Search

This minimonography presents a comprehensive view of frontotemporal dementia. The behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is a clinical syndrome within the spectrum of frontotemporal lobar degenerations. Typical manifestations of bvFTD include early behavioral disturbance, personality changes, cognitive deficits with a dominant impairment of executive functions, and language impairment. MRI typically shows asymmetric atrophy with frontal lobe predominance. The underlying neuropathology is in up to one half of the cases of a tauopathy, while the most frequent tau negative inclusions are TDP-43 protein deposits. Many patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis may develop cognitive and behavioral manifestation similar to bvFTD; these disorders have recently been called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis – frontotemporal spectrum disorder. In conclusion, the most important differential diagnose are discussed: frontal variant of Alzheimer's disease and psychiatric disorders mimicking bvFTD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Česká a Slovenská Neurologie a Neurochirurgie is the property of Czech Medical Association of JE Purkyne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Over the past three decades, significant advances have been made in understand­­ing the molecular etiology of hereditary neurodegenerative dementias. Specific genes responsible for hereditary neurodegenerative dis­eases have been discovered, and studies on the development of dis­ease-modify­­ing ther­apies have been accelerated. Most neurodegenerative dementias are clinical­ly dif­ferent, although they share a com­mon pathophysiological background. In neurodegeneration, neuronal atrophy due to apoptotic signal­­ing pathway influenced by deposition of pathological­ly altered protein in the brain tis­sue are the lead­­ing mechanisms, thus, these dis­eases are cal­led proteinopathies. In genetic (hereditary) neurodegenerations, conformational changes of proteins, gene aber­rations or polymorphisms play crucial roles in pathophysiological mechanisms. Clinical manifestations and neuropathological findings of hereditary forms of neurodegenerative dementia are often inseparable from sporadic types, which increases an urgent need for molecular-genetic analysis of genes responsible for various neurodegenerations. The purpose of this work is to provide a brief overview of the most important genes related to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative dementias in routine dia­gnostic practice and the pos­sibilities of their detection. The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manu­script met the ICMJE "uniform requirements" for biomedical papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standardized brain and spinal cord autopsy is a key feedback mechanism for clinical dia gnosis of neurodegenerative dis eases. Clinical dia gnostic criteria in neurodegenerative disorders reach the “pos sible” and “probable” levels. Neuropathological brain examination is often the only diagnostic modality able to confi rm the “defi nite” level of dia gnosis in dementia, behavior disorders and movement disorders and thus serves as an invaluable feedback for the clinician; and in clinical studies, it is used to as sess ther apy-related changes and validate potential dia gnostic and prognostic bio markers. The brain and spinal cord autopsy is performed fol low ing a standardized protocol analyz ing all dia gnostical ly relevant structures. Precise dia gnostic procedures are performed us ing standard and special histological and histochemical staining; however, only a standardized set of special im munohistochemical investigations can confi rm the precise neuropathological dia gnosis in neurodegenerative dis eases. The purpose of the article is to provide clinical neurologists in 10 points with a brief and practical overview about the usefulness of brain and spinal cord autopsy in neurodegenerative dis ease and about what the clinician can expect from the neuropathological protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most frequent form of degenerative dementia and its early diagnosis is essential for effective treatment. Functional imaging modalities including Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) are often used with such an aim. However, conventional evaluation of SPECT images relies on manual reorientation and visual evaluation of tomographic slices which is time consuming, subjective and therefore prone to error. Our aim is to show an automatic Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) system for improving the early detection of the AD. For this purpose, affine invariant descriptors of 3D SPECT image can be useful. The method consists of four steps: evaluation of invariant descriptors obtained using spherical harmonic analysis, statistical testing of their significance, application of regularized binary index models, and model verification via leave-one-out cross-validation scheme. The second approach is based on Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier and visualization with use of self-organizing maps. Our approaches were tested on SPECT data from 11 adult patients with definite Alzheimer's disease and 10 adult patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) who were used as controls. A significant difference between SPECT spherical cuts of AD group and ALS group was both visually and numerically evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disease caused by a mutation in the prion gene, usually manifesting as progressive ataxia with late cognitive decline. A 44-year-old woman with a positive family history developed early personality and behavior changes, followed by paresthesias and ataxia, later associated with memory problems, pyramidal signs, anosognosia and very late myoclonus, spasticity, and severe dysexecutive impairment. Magnetic resonance showed caudate, mesio-frontal, and insular hyper-intensities, electroencephalography revealed generalized triphasic periodic complexes. A pathogenic P102L mutation in the prion gene was detected. Our case differed from classical Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome by rapid progression, severe dementia, abnormal electroencephalography and magnetic resonance findings, which were highly suggestive of familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Santrauka. Pagrindimas ir tikslai. Paskutinioji EFNS demencijos nuorodų versija pateikta 2007 m. 2010 m. publikuotos peržiūrėtos Alzheimerio ligos (AL) nuorodos. šiose nuorodose pateikiama peržiūrėta informacija apie kitas, ne AL, demencijas, įskaitant kraujagyslinį kognityvinįsutrikimą, frontotemporalines demencijas, demenciją su Lewy kūneliais, kortikobazinę degeneraciją, progresuojantį supranuklearinį paralyžių, Parkinsono ligos demenciją, Huntington'o ligą, prionų sukeltas ligas, normalaus spaudimo hidrocefaliją, limbinį encefalitą ir kitus toksinius bei metabolinius sutrikimus. Siekiama pateikti įrodymais pagrįstas neurologams, geriatrams, psichiatrams ir kitiems gydytojams, besirūpinantiems pacientais su demencija, skirtas nuorodas. Pateikiami minimalūs pageidaujamos praktikos standartai. Metodai. Darbo grupė peržiūrėjo originalius straipsnius, metaanalizes ir sistemines apžvalgas, publikuotas iki 2011 m. birželio mėn. Remiantis EFNS nuorodomis, įrodymai suskirstyti pagal lygius (I, II, III, IV), rekomendacijos sugraduotos (A, B ar C). Kaitrūko įrodymų, bet buvo aiškus sutarimas, pateiktos geros praktikos nuorodos. Rezultatai ir išvados. Pateikiamos naujos rekomendacijos ir geros praktikos nuorodos dėl klinikinės diagnozės, kraujo tyrimų, neuropsichologinio, neurovizualinio, elektroencefalografinio, smegenų skysčio (SS) ištyrimo, genetinio tyrimo, diagnozės pateikimo, demencijos elgesio ir psichologinių simptomų gydymo, teisinių aspektų, globėjų konsultavimo ir palaikymo. Visos rekomendacijos peržiūrėtos ir palygintos su ankstesnėmis EFNS nuorodomis. Neurologas kartu su pirminio lygio šeimos gydytoju yra svarbūs specialistai nustatant, interpretuojant ir gydant demencijos simptomus, vertinant pacientų negalią ir poreikius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by pervasive personality and behavioural disturbances with severe impact on patients and caregivers. In current clinical practice, treatment is based on nonpharmacological and pharmacological approaches. Unfortunately, trial-based evidence supporting symptomatic pharmacological treatment for the behavioural disturbances in FTD is scarce despite the significant burden this poses on the patients and caregivers., Method: The study examined drug management decisions for several behavioural disturbances in patients with FTD by 21 experts across European expert centres affiliated with the European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND)., Results: The study revealed the highest consensus on drug treatments for physical and verbal aggression, impulsivity and obsessive delusions. Antipsychotics (primarily quetiapine) were recommended for behaviours posing safety risks to both patients and caregivers (aggression, self-injury and self-harm) and nightly unrest. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were recommended for perseverative somatic complaints, rigidity of thought, hyperphagia, loss of empathy and for impulsivity. Trazodone was specifically recommended for motor unrest, mirtazapine for nightly unrest, and bupropion and methylphenidate for apathy. Additionally, bupropion was strongly advised against in 10 out of the 14 behavioural symptoms, emphasizing a clear recommendation against its use in the majority of cases., Conclusions: The survey data can provide expert guidance that is helpful for healthcare professionals involved in the treatment of behavioural symptoms. Additionally, they offer insights that may inform prioritization and design of therapeutic studies, particularly for existing drugs targeting behavioural disturbances in FTD., (© 2024 The Author(s). European Journal of Neurology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Academy of Neurology.)

