331 results on '"Rural background"'
Search Results
2. Can earmarked admission places help address the perceived rural disadvantage in higher education access? Evidence from Romania.
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Titan, Emilia, Otoiu, Adrian, Paraschiv, Dorel, and Manea, Daniela
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HIGHER education , *RIGHT to education , *SOCIOECONOMICS , *BACHELOR'S degree - Abstract
The perceived disadvantage faced by high school students from rural areas in pursuing higher education is often associated with the fact that these areas are by default affected by socio-economic disadvantages. The analysis of the results from the high school baccalaureate examination for Romania, which is mandatory for admission to higher education, and which plays a major role in ranking the applicants, shows the potential outcomes of the university admission policy targeting high school baccalaureate holders from rural areas. Under different scenarios, this can lead to either targeted admission places being allocated to students that would have been otherwise successfully admitted by competing on general admission places or could have helped students from other disadvantaged backgrounds. These results may help as a basis for guiding policy designs that can better target admission places for students from disadvantaged backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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3. The Chairman's Rural Origin and Short-Term Expenditures in China.
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Zhang, Weiyu, Li, Xinyue, Liu, Shaowei, and Kwon, Jong-wook
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This study employs imprinting theory, cultural capital theory, and upper echelon theory to investigate the influence of the rural upbringing of board chairpersons on corporate R&D (Research and Development) and advertising expenditures, as well as the moderating impact of the chairperson's marketing and financial experience in the competitive market environment. A binary dataset was compiled, comprising 1058 Chinese listed companies and 5434 board chairpersons as samples. Through multiple regression analysis, we established a link between board chairpersons' rural backgrounds and short-term marketing expenditures. The findings indicate that chairpersons' rural upbringing negatively affects R&D and advertising expenditures. Additionally, marketing experience exerts a negative moderating influence on R&D expenditure, whereas financial experience does not exhibit a significant moderating effect. Furthermore, the market growth rate positively moderates the relationship between the chairman's rural background and R&D as well as advertising expenditures. This suggests that the external competitive environment may attenuate the conservative imprint associated with a rural upbringing. This study departs from the conventional paradigm of understanding short-term spending based solely on economic incentives, incorporating non-economic factors rooted in individual cognition and values. It introduces a fresh perspective to the examination of myopic spending and contributes to the exploration of how birthplace impacts corporate decision making. These findings offer a deeper comprehension of how the background of chairpersons influences firms' decision-making behavior, providing valuable insights for top executives in crafting strategies and making informed decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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4. Describing the factors related to rural podiatry work and retention in the podiatry workforce: a national survey.
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Couch, Anna, Menz, Hylton B., O'Sullivan, Belinda, Haines, Terry, and Williams, Cylie M.
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PODIATRY , *HOSPITAL care quality , *PODIATRISTS , *EMPLOYEE vacations , *JOB satisfaction , *RURAL women , *LOGISTIC regression analysis , *RURAL children - Abstract
Background: Maldistribution of podiatrists limits capacity to address the footcare needs of the population. Understanding factors that impact recruitment and retention of Australian podiatrists is a key solution. The primary aim of this study was to describe factors related to rural podiatry work, and overall professional retention amongst Australian podiatrists. Methods: We used data collected from the most recent relevant response of a cohort of Australian podiatrists between 2017 and 2020 of four online surveys. Person and job role variables known to impact current work and retention were collected. Logistic regression models were used to determine factors associated with rural work and intent to leave direct patient care or the profession entirely. Results: There were 1129 podiatrists (21% of 5429) who participated in at least one of the survey waves. Podiatrists who had a rural background (30%) were less likely to work in a metropolitan location (OR = 0.20, 95%CI = 0.11,0.37). Podiatrists who undertook a regional/rural placement during their undergraduate education (43%) were more likely to work in a metropolitan location (OR = 1.86, 95%CI = 1.38,2.51). Podiatrists who indicated they were planning to leave direct patient care within 5 years (n = 282, 26%), were less satisfied with working conditions (OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.66, 0.92), less satisfied with opportunities to use their abilities (OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.69, 0.99), perceived less personal accomplishment (OR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.86, 0.94) and less job satisfaction (OR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.91, 0.98). Podiatrists who indicated that they were planning to leave podiatry work entirely within 5 years (n = 223, 21%), were less satisfied with opportunities to use their abilities (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.62, 0.88), agreed they had a poor support network from other podiatrists (OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.13, 1.61), had less job satisfaction (OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.86, 0.94), and did not have access to paid annual leave (OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.38, 0.99). Conclusion: Findings suggest ways to promote rural work, including selecting university students with rural backgrounds, and optimising the experience of rural placements which currently predict metropolitan practice. To retain podiatrists, it is important to ensure access to leave, professional support, and appropriate physical working conditions. Further research is required to understand why intention to leave is so high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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5. Factors associated with the rural and remote practice of medical workforce in Maluku Islands of Indonesia: a cross-sectional study
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Farah Noya, Sandra Carr, Sandra Thompson, Rhonda Clifford, and Denese Playford
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Archipelagic context ,Developing country ,Medical workforce ,Rural background ,Regional medical school ,Recruitment and retention of rural doctors ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background Many factors contribute to engagement in rural and remote (RR) medical practice, but little is known about the factors associated with rural and remote medical practice in such remote locations as the Maluku Province of Indonesia. This study describes factors associated with actual RR practice, preferred RR practice, and intention to remain practice in Maluku Province. Methods An online survey of work-related experience and intentions for future rural work was administered to 410 doctors working in the Maluku province of Indonesia. Participant characteristics were described using descriptive statistics, associations between the independent variables with the location of the workforce, intention to remain practice in Maluku, preference for future RR practice in Maluku were analysed using Chi-square tests and logistic regression. Results A total of 324 responses (79% response rate) were recorded, comprising 70% females and 30% Pattimura University graduates of doctors employed in Maluku. Doctors working in RR areas were more likely to be a GP (OR 3.49, CI 1.03–11.8), have a monthly salary of more than IDR 6 million (OR 11.5, CI 4.24–31.1), and have no additional practice (OR 2.78, CI 1.34–5.78). Doctors intended to stay practice in Maluku were more likely to be born in Maluku (OR 7.77, CI 3.42–17.7) and have graduated from Pattimura University (OR 3.06, CI 1.09–8.54), and less likely to be a temporary employee (OR 0.24, CI 0.10–0.57). Doctors who prefer future RR practice in Maluku were more likely to experience rural living (OR 2.05 CI 1.05–3.99), have a positive indication of the impact of community exposure during medical schools on their current practice (OR 2.08, CI 1.06–4.09), currently practising in RR Maluku (OR 8.23, CI 3.27–20.8); and less likely to have bigger take-home pay (OR 0.30, CI 0.13–0.70). Conclusion This study indicates that special attention should be given to recruiting doctors with a rural background and ongoing support through attractive opportunities to build a sustainable RR workforce. Since a regional medical school helps supply doctors to the RR areas in its region, a sustained collaboration between medical schools and local government implementing relevant strategies are needed to widen participation and improve the recruitment and retention of RR doctors.
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- 2021
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6. Factors associated with the rural and remote practice of medical workforce in Maluku Islands of Indonesia: a cross-sectional study.
