastfeeding initiation and/or continuation, including: certain racial and ethnic groups; individuals working in certain employment sectors or living in specific geographic areas; people with disabilities; and the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual and more (LGBTQIA+) community. Recommendations included addressing social and commercial determinants of health and modifying the healthcare and workplace sectors with an emphasis on policy changes., Conclusions: The findings from this study emphasize the need to address systemic and structural factors impacting breastfeeding disparities. This article makes a novel contribution by providing recommendations that can be implemented collectively across relevant settings to address breastfeeding disparities in a state with one of the largest and most diverse populations., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Deficits of mitochondrial functions have been identified in many human pathologies, in particular in age-related human neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, the molecular causes for mitochondrial dysfunction and potential protection mechanisms have become a major topic in modern cell biology. Apart from defects in their structural integrity, problems in mitochondrial protein biogenesis, including polypeptide transport, folding and assembly to active enzymes, all may result in some degree of functional defects of the organelle. An accumulation of misfolded polypeptides inside mitochondria, confounded by the dual source of mitochondrial polypeptides, will result in the formation of protein aggregates. Such aggregate accumulation bears a cell-toxic potential, resulting in mitochondrial and correlated cellular damages, summarized in the term "aggregate proteotoxicity". Here, we discuss methods to analyze protein aggregation in the mitochondrial matrix compartment. We also address techniques to characterize the biochemical mechanisms that reduce aggregate proteotoxicity, the disaggregation or resolubilization of aggregated polypeptides and the sequestration and neutralization of mitochondrial aggregates at specific sites inside a cell., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

49,XXXXY is the rarest X and Y chromosomal variation, with an incidence of 1 in 80,000-100,000 live male births and has been associated with numerous musculoskeletal abnormalities. Data was collected from an international cohort of boys with 49,XXXXY over 10 years. Children were evaluated by a multidisciplinary team consisting of a pediatric orthopedist, a neurogeneticist, a neurodevelopmentalist, and two physical therapists. Increased rates of torticollis (32.4%), hamstring tightness (42%), radioulnar synostosis (67.6%), pes planus (65.2%), and other foot abnormalities (86.9%) were observed. Several anomalies increased with age, specifically hamstring tightness, kyphosis, and scoliosis. The elucidation of the orthopedic profile of this population is necessary in order to provide healthcare providers with current medical information. This research further supports the necessity for the comprehensive multidisciplinary treatment of boys with 49,XXXXY., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Because endoscopic management has recently been introduced as treatment for painful subscapular snapping, we designed a cadaveric study to identify the boundaries of the scapulothoracic spaces and the relationship of important neurovascular structures to safe portal sites for arthroscopic surgery. We studied eight fresh, unembalmed cadaveric shoulders by anatomic dissection alone and eight fresh, unembalmed cadaveric shoulders by dissection after arthroscopy. We noted the following findings: (1) the scapulothoracic articulation has two triangular spaces, the serratus anterior space and the subscapularis space, that are divided obliquely by the serratus anterior muscle; (2) the boundaries of the larger serratus anterior space include the chest wall anteriorly, the serratus anterior muscle posteriorly, and the rhomboids medially; (3) the boundaries of the subscapularis space are the serratus anterior muscle anteriorly, the subscapularis muscle posteriorly, and the axilla laterally; and (4) a well-defined bursa occupies the serratus anterior space. Based on these findings, we recommend that portals for arthroscopic surgery should be inferior to the spine of the scapula and three to four finger-breadths from the vertebral border of the scapula (1) to avoid the neurovascular structures at the superomedial angle of the scapula, (2) to avoid the dorsosacpular nerve and artery, and (3) to prevent perpendicular orientation of the arthroscope to the lateral chest wall.

For many surgeons arthroscopic subacromial decompression has replaced open surgery for the treatment of refractory impingement syndrome. A newly recognized complication of this procedure is fracture of the acromion process. Six patients presented with reports of increasing postoperative shoulder pain, commonly with a history of sudden onset during physical therapy. Diagnosis was frequently delayed; three of the six fractures were identifiable only on axillary radiographs. Disability varied from mild pain to severe functional impairment, depending on fracture size and location. Treatment modalities ranged from total acromionecfomy to conservative measures; most results were poor. These cases suggest that: (1) risk factors for experiencing an acromial fracture include osteopenia and overzealous bone resection; (2) surgical correction of the fracture may not satisfactorily resolve associated pain and loss of range of motion; and (3) emphasis on appropriate preoperative planning and meticulous surgical technique to minimize bony resection may decrease the risk of this compficafion and its resultant disability., (Copyright © 1994 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

A modified Outside-in meniscal repair technique is described. This technique is simple, reliable and safe.

In adult rabbits, a unilateral subcapital osteotomy of the femoral neck was performed to induce avascularity. One half of the osteotomy sites were fixed with a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compatible absorbable pin and the other osteotomies had no fixation. The femoral heads were studied at three, five, and 12 days with roentgenographs, bone scintigraphy, and MRI, and MRI only at four weeks and six weeks after osteotomy. Histologic studies were performed after imaging to evaluate the viability of the femoral heads. At three, five, and 12 days after osteotomy, bone scintigraphy showed a decrease in uptake of radioisotope in the region of the femoral head on the operated side relative to the acetabulum and greater trochanter in 17 of 18 rabbits. A comparison of the surgically treated hip to the normal hip in fixed and unfixed osteotomies showed no change in the signal behavior of T1- or T2-weighted images in all rabbits Days 3, 5, and 12 (n = 18) after operation. The rabbit femoral heads with fixation of the osteotomy 28 days after operation showed a decrease in signal intensity in the subcapital region of the femoral head. Six weeks after operation, the fixed femoral head shows a loss of signal in a portion of the femoral head near the osteotomy. The MRI signal intensity appears to increase in the unfixed femoral heads six weeks after operation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

A novel polypeptide with a molecular weight of 17 kd (17k protein) was identified in bone marrow cell cultures. The synthesis of 17k protein is elevated in cell cultures maintained under Dexter conditions, which support myelopoiesis. The predominance of macrophages in the stromal layer of these cultures and the observation that a mouse myelomonocytic cell line P388D1 is capable of synthesizing large amounts of 17k protein led us to the study of its synthesis by bone marrow macrophages. Metabolic labeling with [14C]proline and partial amino acid analysis of 17k protein demonstrated that the polypeptide contains relatively high amounts of proline and is also sensitive to degradation with bacterial collagenase. However, no hydroxyproline is detectable in 17k protein, and it is extensively degraded with bacterial collagenase. However, no hydroxyproline is detectable in 17k protein, and it is extensively degraded by proteolysis with pepsin, using conditions under which collagen triple helices are resistant to degradation, suggesting that collagen-like structures are not contained in 17k protein. This polypeptide is found predominantly in the cellular layers of bone marrow macrophage cultures. Incorporation of [14C]proline into 17k protein is diminished by increasing concentrations of colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1). The 17k protein may be involved in macrophage proliferation because its synthesis is inhibited by CSF-1, which is required for the maintenance of bone marrow macrophages in vitro.

Till now etiology and pathogenesis of achalasia of the oesophagus are unknown. The disease is based on dysfunction of the lower oesophageal sphincter. Early and late results of dilatation and surgical procedures are compared. This review deals with 57 operated patients and 102 dilatated ones (Starck's Dilatator). Late results--25 operated and 22 dilatated patients were evaluated on an average at 9.5 or 8.3 years respectively. In the early stage of achalasia 2 to 3 dilatations are recommended. A cardio-myotomy combined witha fundoplication should be performed in high-graded stenoses and after unsuccessful dilatation.