This study examined the influence of nanomaterials (NMs) on the organization of membrane lipids and the resulting morphological changes. The cell plasma membrane is heterogeneous, featuring specialized lipid domains in the liquid-ordered (L o ) phase surrounded by regions in the liquid-disordered (L d ) phase. We utilized model membranes composed of various lipids and lipid mixtures in different phase states to investigate the interactions between the NMs and membrane lipids. Specifically, we explored the interactions of pure chitosan (CS) and CS-modified nanocomposites (NCs) with ZnO, CuO, and SiO 2 with four lipid mixtures: egg-phosphatidylcholine (EggPC), egg-sphingomyelin/cholesterol (EggSM/Chol), EggPC/Chol, and EggPC/EggSM/Chol, which represent the coexistence of L d , L o , and L d /L o , respectively. The data show that CS NMs increase the membrane lipid order at glycerol level probed by Laurdan spectroscopy. Additionally, the interaction of CS-based NMs with membranes leads to an increase in bending elasticity modulus, zeta potential, and vesicle size. The lipid order changes are most significant in the highly fluid L d phase, followed by the L o /L d coexistence phase, and are less pronounced in the tightly packed L o phase. CS NMs induced egg PC vesicle adhesion, fusion, and shrinking. In heterogeneous L o /L d membranes, inward invaginations and vesicle shrinking via the L d phase were observed. These findings highlight mechanisms involved in CS NM-lipid interactions in membranes that mimic plasma membrane heterogeneity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The increased life expectancy of PLHIV (People Living with HIV) and the successful highly combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) poses new clinical challenges regarding aging and its co-morbid condition. It is commonly believed that HIV infection "accelerates" aging. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is characterized by inflammation and immune activation that persists despite cART, and that may contribute to the development of co-morbid conditions. In this regard, we aimed to compare current cART regimens in light of premature aging to evaluate differences in their ability to reduce immune activation and inflammation in virologically suppressed patients. We studied a panel of biomarkers (IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-12p70, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, IL-18, GM-CSF, TNF-α, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, soluble CD14), which could provide a non-invasive and affordable approach to monitor HIV-related chronic inflammation. The results of the current study do not provide hard evidence favoring a particular cART regimen, although they show a less favorable regimen profile containing a protease inhibitor. Our data suggest an incomplete reduction of inflammation and immune activation in terms of the effective cART. It is likely that the interest in various biomarkers related to immune activation and inflammation as predictors of clinical outcomes among PLHIV will increase in the future.