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Noya, Farah, Carr, Sandra, Thompson, Sandra, Clifford, Rhonda, and Playford, Denese
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TEMPORARY employees ,MEDICAL practice ,CROSS-sectional method ,LABOR supply ,MEDICAL schools ,FOREIGN physicians ,MEDICAL school graduates ,RURAL schools - Abstract
Background: Many factors contribute to engagement in rural and remote (RR) medical practice, but little is known about the factors associated with rural and remote medical practice in such remote locations as the Maluku Province of Indonesia. This study describes factors associated with actual RR practice, preferred RR practice, and intention to remain practice in Maluku Province.Methods: An online survey of work-related experience and intentions for future rural work was administered to 410 doctors working in the Maluku province of Indonesia. Participant characteristics were described using descriptive statistics, associations between the independent variables with the location of the workforce, intention to remain practice in Maluku, preference for future RR practice in Maluku were analysed using Chi-square tests and logistic regression.Results: A total of 324 responses (79% response rate) were recorded, comprising 70% females and 30% Pattimura University graduates of doctors employed in Maluku. Doctors working in RR areas were more likely to be a GP (OR 3.49, CI 1.03-11.8), have a monthly salary of more than IDR 6 million (OR 11.5, CI 4.24-31.1), and have no additional practice (OR 2.78, CI 1.34-5.78). Doctors intended to stay practice in Maluku were more likely to be born in Maluku (OR 7.77, CI 3.42-17.7) and have graduated from Pattimura University (OR 3.06, CI 1.09-8.54), and less likely to be a temporary employee (OR 0.24, CI 0.10-0.57). Doctors who prefer future RR practice in Maluku were more likely to experience rural living (OR 2.05 CI 1.05-3.99), have a positive indication of the impact of community exposure during medical schools on their current practice (OR 2.08, CI 1.06-4.09), currently practising in RR Maluku (OR 8.23, CI 3.27-20.8); and less likely to have bigger take-home pay (OR 0.30, CI 0.13-0.70).Conclusion: This study indicates that special attention should be given to recruiting doctors with a rural background and ongoing support through attractive opportunities to build a sustainable RR workforce. Since a regional medical school helps supply doctors to the RR areas in its region, a sustained collaboration between medical schools and local government implementing relevant strategies are needed to widen participation and improve the recruitment and retention of RR doctors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
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7. Association of socio-demographic factors with clinical outcome among hospitalized patients in first and second waves of COVID-19 pandemic: Study from the developing world.
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Kumar A, Pushkar K, Mathur Y, Kumar R, Patnaik U, Ahmed FHM, Yendamuri S, and Dawra S
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Background: Recent disease resurgence in China indicates that corona virus infectious disease is still a pertinent public health problem. We stand at a juncture where we are still unsure about the initial dilemmas regarding its birth, therapies, and the emerging novel strains. Medical literature has focused on the clinical, laboratory, radiological, and therapeutic aspects of disease management. There is paucity of literature on the association between socio-demographic variables on disease severity and clinical outcome., Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study analyzing the socio-demographic variables was performed at a dedicated COVID care center in western Maharashtra, India. Electronic records of all individuals who were admitted to this hospital from July 29 2020, to June 14, 2021, and diagnosed COVID-19 positive by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were identified after due institutional ethical clearance. Patients admitted from July 29, 2020, to February 27, 2021, were categorized as patients presenting during the 'first wave of viral pandemic'. Those admitted from March 01, 2021, to June 14, 2021, have been included as patients admitted during 'second wave of viral pandemic'. The following outcome parameters were collected (presenting symptoms, duration of symptoms before the individual presented for diagnostic RT-PCR, total duration of symptoms, severity of disease at onset, duration of hospital stay, the final outcome (discharge/death) and Charlson's comorbidity index). The linear regression model was used to establish association between socio-demographic factors and disease severity at onset (mild/moderate/severe/critical)., Results: A total of 37033 patients were screened, and the positivity rate with RT-PCR was 16.99% ( n = 6275) during the study period. Out of which 45% ( n = 2824) of the patients had mild disease requiring home isolation and the remaining 55% of patients required admission. 1590 patients from the first wave and 910 from the second wave of COVID-19 were hospitalized and included in the study after exclusion. The mean age of patients in first wave was 49 years and that in second wave was 54 years with 77.6% and 70.6% males in two waves, respectively. The burden of critical cases was higher in second wave as computed to first wave (10% vs 8%). The second wave had more outreach in the rural population as compared to second one (17.8% vs 12.2%). The mean duration from the onset of symptoms to hospitalization was 03 and 04 days, respectively, in two waves. Mortality associated in two waves was 11.9% and 24%, respectively ( P < 0.05). Higher Charlson's comorbidity index was associated with higher mortality, and the cumulative survival from urban area was more as compared to the rural population (log rank - 9.148, P = 0.0002)., Conclusion: The second COVID-19 wave had significantly higher case mortality. It affected elderly patients and those with rural background. The factors associated with higher mortality during COVID-19 pandemic were rural background, higher Charlson's comorbidity index and late presentation to the hospital. Ongoing vaccine campaigns, thus, should focus on rural areas and individuals with comorbidities especially in developing and least developed countries., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.)
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- 2024
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8. Decent Work and Work-Life Balance
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Nizami, Nausheen, Prasad, Narayan, Nizami, Nausheen, and Prasad, Narayan
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- 2017
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9. Decent Work Status at Meso-level
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Nizami, Nausheen, Prasad, Narayan, Nizami, Nausheen, and Prasad, Narayan
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- 2017
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10. Decent and Safe Work
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Nizami, Nausheen, Prasad, Narayan, Nizami, Nausheen, and Prasad, Narayan
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- 2017
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11. Decent Work and Flexi-time Work
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Nizami, Nausheen, Prasad, Narayan, Nizami, Nausheen, and Prasad, Narayan
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- 2017
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12. Meritocracy and Geographical Stratification
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Liu, Ye, Hou, Angela Yung Chi, Series editor, Yonezawa, Akiyoshi, Series editor, CHAN, Sheng-Ju, Series editor, Mok, Ka Ho, Series editor, and Liu, Ye
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- 2016
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13. Being the First to Get Rich
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Kajanus, Anni and Kajanus, Anni
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- 2015
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14. Letter to a Rural White
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Neville, Jamie, Porfilio, Brad, Series Editor, Gorlewski, Julie, Series Editor, Gorlewski, David, Series Editor, Hartlep, Nicholas D., editor, and Hensley, Brandon O., editor
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- 2015
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15. The impact of rural-exposure strategies on the intention of dental students and dental graduates to practice in rural areas: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Suphanchaimat R, Cetthakrikul N, Dalliston A, and Putthasri W
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Rural retention ,Rural background ,Dental students ,Dental Graduates ,Systematic review ,Meta-analysis ,Special aspects of education ,LC8-6691 ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Rapeepong Suphanchaimat,1 Nisachol Cetthakrikul,1 Alexander Dalliston,2 Weerasak Putthasri1 1International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand; 2Master’s Student, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, London, UK Background and objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the impact of strategies on the intention of dental students/graduates to practice in rural areas. The strategies included the recruitment of dental students from rural backgrounds and clinical rotations in rural areas during the training of dental students. Materials and methods: The study undertook a systematic review and utilized meta-analysis to assess these strategies. International literature published between 2000 and 2015 was retrieved from three main search engines: Medline, Embase, and Scopus. The selected articles were scanned to extract the main content. The impact of the strategies was quantitatively assessed by meta-analysis, using the random-effect model. The pooled effect was reported in terms of odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were performed. Publication bias was assessed by the Funnel plot and Egger’s test. Results: Seven of the initially selected 897 articles were included for the full review. The majority of the selected articles had been published in developed countries. The meta-analysis results revealed that the pooled OR of rural exposure on the intention to practice in rural areas was approximately 4.1, statistically significant. Subgroup analysis showed that clinical rotations in rural areas tended to have a slightly greater influence on rural dental practice than recruiting students from rural backgrounds (OR 4.3 versus 4.2). There was weaker evidence of publication bias, which was derived from small-study effects. Conclusion: Enrolling students with rural backgrounds and imposing compulsory clinical rotation in rural areas during their study appeared to be effective strategies in tackling the shortage and maldistribution of dentists in rural areas. Keywords: rural retention, rural background, dental students, dental graduates, systematic review, meta-analysis
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- 2016
16. Language Use and Style in ‘Lettera a Una Professoressa’
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Borg, Carmel, Cardona, Mario, Caruana, Sandro, Borg, Carmel, Cardona, Mario, and Caruana, Sandro
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- 2013
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17. When Common Sense Fails
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Tanner, Ken and Tanner, Ken
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- 2013
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18. Summertime high resolution variability of atmospheric formaldehyde and non-methane volatile organic compounds in a rural background area.