In the 1970s, human papillomaviruses (HPV) were ascertained as the aetiologic agents of cervical carcinoma. Subsequently, an association with HPV was established in other epithelial tumours, including squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC). HPV has demonstrated a high potential for inducing oropharyngeal tumours, with HPV-16 infection posing a significant oncogenic risk. People living with HIV (PLWH) are identified as being at a higher risk of HPV infection and the subsequent development of HPV-associated tumours of the oropharynx. We present two patients under the care of the Department of AIDS with long-term HIV infections who were newly diagnosed with HPV-associated carcinomas of the tonsils. Both patients had been on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for over 15 years, achieving optimal viral suppression for more than 10 years. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy were employed in the treatment of the carcinomas. Throughout the neoplastic disease treatment, both patients maintained optimal viral suppression for HIV. The presented cases underscore the fact that despite achieving long-term optimal viral suppression of HIV, people living with HIV remain susceptible to the development of HPV-associated neoplasms., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

The phytoalexin resveratrol has received increasing attention for its potential to prevent oxidative damages in human organism. To shed further light on molecular mechanisms of its interaction with lipid membranes we study resveratrol influence on the organisation and mechanical properties of biomimetic lipid systems composed of synthetic phosphatidylcholines with mixed aliphatic chains and different degree of unsaturation at sn-2 position (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, POPC, and 1-palmitoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, PDPC). High-sensitivity isothermal titration calorimetric measurements reveal stronger spontaneous resveratrol association to polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine bilayers compared to the monounsaturated ones resulting from hydrophobic interactions, conformational changes of the interacting species and desolvation of molecular surfaces. The latter is supported by the results from Laurdan spectroscopy of large unilamellar vesicles providing data on hydration at the glycerol backbones of glycerophospholipides. Higher degree of lipid order is reported for POPC membranes compared to PDPC. While resveratrol mostly enhances the hydration of PDPC membranes, increasing POPC dehydration is reported upon treatment with the polyphenol. Dehydration of the polyunsaturated lipid bilayers is measured only at the highest phytoalexin content studied (resveratrol/lipid 0.5 mol/mol) and is less pronounced than the effect reported for POPC membranes. The polyphenol effect on membrane mechanics is probed by thermal shape fluctuation analysis of quasispherical giant unilamellar vesicles. Markedly different trend of the bending elasticity with increasing resveratrol concentration is reported for the two types of phospholipid bilayers studied. POPC membranes become more rigid in the presence of resveratrol, whereas PDPC-containing bilayers exhibit softening at lower concentrations of the polyphenol followed by a slight growth without bilayer stiffening even at the highest resveratrol content explored. The new data on the structural organization and membrane properties of resveratrol-treated phosphatidylcholine membranes may underpin the development of future liposomal applications of the polyphenol in medicinal chemistry., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Abstract: Microorganisms belonging to the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) are ubiquitous in the environment, but only a minority of infected persons develop disease. An underlying lung disease or immune deficiency is a prerequisite for clinical manifestation. However, disseminated MAC disease primarily manifests in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the severe immunodeficiency stage with a whole host of clinical symptoms. We present two cases of disseminated M. avium infection in people living with HIV in the stage of severe immunodeficiency. Both patients exhibited distinct disease progression, with the absence of pulmonary symptoms being a common characteristic. The first patient predominantly experienced high fever, accompanied by diarrhea and severe anemia. The normothermia in the second patient was incongruent with the presence of marked cachexia, severe abdominal pain, and magnetic resonance imaging evidence of abdominal lymph node involvement. The causative agent was isolated from both sputum and stools. The patients underwent treatment that comprised aminoglycoside, macrolide, ethambutol, and rifampicin. Although both patients achieved optimal viral suppression of HIV, the immunologic response to antiretroviral therapy was suboptimal. The first patient died in the setting of severe immunodeficiency due to the development of decompensated liver cirrhosis, while the second patient demonstrated a slight reverse course of the disease., (Copyright © 2024 Copyright: © 2024 International Journal of Mycobacteriology.)