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de Blas, Maite, Ibáñez, Pablo, García, Jose Antonio, Gómez, Maria Carmen, Navazo, Marino, Alonso, Lucio, Durana, Nieves, Iza, Jon, Gangoiti, Gotzon, and de Cámara, Estíbaliz Sáez
- Abstract
Abstract On rural background areas atmospheric formaldehyde (HCHO) is important for its abundance and chemical reactivity, directly linked to the tropospheric ozone formation processes. HCHO is also toxic and carcinogenic to humans. Atmospheric HCHO was continuously measured in summer 2016 during 81 days (N = 6722, average: 1.42 ppbv) in a rural background area in Northern Spain, Valderejo Natural Park (VNP) using a Hantzsch fluorimetric system. To better characterize the photochemical processes the database was completed with hourly measurements of 63 Non-Methane Hydrocarbons (NMHC) performed by gas chromatography and other common atmospheric pollutants and meteorological parameters. HCHO mixing ratios were highly correlated with ozone and isoprene. Cloudy and rainy days, with low temperature and radiation, led to low HCHO mixing ratios, with maxima (<2 ppbv) registered around 14 UTC. On days with increased radiation and temperature HCHO maxima occurred slightly later (<6 ppbv, ≈16:00 UTC). During clear summer days with high temperature and radiation, two HCHO peaks were registered daily, one synchronized with the radiation maximum (≈3–4 ppbv, ≈13:00 UTC) and an absolute maximum (<10 ppbv, ≈18:00 UTC), associated with the addition of HCHO coming into VNP due to inbound transport of old polluted air masses. In the ozone episode studied, the processes of accumulation and recharge of ozone and of HCHO ran in parallel, leading to similar daily patterns of variation. Finally, HCHO mixing ratios measured in VNP were compared with other measurements at rural, forested, and remote sites all over the world, obtaining similar values. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Summertime HCHO mixing ratios were continuously measured in a rural forested area. • A high-time resolution database was obtained: 15 min-averaged HCHO and hourly NMHCs. • HCHO mixing ratios correlated with ozone and isoprene. • Meteorological conditions determined HCHO peaks and daily profile. • An extra amount of HCHO was observed in clear hot days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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19. The Australian Rural Clinical School (RCS) program supports rural medical workforce: evidence from a crosssectional study of 12 RCSs.
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McGirr, Joe, Seal, Alexa, Barnard, Amanda, Cheek, Colleen, Garne, David, Greenhill, Jennene, Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan, Srinivas, Luscombe, Georgina M., May, Jenny, Mc Leod, Janet, O'Sullivan, Belinda, Playford, Denese, and Wright, Julian
- Abstract
Introduction: Many strategies have been implemented to address the shortage of medical practitioners in rural areas. One such strategy, the Rural Clinical School Program supporting 18 rural clinical schools (RCSs), represents a substantial financial investment by the Australian Government. This is the first collaborative RCS study summarising the rural work outcomes of multiple RCSs. The aim of this study was to combine data from all RCSs' 2011 graduating classes to determine the association between rural location of practice in 2017 and (i) extended rural clinical placement during medical school (at least 12 months training in a rural area) and (ii) having a rural background. Methods: All medical schools funded under the RCS Program were contacted by email about participation in this study. Deidentified data were supplied for domestic students about their gender, origin (rural background defined as having lived in an Australian Standard Geographic Classification-Remoteness Area (ASGC-RA) 2–5 area for at least 5 years since beginning primary school) and participation in extended rural clinical placement (attended an RCS for at least 1 year of their clinical training). The postcode of their practice location according to the publicly available Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) register was collected (February to August 2017) and classified into rural and metropolitan areas using the ASGC 2006 and the more recent Modified Monash Model (MMM). The main outcome measure was whether graduates were working in a ‘rural’ area (ASGC categories RA2–5 or MMM categories 3–7) or ‘metropolitan’ area. Pearson’s χ test was used to detect differences in gender, rural background and extended placement at an RCS between rural and metropolitan practice locations. Binary logistic regression was used to determine odds of rural practice and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results: Although data were received from 14 universities, two universities had not started collecting origin data at this point so were excluded from the analysis. The proportion of students with a rural background had a range of 12.3–76.6% and the proportion who had participated in extended RCS placement had a range of 13.7–74.6%. Almost 17% (16.6%) had a principal practice postcode in a rural area (according to ASGC), range 5.8–55.6%, and 8.3% had a principal practice postcode in rural areas (according to MMM 3–7), range 4.5–29.9%. After controlling for rural background, it was found that students who attended an RCS were 1.5 times more likely to be in rural practice (95%CI 1.2–2.1, p=0.004) using ASGC criteria. Using the MMM 3–7 criteria, students who participated in extended RCS placement were 2.6 times as likely to be practising in a rural location (95%CI 1.8–3.8, p<0.001) after controlling for rural background. Regardless of geographic classification system (ASGC, MMM) used for location of practice and of student background (metropolitan or rural), those students with an extended RCS had an increased chance of working rurally. Conclusion: Based on the combined data from three-quarters (12/16) of the Australian medical schools who had a graduating class in 2011, this suggests that the RCS initiative as a whole is having a significant positive effect on the regional medical workforce at 5 years post-graduation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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20. Chemical Characteristics of Fine Particulate Matter in Poland in Relation with Data from Selected Rural and Urban Background Stations in Europe.
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Błaszczak, Barbara, Widziewicz-Rzońca, Kamila, Zioła, Natalia, Klejnowski, Krzysztof, and Juda-Rezler, Katarzyna
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PARTICULATE matter ,AIR quality monitoring ,AIR pollution - Abstract
Air pollution by particulate matter (PM) is recognized as a one of the most important environmental issue. A particular attention is being paid to fine PM fraction (PM
2.5 , PM1.0 ) due to its detrimental impact on human health and long-term persistence in the air. Presented work is an in-depth bibliometric study on the concentrations and chemical composition of PM2.5 among 27 rural and 38 urban/urban background stations dispersed across the Europe. Obtained results indicate that the chemical composition of PM2.5 , in terms of mass concentrations and percentage contribution of main chemical constituents, is relatively different in various parts of Europe. Urban and urban background stations are typically characterized by higher share of total carbon (TC) in PM2.5 , compared to rural background sites, mostly pronounced during the heating periods. The share of the secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) is typically higher at rural background stations, especially in North-Western Europe. In general, the relative contribution of SIA in PM2.5 mass, both at rural and urban background stations, showed more or less pronounced seasonal variation, opposite to Polish measurement sites. Moreover, Poland stands out from the majority of the European stations by strong dominance of total carbon over secondary inorganic aerosol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
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21. Are You a Modern Girl? Consumer Culture and Young Women in 1960s Poland
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Fidelis, Malgorzata, Penn, Shana, editor, and Massino, Jill, editor
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- 2009
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22. Factors associated with the rural and remote practice of medical workforce in Maluku Islands of Indonesia: a cross-sectional study
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Sandra Carr, Rhonda Clifford, Denese Playford, Sandra C. Thompson, and Farah Noya
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Male ,Rural Population ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Medicine (General) ,Public Administration ,Developing country ,Cross-sectional study ,Health administration ,Regional medical school ,R5-920 ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Rural intention ,Medicine ,Humans ,Salary ,Rural background ,Response rate (survey) ,Recruitment and retention of rural doctors ,Descriptive statistics ,Career Choice ,business.industry ,Medical workforce ,Research ,Professional Practice Location ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Health services research ,Rural preference ,Rural and remote practice ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Indonesia ,Family medicine ,Workforce ,Female ,Rural Health Services ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,business ,Archipelagic context - Abstract
Background Many factors contribute to engagement in rural and remote (RR) medical practice, but little is known about the factors associated with rural and remote medical practice in such remote locations as the Maluku Province of Indonesia. This study describes factors associated with actual RR practice, preferred RR practice, and intention to remain practice in Maluku Province. Methods An online survey of work-related experience and intentions for future rural work was administered to 410 doctors working in the Maluku province of Indonesia. Participant characteristics were described using descriptive statistics, associations between the independent variables with the location of the workforce, intention to remain practice in Maluku, preference for future RR practice in Maluku were analysed using Chi-square tests and logistic regression. Results A total of 324 responses (79% response rate) were recorded, comprising 70% females and 30% Pattimura University graduates of doctors employed in Maluku. Doctors working in RR areas were more likely to be a GP (OR 3.49, CI 1.03–11.8), have a monthly salary of more than IDR 6 million (OR 11.5, CI 4.24–31.1), and have no additional practice (OR 2.78, CI 1.34–5.78). Doctors intended to stay practice in Maluku were more likely to be born in Maluku (OR 7.77, CI 3.42–17.7) and have graduated from Pattimura University (OR 3.06, CI 1.09–8.54), and less likely to be a temporary employee (OR 0.24, CI 0.10–0.57). Doctors who prefer future RR practice in Maluku were more likely to experience rural living (OR 2.05 CI 1.05–3.99), have a positive indication of the impact of community exposure during medical schools on their current practice (OR 2.08, CI 1.06–4.09), currently practising in RR Maluku (OR 8.23, CI 3.27–20.8); and less likely to have bigger take-home pay (OR 0.30, CI 0.13–0.70). Conclusion This study indicates that special attention should be given to recruiting doctors with a rural background and ongoing support through attractive opportunities to build a sustainable RR workforce. Since a regional medical school helps supply doctors to the RR areas in its region, a sustained collaboration between medical schools and local government implementing relevant strategies are needed to widen participation and improve the recruitment and retention of RR doctors.
- Published
- 2021
23. Caring for the Country
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Rabinowitz, Howard K. and Rabinowitz, Howard K.
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- 2004
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24. To Determine the Occurrence of Various Intra Operative Complications of Manual Small Incision Cataract Surgery from a Rural Background in a Tertiary Hospital
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Ramya M and Soumya Ramani
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Intra operative ,business.industry ,Small incision ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Rural background ,Medicine ,General Medicine ,Cataract surgery ,business ,Surgery - Published
- 2021
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25. Rural women empowerment through social protection programs: A case of Benazir income support programme in Punjab, Pakistan
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Zonaira Naseer, Hongwei Hu, Muhammad Yaseen, and Muhammad Ilyas Tariq
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Social security ,Government ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Poverty reduction ,Allowance (money) ,Research findings ,lcsh:S1-972 ,Social protection ,Women empowerment ,Income Support ,Rural background ,Business ,lcsh:Agriculture (General) ,BISP ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Empowerment ,Rural women ,Socioeconomics ,media_common - Abstract
Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) is one of social protection programs providing unconditional financial assistance to poor women. The present study was conducted to explore the role of BISP in empowering women. This quantitative research was conducted in two districts of Punjab randomly selected out of 36 using face-to-face interviews with a sample size of 160 women beneficiaries of BISP. Research findings show that the majority of beneficiaries (78.8%) were married, with rural background (88%). A huge number (80%) of beneficiaries were illiterate. Similarly, overwhelming majority (81.9%) of respondents has labor as source of income. Most of the respondents were strongly agree (65%) and agree (95%) that the assistance should be more than Rs.5000/month or Rs.10000/month. Similarly, 69.4% and 71.3% of respondents agreed that female adults should take household decision and children should attend school regardless of gender. The government should provide appropriate assistance allowance for needy families especially for the empowerment of women. Moreover, the government should also launch massive programs to maximize girls' education with motive to empower women.
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- 2021
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26. Factors related to doctors' choice of rural pathway in general practice specialty training.
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Sureshkumar, Premala, Roberts, Chris, Clark, Tyler, Jones, Michael, Hale, Robert, and Grant, Marcia
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- *
AUTOMATIC data collection systems , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *DECISION making , *HOSPITAL medical staff , *LONGITUDINAL method , *MEDICAL schools , *MEDICAL specialties & specialists , *MULTIVARIATE analysis , *POPULATION geography , *PROBABILITY theory , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *RURAL health , *STATISTICS , *VOCATIONAL guidance , *LOGISTIC regression analysis , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *DATA analysis software , *PHYSICIANS' attitudes , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *ODDS ratio - Abstract
Objective To investigate the factors eligible applicants consider in electing for a rural pathway into specialty training. Design Cohort study. Setting Australia. Participants Applicants to the Australian General Practice Training program. Main outcome measures Applicants' initial preference of either a general or rural pathway to undertake specialty training. Results Of the 2,221 applicants, 45% were Australian Medical Graduates ( AMGs), 27% Foreign Graduates of Accredited Medical Schools ( FGAMS) and 29% International Medical Graduates ( IMGs). Through government regulation, two thirds (70%) were eligible to train on both general and rural pathways and a third (30%) were required to train rurally. For applicants eligible for general pathway (n = 1552), those with rural background [Odds Ratio ( OR) = 3.7, 95% CI 2.7-5.2] and rural clinical school experience ( OR = 2.0, 95% CI 1.5-2.8) were more likely to choose the rural pathway. In addition, FGAMS who were eligible for the general pathway were less likely to choose a rural pathway when compared with IMGs ( OR = 0.33, 95% CI 0.1 = 0.7). In applicants who changed their training pathway from their initial to revised preference, lower Multiple-Mini-Interview ( OR = 0.54, 95% CI 0.43-0.66) and Situational Judgement Test z-scores ( OR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.56-0.83) were associated with a higher probability of changing from a general to rural pathway preference. Conclusion For those eligible for a general or rural pathway, rural background and rural clinical school experience are associated with the decision to elect for rural training. Targeted support for international and foreign graduates of Australia/New Zealand schools may influence them to train rurally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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27. Evidence of the effect of rural background on rural practise in Australian dental practitioners: Does gender play a role?
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Godwin, D, Blizzard, L, Hoang, H, and Crocombe, L
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DENTAL care ,PUBLIC health ,RURAL health ,LABOR supply ,SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors ,DENTISTS ,GENDER identity ,MEDICALLY underserved areas ,RURAL health services ,RURAL population ,PROFESSIONAL practice ,DISEASE prevalence - Abstract
Background: People residing outside the capital cities have poorer oral health than their city counterparts. Health workforce shortages and stability issues can have negative health effects on rural populations. There has been an increasing proportion of women entering the dental practitioner workforce in Australia. This study investigated whether dental practitioners who have a rural background are more likely to work in a rural area than those who do not have a rural background; and whether the gender of dental practitioners plays a role.Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was sent to a sample of dental practitioners via their professional dental associations. Practice location was assigned as either 'urban' or 'rural' using the Australian Standard Geographical Classification - Remoteness Area categories and measured with demographic characteristics of the respondents. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated using Poisson regression with robust standard errors.Results: Participants with a rural background were more than twice as likely (male PR = 2.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.79-6.26; female PR = 2.82, 95% CI = 1.35-5.87) to practise in a rural area than those with an urban background.Conclusions: Dental practitioners with rural backgrounds were more than twice as likely to work in a rural practice as their urban counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
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28. Irish
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Trauth, Eileen M. and Trauth, Eileen M.
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- 2000
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29. A study of 25 hydroxy cholecalciferol levels across different seasons in first time presenting acute myocardial infarction patients from rural background
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Ranjith Kumar C and B Laxmikanth
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medicine.medical_specialty ,biology ,medicine.disease ,Troponin ,Gastroenterology ,vitamin D deficiency ,Pathogenesis ,Coronary artery disease ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Internal medicine ,biology.protein ,Rural background ,medicine ,Vitamin D and neurology ,Myocardial infarction ,Cholecalciferol - Abstract
Introduction and Objectives: The main circulating form of vitamin D in blood is 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25[OH] D) has been known to be associated with the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Deficiency of 25[OH] D has been associated with cardiovascular risk and coronary artery disease. Therefore, it is of high importance to assess for 25(OH) D deficiency in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) to initiate treatment at the earliest. The serum levels of 25(OH) D in AMI patients across different seasons are unclear. Materials and Methods:The serum levels of 25(OH) D were assessed in 50 subjects presented with first time myocardial infarction to Cardiology departments of SVS Medical College& Hospital. Patients were enrolled throughout the year of 2017 and their serum samples were analyzed using the TOSOH AIA 360. Group 1 consisted study period from February to May. Group 2 consisted study period from June to September. From October to December including January of 2017 considered as winter, named Group 3. Based on the vitamin D status, subjects were classified as normal (? 30 ng/ml), insufficient (20-30 ng/ml) and deficient (? 20 ng/ml) groups. Results:Of the 50 enrolled patients, 60% were 25(OH) deficient and 18% were insufficient, for a total of 78% of patients with abnormally low 25 (OH)D levels. Vitamin D levels are statistically highly significant variation across the groups. (p = 0.0000533). Conclusions: Our results suggested that the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency was high in AMI patients presented in winter and summer seasons as compared to that of rainy season. Keywords: 25 hydroxy cholecalciferol, Acute myocardial infarction, Troponin – I, CK-MB, Seasonal variation
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- 2020
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30. A cross sectional study of sources and severity of stress in first year undergraduates in a medical college of Shivamogga
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Rakshitha M N, Shwetha T M, Pramod N J, and Mamatha B
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Medical education ,020205 medical informatics ,Cross-sectional study ,education ,Stressor ,02 engineering and technology ,Mental health ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Urban background ,Stress (linguistics) ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Rural background ,Statistical analysis ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Student's t-test - Abstract
Nowadays a lot of awareness about stress and its effects on mental health is being spread among people. We being medical fraternity should think about stress our undergraduates are going through. Medical education being the toughest academics puts the students in stress. So this study was designed with following objectives: 1. To explore the sources and level of stress in first MBBS students 2. To compare the levels of stress in different groups. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in Subbaiah institute of medical sciences, Shivamogga in April 2019. We included 150 first year medical students (2018-19 batch) of both the sexes after getting approval from institutional ethical clearance committee. We used pre formed questionnaire which had demographical details and MSSQ (medical student stress questionnaire) questions. Statistical Analysis: statistical analysis was done using independent student t test. Mean ± SD was calculated. Results: academic related stressor (ARS) was higher than all other stressors. Females had more ARS. Urban background students had more ARS compared to rural background students. We found moderate stress in ARS. Conclusion: ARS is the major stressor perceived, hence measures should be taken to decrease the burden of academic stress in the students. Keywords: Stress, Medical student stressor, Questionnaire, Medical education, Stressors, Medical students.
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- 2020
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31. Imaging Evaluation of Posterior Circulation Stroke with Clinical Correlation in a Tertiary Stroke Care Centre with Rural Background
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Ananya Mondal, Bhaskar Bhattacharyya, Susmita Giri Jana, Priyadarshini Sur, Sirshendu Khamrui, Rajatsubhra Haldar, Raman Sau, and Sudhish Hazra
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medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,aetiology ,lcsh:R5-130.5 ,Stroke care ,medicine.disease ,Clinical correlation ,pcs - posterior circulation stroke ,Emergency medicine ,Rural background ,medicine ,symptoms ,ischaemic ,Circulation (currency) ,haemorrhagic ,cardiovascular diseases ,business ,Stroke ,lcsh:General works - Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke in posterior circulation accounts for 10 - 15% of all strokes, and 80% of them are ischaemic strokes.1 But there is a paucity of studies determining aetiopathogenetic factors and outcome in PCS (Posterior Circulation Stroke). Presentation of posterior circulation stroke is diverse that differ from strokes in anterior circulation in aetiology, clinical features, and prognosis.2-6 we wanted to delineate, nature of stroke, pattern of anatomical involvement in PCS stroke by means of CT, and MRI, in a group of 50 random patients with posterior circulation stroke at a tertiary care hospital. METHODS Fifty random adult patients 40 – 80 yrs. of age presenting with posterior circulation stroke were studied over a period of one and half years. The patients were subjected to thorough clinical examination and radiological evaluation by means of CT scan and MRI. Analysis included age, sex, type of stroke, location of stroke, radiological evaluation and associated features. We tried to reach a definite diagnosis utilizing the available clinical & radiological data. RESULTS Out of 50 patients, 29 were Male (58%) & 21 were Female (42%) with a mean age of 59.04 +/- 7.05 yrs. 34 patients had ischaemic (68%) stroke and rest had haemorrhagic stroke. Isolated brainstem involvement was seen in maximum number of patients (44%), followed by cerebellum (36%). Out of 18 patients who experienced cerebellar stroke, 14 were ischaemic (78%) and 4 were haemorrhagic (22%) in nature. Six out of seven cases of right cerebellar hemispheric strokes were ischaemic in nature (85.71%) and eight out of 11 left cerebellar hemispheric strokes were ischaemic in nature (72.73%). Out of nine patients who experienced medullary strokes, seven were ischaemic (78%); whereas two were haemorrhagic (22%). Three of them (33.33%) had medial medullary stroke and six (66.67%) had lateral medullary strokes. 66.67% medial medullary strokes were haemorrhagic and all of lateral medullary strokes were ischaemic in nature. CONCLUSIONS PCS showed male predominance with a mean age 59.04 +/- 7.05 yrs. Ischaemic strokes outnumbered haemorrhagic strokes in case of PCS. The most common location of PCS was brainstem. Cerebellar ischaemic stroke was more common than haemorrhagic stroke. Pontine haemorrhage was more common in cases of brainstem haemorrhage.
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- 2020
32. Role of Demographic Factors and Family History in Children with Speech Delay
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Wajeeha Abdul Ahad, Fazaila Ehsan, Rabia Qamar, and Iqra Khan
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Cross-sectional study ,General Medicine ,Birth order ,Speech development ,Speech delay ,otorhinolaryngologic diseases ,Rural background ,medicine ,Outpatient clinic ,Family history ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Association (psychology) ,Demography - Abstract
Speech is the verbal mean of producing language & Language is the conceptual processing of communication. Children are considered to have speech delay if their speech development is considerably below the norm for children of same age. Objective: To estimate the effects of demographic factors and family health in children with speech delay. Methods: A Cross sectional study was conducted to find the association of demographic factors and family history in children with speech delay. Convenient sampling technique was used. Sample of 50 children between the ages of 1 to 6 years with speech delay was enrolled from Outpatient department of Child & Family Psychiatry ward, Mayo Hospital, Lahore and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. Results: Females were more affected than males i.e. 44.2% were male and 55.8% were female. Speech delay was more prevalent in children with 1st birth order i.e. 38%. Among them 76% were urban and 24% had rural background while 40% children came from monthly income below 10,000. 72% of children were not having any family history of speech delay. Conclusions: It was concluded that gender and birth order can greatly influence the speech disorders. First child has greater chances of having speech delay normally due to less exposure or less given chances to express. Girls have less risk of speech delay as compared to boys were at lesser risk than boys. Urban children were more prone to speech delay while speech delay in children was not linked to family history.
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- 2020
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33. 9-year trends of PM10 sources and oxidative potential in a rural background site in France
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Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Gaëlle Uzu, Sébastien Conil, Samuël Weber, Mélodie Chatain, Lucille Joanna S. Borlaza, Anouk Marsal, Jean-Luc Besombes, and Véronique Jacob
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Pollutant ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nitrate ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,Particulate pollution ,Rural background ,Environmental science ,Mineral dust ,Biomass burning ,Ascorbic acid ,Air quality index - Abstract
Long-term monitoring at sites with relatively low particulate pollution could provide an opportunity to identify changes in pollutant concentration and potential effects of current air quality policies. In this study, a 9-year sampling of PM10 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter below 10 µm) was performed in a rural background site in France from February 28, 2012 to December 22, 2020. The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) method was used to apportion sources of PM10 based on quantified chemical constituents and specific chemical tracers from collected filters. Oxidative potential (OP), an emerging health-metric that measures PM capability to potentially cause anti-oxidant imbalance in the lung, was also measured using two acellular assays: dithiothreitol (DTT) and ascorbic acid (AA). The contribution of PMF-resolved sources to OP were also estimated using multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis. In terms of mass contribution, the dominant sources are secondary aerosols (nitrate- and sulphate-rich), associated with long-range transport (LRT). However, in terms of OP contributions, the main drivers are traffic, mineral dust, and biomass burning factors. There is also some OP contribution apportioned to the sulphate- and nitrate-rich sources influenced by processes and aging during LRT that could have encouraged mixing with other anthropogenic sources. The study indicates much lower OP values than in urban areas. A substantial decrease (58 % reduction from year 2012 to 2020) in the mass contributions from the traffic factor was found, however, this is not clearly reflected in its OP contribution. Nevertheless, the findings in this long-term study in the OPE site could signal effectiveness of implemented emission control policies, as also seen in other long-term studies conducted in Europe, mainly for urban areas.
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- 2021
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34. Nitrogen oxides and ozone in Portugal: trends and ozone estimation in an urban and a rural site.
- Author
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Fernández-Guisuraga, José, Castro, Amaya, Alves, Célia, Calvo, Ana, Alonso-Blanco, Elisabeth, Blanco-Alegre, Carlos, Rocha, Alfredo, and Fraile, Roberto
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NITROGEN oxides emission control ,REDUCTION of nitrogen oxides ,AIR pollution ,AIR pollution prevention - Abstract
This study provides an analysis of the spatial distribution and trends of NO, NO and O concentrations in Portugal between 1995 and 2010. Furthermore, an estimation model for daily ozone concentrations was developed for an urban and a rural site. NO concentration showed a significant decreasing trend in most urban stations. A decreasing trend in NO is only observed in the stations with less influence from emissions of primary NO. Several stations showed a significant upward trend in O as a result of the decrease in the NO/NO ratio. In the northern rural region, ozone showed a strong correlation with wind direction, highlighting the importance of long-range transport. In the urban site, most of the variance is explained by the NO/NO ratio. The results obtained by the ozone estimation model in the urban site fit 2013 observed data. In the rural site, the estimated ozone during extreme events agrees with observed concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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35. TOBACCO USE AMONG STUDENTS OF RURAL BACKGROUND IN BHOPAL
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R.K. Gaur, Swapnil Jain, and Dhananjay Shukla
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03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Tobacco use ,business.industry ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Environmental health ,Rural background ,Medicine ,030206 dentistry ,business - Abstract
Background: It is well known fact that tobacco kills up to half of its users. 8 million people are killed by the use of tobacco annually. Direct tobacco consumption is responsible for approx seven millions of these deaths and approx 1.2 million deaths due to tobacco use are due to the exposure of non smokers to second hand smoke. The present study was undertaken to study the prevalence of use of tobacco products among rural male students and their knowledge about its injurious effects. Aims and objectives:This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of tobacco use among students residing in rural background and to assess their knowledge about injurious effects of tobacco products in any form. Material and Methods:The study was undertaken by using a detailed, predesigned questionnaire on the use of tobacco. Results: The prevalence of tobacco smoking was found to be 21% and smokeless tobacco as 37% on regular basis. Conclusion: Present study clearly demonstrates the common practice of tobacco consumption among students living in rural background and it is of deep concern. Knowledge about harmful effects of tobacco use certainly have role in restraining the tobacco habit among students.
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- 2021
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36. The Social Structure of the Gold Rush
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Cleary, David and Cleary, David
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- 1990
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37. Wires in the body: A case of factitious disorder
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Koushik Sinha-Deb, Siddharth Sarkar, Mamta Sood, and Sudhir K Khandelwal
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Factitious disorder ,India ,rural background ,wires ,young female ,Psychiatry ,RC435-571 - Abstract
Factitious disorder can present with a wide variety of symptomatology. We present a case of a young girl presenting with spontaneous extrusion of wires from her limbs. These metallic wires were present in both her upper and lower limbs in the muscle bulk and were visible on X-ray. She sought repeated surgical removal of these wires, but the wires would invariably reappear. The patient could not be engaged in a therapeutic relationship and the family took premature discharge against medical advice, as they believed in supernatural causation for the phenomenon and were afraid that medical intervention might bring further ill fortune. The case highlights the importance of belief systems of family members as a barrier in managing such cases.
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- 2013
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38. INSULINOMA CAMOUFLAGED BY VAGUE NEUROGLYCOPENIC SYMPTOMS: A CASE REPORT
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Shrishail Chandrakant Metgud and Kiran Sunil Mahapure
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Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Syndrome type ,business.industry ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Hypoglycemia ,medicine.disease ,Delayed diagnosis ,Rural background ,Medicine ,Endocrine system ,business ,Multiple endocrine neoplasia ,Insulinoma - Abstract
Pancreatic endocrine tumors are rare lesions, with a reported incidence of four cases per 1 million patients per year. Of them, insulinomas are the most common. These are usually benign, solitary, and small size (
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- 2020
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39. Familial oral hygiene practices and its influence among rural youths-exploring primary preventive measures
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Irfanul Huda, Aaysha Tabinda Nabi, Naveen Kumar, Pallawee Choudhary, Kumari Kavita, and Shailendra K Dubey
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medicine.medical_specialty ,influence ,parental attitude ,Demographics ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,oral hygiene ,lcsh:Medicine ,parental knowledge ,Oral health ,Oral hygiene ,Test (assessment) ,Knowledge score ,Family medicine ,Rural background ,medicine ,Original Article ,business ,Parental knowledge ,Questionnaire study - Abstract
Background and Aims: A child usually takes up the behavioural habits by observing the parents at home. The mapping of the current level of influence of parents' practices over children is necessary for developing any preventive programs therefore the aim of the study was to determine the influence of familial oral health habits on the adolescent children belonging to rural background. Method: The present cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted on 236 rural participants (parents and their children) reporting to a private dental college in a rural set up in India. Questions on demographics, oral hygiene habits and oral health knowledge were asked. Chi-square test and unpaired 't' test was used to determine the differences between parents and children. The cut-off point was set at (0.05). Results: A total of 95 parents considered themselves having good oral health, majority of their children (n = 74; 77.9%) matched their perception. Most of the parents (n = 124) and children (n = 108) reported to dentist only in case of any dental problem. Maximum participant, 85.6% parents and 81.4% children brushed their teeth once a day. Mean knowledge score were higher in children (11.06 ± 2.68) and difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Most children (74.6%) learned to brush from their mother followed by father (10.2%). Conclusion: Correct knowledge regarding good oral hygiene practices should be rendered to the parents so that they will successfully transfer these habits to their youngsters.
- Published
- 2020
40. Continuous atmospheric CO2, CH4 and CO measurements at the Observatoire Pérenne de l'Environnement (OPE) station in France from 2011 to 2018
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Olivier Laurent, Sébastien Conil, Michel Ramonet, Julie Helle, Marc Delmotte, and Laurent Langrene
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Atmospheric Science ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,010501 environmental sciences ,Inlet ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Annual growth % ,Methane ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Observation system ,chemistry ,13. Climate action ,Greenhouse gas ,Carbon dioxide ,Rural background ,Environmental science ,Cold period ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Located in north-east France, the Observatoire Pérenne de l'Environnement (OPE) station was built during the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) Demonstration Experiment to monitor the greenhouse gases mole fraction. Its continental rural background setting fills the gaps between oceanic or mountain stations and urban stations within the ICOS network. Continuous measurements of several greenhouse gases using high-precision spectrometers started in 2011 on a tall tower with three sampling inlets at 10, 50 and 120 m above ground level (a.g.l.). Measurement quality is regularly assessed using several complementary approaches based on reference high-pressure cylinders, audits using travelling instruments and sets of travelling cylinders (“cucumber” intercomparison programme). Thanks to the quality assurance strategy recommended by ICOS, measurement uncertainties are within the World Meteorological Organisation compatibility goals for carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and carbon monoxide (CO). The time series of mixing ratios from 2011 to the end of 2018 are used to analyse trends and diurnal and seasonal cycles. The CO2 and CH4 annual growth rates are 2.4 ppm yr−1 and 8.8 ppb yr−1 respectively for measurements at 120 m a.g.l. over the investigated period. However, no significant trend has been recorded for CO mixing ratios. The afternoon mean residuals (defined as the differences between midday observations and a smooth fitted curve) of these three compounds are significantly stronger during the cold period when inter-species correlations are high, compared to the warm period. The variabilities of residuals show a close link with air mass back-trajectories.
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- 2019
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41. Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of ambient PM2.5-bound PAHs and NPAHs in typical Japanese and New Zealand cities and rural sites
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Elias Bizuru, Stephen D. J. Archer, Edward G. Nagato, Kazuichi Hayakawa, Ning Tang, Stephen B. Pointing, Donnabella C. Lacap-Bugler, Egide Kalisa, and Kevin Lee
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Pollution ,Atmospheric Science ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Similar distribution ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Coal combustion products ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Adverse health effect ,Peninsula ,Rural background ,Environmental science ,Wood burning ,Physical geography ,Risk assessment ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,media_common - Abstract
Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and six nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) were measured in PM2.5 samples collected over one year (2016–2017) in two cities: Kanazawa (Japan) and Auckland (New Zealand) and their respective rural background sites: Wajima in Noto Peninsula (Japan) and Tapora in Okahukura Peninsula (New Zealand). The mean concentrations of ΣPAHs and ΣNPAHs followed similar distribution profiles in both countries, with higher concentrations in the urban than rural sites. The mean of ΣPAHs in Kanazawa City was 0.53 ng/m3 and represented the highest total concentration compared to the other three sites. Conversely, the highest ΣNPAHs concentrations were measured in Auckland City (48.2 pg/m3). Diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis revealed that automobiles were the main sources of PAHs and NPAHs in both cities, whereas coal combustion and domestic wood burning were the dominant sources of PAHs and NPAHs in rural sites in Japan and New Zealand. Back trajectory analyses showed that high levels of PAHs detected at Wajima were the result of long-range transport from China and Mongolia in winter, which was not observed at the other sites. Considering the adverse health effects of PM2.5, further studies and continuous monitoring of atmospheric PAHs and NPAHs are necessary to evaluate mitigation strategies in both hemispheres.
- Published
- 2019
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42. Does media influence suicide attempt in people from the rural background?
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Santosh Sv, Bharathi G, and Punith M
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Government ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Suicide attempt ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Public health ,Adjustment disorders ,medicine.disease ,Mental health ,Feeling ,medicine ,Rural background ,Attempt suicide ,Psychology ,media_common ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Introduction: Suicide is a serious public health problem. Many factors are known to influence suicide. Much has been studied about the influence of media on suicide attempters. Less studied is the effect of media from a rural background. Aim: To study the profile of suicide attempters from a rural background and the role of media. Materials and Methods: This study was undertaken in a General Hospital Psychiatry unit attached to Government Medical College. Total of 189 medically stable suicide attempters with the rural background was included in the study. The profile of the participants influenced by media was studied. SPSS version 20.0, was used for descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: One hundred and eighty-nine participants were included. Based on the type of influence, three groups were formed [influenced by media (television) (n=37) / influence by other attempters (n=57) / own inner feelings (n=95)] who differed significantly with respect to age (?2= 4.134, p=0.018) and type of attempt (?2= 6.619, p=0.037). Regression analysis showed the presence of adjustment disorder predicting the person to be influenced by internal feelings to attempt suicide. Conclusion: One in five was influenced by media. Majority of the participants were influenced by their own internal feelings. Influence of media was higher in the younger age group. There is a dire need to spread mental health awareness to prevent suicide attempts/suicides and to improve appropriate help-seeking behavior. Television was the common source of influence, hence using this media would help to create awareness in rural population. Keywords: Suicide attempt, Media influence, Rural.
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- 2019
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43. Doctors’ rural practice self‐efficacy is associated with current and intended small rural locations of practice
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Nadine Dummond, Megan Bentley, Vivian Isaac, Lucie Walters, and Heidi Hodge
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rural clinical schools ,Adult ,Male ,Rural Population ,Small town ,020205 medical informatics ,Attitude of Health Personnel ,education ,medical doctors ,02 engineering and technology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Internship ,Physicians ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Rural background ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Rural practice ,rural careers ,Original Research ,Self-efficacy ,Medical education ,Career Choice ,Professional Practice Location ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Australia ,Social persuasion ,Self Efficacy ,Key factors ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Conceptual framework ,Female ,Rural Health Services ,rural practice self‐efficacy ,Family Practice ,Psychology - Abstract
Objective Key factors which positively influence recruitment and retention of doctors to rural practice include rural background and positive rural training experience. Despite this knowledge, there is no well‐established conceptual framework to explain how these factors influence intention. The aim of this study was to consider rural practice self‐efficacy and its influence on rural career choice by doctors. Questions relating to self‐efficacy were formulated using Bandura's four proposed sources of self‐efficacy, which include mastery experiences, vicarious experience, social persuasion and emotional and physical response to experiences. Design Cross‐sectional study. Setting and participants Medical school graduates from Flinders University, who completed a rural year as a part of the clinical component of the course between 1997 and 2015. Main outcome measures Rural self‐efficacy; current and intended location of practice in small rural communities (
- Published
- 2019
44. Average Hourly Concentrations of Air Contaminants in Selected Urban, Town, and Rural Sites
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Robert Cichowicz and Artur Stelęgowski
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Rural Population ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Air pollution ,010501 environmental sciences ,Toxicology ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,Unit (housing) ,Air pollutants ,Air Pollution ,medicine ,Rural background ,Humans ,Sulfur Dioxide ,Air quality management ,Cities ,Socioeconomics ,Air quality index ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Population Density ,Air Pollutants ,Carbon Monoxide ,General Medicine ,Contamination ,Pollution ,Geography ,Work (electrical) ,Nitrogen Oxides ,Particulate Matter ,Poland ,Seasons ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
The inhabitants of cities, towns, and villages are exposed to different levels of air pollution, which also vary throughout the day. Information regarding episodes of poor and good air quality enables planning to mitigate the risks and maximize the benefits of spending time outdoors. In this work, an analysis was made of the state of air quality 2012–2016, using data gathered from automatic measuring stations located in five cities (> 50,000 inhabitants), five towns (5000–50,000 inhabitants), and five villages (
- Published
- 2019
45. Chemical composition of rain at a regional site on the South African Highveld
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Johan P. Beukes, Suria Ellis, Markku Kulmala, Micky Josipovic, P. G. van Zyl, Ville Vakkari, J-S Swartz, Roelof Burger, L. Kok, Lauri Laakso, and Department of Physics
- Subjects
FLUXES ,WET DEPOSITION ,0207 environmental engineering ,atmospheric fluxes ,SULFUR ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,precipitation ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Inorganic ions ,114 Physical sciences ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Rainwater harvesting ,Dry season ,SAVANNA SITE ,Rural background ,020701 environmental engineering ,Biomass burning ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Chemical composition ,Water Science and Technology ,Hydrology ,15. Life on land ,inorganic ions ,Nitrogen ,PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY ,chemistry ,13. Climate action ,Welgegund ,Environmental science ,Composition (visual arts) - Abstract
Relatively limited data have been published on the chemical composition of wet deposition for South Africa, which is considered an important source region for atmospheric pollutants. Concentrations and wet deposition fluxes of ionic species determined in rain samples collected from December 2014 to April 2018 at a regional site, Welgegund, are presented, and contextualised by wet deposition composition in the north-eastern interior of South Africa. 89% of rain samples collected during the sampling period complied with the data quality objectives of the World Meteorological Organisation. The total ionic concentration of rainwater at Welgegund was similar to that at two regional sites located within proximity of industrial activities. The pH of rainwater (4.80) was comparable to that determined at two rural background sites, which indicated increased neutralisation. Similarly to the other sites located in the South African interior, SO42- was the most abundant species in rain, with concentrations thereof in the same order as SO42- levels determined at the two industrially influenced sites. Lower sulphur and nitrogen fluxes at Welgegund were attributed to lower average annual rainfall. The anthropogenic (industrial) source group had the largest contribution to wet deposition chemical composition, which signified the influence of major source regions in the South African interior that impact Welgegund. Relatively large contributions were also calculated from marine and crustal sources. The influence of agricultural activities was also evident, while biomass burning had the lowest contribution due to open biomass burning occurring mainly during the dry season.
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- 2021
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46. Tulio Briceño-Maaz, MD, and his time: the story of Venezuela
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Eva Angulo, Armando Rodríguez, Mauricio Goihman-Yahr, and Guillermo Colmenares-Arreaza
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Male ,Economic growth ,History ,Life span ,Rural background ,Position (finance) ,Humans ,Dermatology ,Unrest ,History, 20th Century ,Venezuela - Abstract
Tulio Briceno-Maaz, M.D., was a multifaceted man. During his long life, he developed very many activities in several fields of medicine, including dermatology and mycology. All were signaled by quiet work, firm objectives, and measurable achievements. They showed tenacity, genteelness, and lasting positive results. His life span coincided with the sinusoid transition of Venezuela from a rural background country, plagued by armed and civil unrest, to a nation ready to position herself into the ranks of countries achieving development. By the time of Dr. Briceno-Maaz's death, unfortunately, Venezuela involuted into a process of degeneration and autophagy still present today.
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- 2021
47. The influences of background on beginning medical students' perceptions of rural medical practice.
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Ray, Robin A., Young, Louise, and Lindsay, Daniel B.
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MEDICAL students ,EDUCATIONAL background ,RURAL medicine -- Practice ,SENSORY perception ,MEDICAL care ,RURAL population - Abstract
Background: Access to health care is an ongoing problem for underserved populations in rural and remote regions of Australia and North America. Despite medical schools educating more medical doctors, this maldistribution continues. While students entering medical programs with a rural focus purport to have an interest in rural medicine, their understanding of possible future rural practice is unclear. This study explored the differences in perception of rural practice between beginning medical students from rural and urban backgrounds to gain an indication of the usefulness of our selection process to meet the rural workforce mandate. Methods: Beginning medical students completed a writing exercise about the life and work of a rural medical doctor as a test of their academic writing skills. After completing the task and receiving feedback, students were invited to submit their work for analysis. Template analysis using themes from a study of rural medical registrars was used to analyse 103 scripts. Results: Students demonstrated foundational insight into some of the realities of rural life and practice. However, differences were noted in perspectives between rural background students and urban background students. Rural background students used everyday language to describe the practicalities of rural life, medical practice and the implications for families and communities. Urban background students generally used complex language and more negative descriptors. Conclusions: Beginning medical students from urban and rural backgrounds differ in their perceptions and expression of rural practice. These outcomes are important for medical schools that use interviews in their selection process. Rural background applicants' suitability may be overlooked because of the interviewer's expectations of language, while urban background applicants may score higher related to complex language and use of key phrases. Interviewer training should address this likely bias thereby increasing the potential to recruit rural background students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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48. A Developmental Hierarchical‐Integrative Perspective on the Emergence of Self‐Regulation: A Replication and Extension
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Ming Cui, Jia Yan, and Qiong Wu
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Male ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Emotions ,Article ,050105 experimental psychology ,Self-Control ,Education ,Developmental psychology ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Rural background ,Humans ,Attention ,Family ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Early childhood ,Child ,Poverty ,media_common ,African american ,05 social sciences ,Perspective (graphical) ,Emotional regulation ,Self-control ,Child, Preschool ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Female ,Psychology ,050104 developmental & child psychology - Abstract
The current study replicated and extended the Feldman (2009) study by applying the developmental hierarchical-integrative model to understand the emergence of self-regulation. Participants included 360 children (48.6% boys; 62.8% identified as Caucasian and 36.9% African American) and their families, predominantly from a low-income, rural background. Families completed assessments on child physiological, attention, emotion, and self-regulation when children were 6-, 15-, 24-, and 36-month-old, when caregiver sensitivity was observationally assessed. A path model revealed that child attention regulation at 6 months predicted physiological regulation at 15 months, and child attention regulation at 15 months predicted emotion regulation at 24 months. Attention regulation at 24 months predicted better self-regulation at 36 months. Notably, caregiver sensitivity moderated several developmental pathways. Findings support a continuous model of early self-regulation development and the ongoing individual-environment interplay in early childhood.
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- 2021
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49. Are Australian rural clinical school students' career choices influenced by perceived opinions of primary care? Evidence from the national Federation of Rural Australian Medical Educators survey
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Susan Williams, Lawrie McArthur, David Alejandro González-Chica, Adina La Forgia, Lucie Walters, and Millie Williams
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Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Students, Medical ,020205 medical informatics ,Universities ,Attitude of Health Personnel ,education ,02 engineering and technology ,Primary care ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Community of practice ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Rural background ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Career Choice ,Primary Health Care ,Rural health ,Professional Practice Location ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Australia ,Preference ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Family medicine ,Cohort ,Hospital doctor ,Rural Health Services ,Family Practice ,Psychology ,Graduation - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether perceived opinions of primary care are associated with student career preferences after graduation among a rural clinical school cohort and whether the preferred location of practice moderates these relationships. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using data from the national Federation of Rural Australian Medical Educators survey. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: Medical students across 18 Australian universities who completed a clinical year in a rural setting in 2019. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Career preference in primary care after graduation. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 624 students (response rate = 69.9%). A preference for primary care was reported by 35.5% (95% CI: 29.4-42.0) of students and was more likely among those age 30+ years, with a rural background, or preferring to practise rurally after graduation. Students reported that primary care was more commonly respected by medical academics (66.8%) than peers (24.0%) or junior/hospital doctors (24.0%). In adjusted analysis, none of the perceived opinions were associated with student career preferences. However, among students aiming to work in small rural locations, a career in primary care was associated with more frequent reports that peers had poor opinions of primary care (P = .004). CONCLUSION: Rural clinical school students perceive negative opinions of primary care, particularly among peers and junior/hospital doctors. Students aiming to work in small towns after graduation are more likely to report negative opinions among their peers, suggesting they may be more attuned to negative attitudes. This points to the need for a community of practice of like-minded peers and clinicians to preserve the career interest of these students.
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- 2021
50. Summer PM1 measured at a rural background site in Central Europe
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Petr Vodicka, Petra Pokorná, Jaroslav Schwarz, Jean-Eudes Petit, Saliou Mbengue, Radek Lhotka, Naděžda Zíková, Vladimír Ždímal, Adéla Holubová Šmejkalová, and Jakub Ondráček
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Geography ,Rural background ,Socioeconomics - Abstract
This work aims to assess the summer PM1 based on particle size distribution, density and origin. An intensive sampling campaign was conducted in July 2019 at the National Atmospheric Observatory Košetice (NAOK) in the Czech Republic.5-min integrals of particle number concentration (PNC) and particle number size distribution (PNSD) data were recorded by a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (size range 10 – 800 nm, SMPS, IFT TROPOS, Leipzig, with CPC 3772, TSI USA) and size-resolved PM chemical composition was measured by a Compact Time of Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (C-ToF-AMS, Aerodyne, USA). 1-min PM1 black carbon (BC) concentrations by aethalometer (AE33, Magee Scientific, USA) and 4-h PM2.5 organic and elemental carbon (OC/EC) concentrations (Sunset Laboratory Inc., USA) were measured. Also 12-h PM1 samples by a sequential Leckel LVS-3 (Sven Leckel Ingenieurbüro, Germany) for a subsequent chemical analysis (water-soluble ions, monosaccharides, anhydrides, and saccharides) were collected. Additionally, 10-min average SO2, NO2, NOx and CO concentrations along with the values of meteorological parameters were recorded. To determine the origin of non-refractory PM1 (NR-PM1) species (Org, NO3-, SO42-, NH4+) the back trajectories describing the air mass origin were clustered using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model [1]. Last, but not least, the multi-time factor analysis model [2] with modifications was applied on combined dataset (on-line and off-line measurements) to refine the analysis results with respect to the organic aerosol factors as well as organic aerosol sources and their origin.The campaigns was characterized by prevailing westerly winds with average wind speed of 3.0±1.5 m s-1, average temperature of 18.5±4.7 °C and negligible precipitation. The average PM1 (NR-PM1 and eBC) measured concentration was 8.5±3.5 µg m-3 (12h PM1 10.1±6.4 µg m-3). Based on the PNC predominated particles in the size range 25 – 80 nm (N25 – 50 and N50 – 80), also called the Aitken mode, typical for rural background stations and originates from the aging of the particles generated during new particle formation events [3]. NR-PM1 was composed primarily by organics (58%) and sulphate (22%) in the accumulation mode (Org mode diameter 300 nm and SO42- mode diameter 385 nm) with average particle density ~ 1.4 g m-3. This result in combination with the cluster analysis points to the regional origin of the particles from southeast (Austria-Hungary-Slovakia). Six Org factors (primary organic aerosol (POA) – fungal origin, biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA) – related secondary aerosol (SA), semivolatile aerosol – nitrate-rich, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) – oxalate-rich, semivolatile aerosol – microbial origin, primary traffic and biomass organic aerosol (OA)) based on combined data were resolved by multi-time factor analysis model. Modelling of combined dataset provided insides into processes involved in SOA formation and sources. [1] Rolph, G., et al., (2017) Environ. Modell. Software 95, 210–228.[2] Zhou, L., et al., (2004) Atmos. Environ. 38, 4909–4920.[3] Costabile, F., et al., (2009) Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 3163–3195. This work was supported by the GACR under grant P209/19/06110Y and by the MEYS of the Czech Republic under grant ACTRIS-CZ LM2018122 and ACTRIS-CZ RI (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001315).
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- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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