Resveratrol (Resv) is considered to exert a beneficial impact due to its radical scavenger, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties through several mechanisms that could include its interaction with the cell plasma membrane. To address this issue, we investigated the influence of Resv on membrane lipid order and organization in large unilamellar vesicles composed of different lipids and ratios. The studied lipid membrane models were composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC) species (either palmitoyl-docosahexaenoyl phosphatidylcholine (PDPC) or palmitoyl-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine (POPC)), sphingomyelin (SM) and cholesterol (Chol). This study found that the addition of Resv resulted in complex membrane reorganization depending on the degree of fatty acid unsaturation at the sn-2 position, and the Lipid/Resv and SM/Chol ratios. Resv rigidified POPC-containing membranes and increased liquid-ordered (L o ) domain formation in 40/40/20 POPC/SM/Chol mixtures as this increase was lower at a 33/33/34 ratio. In contrast, Resv interacted with PDPC/SM/Chol mixtures in a bimodal manner by fluidizing/rigidifying the membranes in a dose-dependent way. L o domain formation upon Resv addition occurred via the following bimodal mode of action: L o domain size increased at low Resv concentrations; then, L o domain size decreased at higher ones. To account for the variable effect of Resv, we suggest that it may act as a "spacer" at low doses, with a transition to a more "filler" position in the lipid bulk. We hypothesize that one of the roles of Resv is to tune the lipid order and organization of cell plasma membranes, which is closely linked to important cell functions such as membrane sorting and trafficking.

The interplay between inflammatory and redox processes is a ubiquitous and critical phenomenon in cell biology that involves numerous biological factors. Among them, secretory phospholipases A 2 (sPLA 2 ) that catalyze the hydrolysis of the sn-2 ester bond of phospholipids are key players. They can interact or be modulated by the presence of truncated oxidized phosphatidylcholines (OxPCs) produced under oxidative stress from phosphatidylcholine (PC) species. The present study examined this important, but rarely considered, sPLA 2 modulation induced by the changes in biophysical properties of PC vesicles comprising various OxPC ratios in mono- or poly-unsaturated PCs. Being the most physiologically active OxPCs, 1-palmitoyl-2-(5'-oxo-valeroyl)- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (POVPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-glutaryl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (PGPC) have been selected for our study. Using fluorescence spectroscopy methods, we compared the effect of OxPCs on the lipid order as well as sPLA 2 activity in large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) made of the heteroacid PC, either monounsaturated [1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC)], or polyunsaturated [1-palmitoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (PDPC)] at a physiological temperature. The effect of OxPCs on vesicle size was also assessed in both the mono- and polyunsaturated PC matrices. Results: OxPCs decrease the membrane lipid order of POPC and PDPC mixtures with PGPC inducing a much larger decrease in comparison with POVPC, indicative that the difference takes place at the glycerol level. Compared with POPC, PDPC was able to inhibit sPLA 2 activity showing a protective effect of PDPC against enzyme hydrolysis. Furthermore, sPLA 2 activity on its PC substrates was modulated by the OxPC membrane content. POVPC down-regulated sPLA 2 activity, suggesting anti-inflammatory properties of this truncated oxidized lipid. Interestingly, PGPC had a dual and opposite effect, either inhibitory or enhancing on sPLA 2 activity, depending on the protocol of lipid mixing. This difference may result from the chemical properties of the shortened sn-2 -acyl chain residues (aldehyde group for POVPC, and carboxyl for PGPC), being, respectively, zwitterionic or anionic under hydration at physiological conditions.

Epidemiological studies suggest an association between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to investigate the pathophysiological markers of AD vs. T2DM for each sex separately and propose models that would distinguish control, AD, T2DM, and AD-T2DM comorbidity groups. AD and T2DM differed in levels of some circulating steroids (measured mostly by GC-MS) and in other observed characteristics, such as markers of obesity, glucose metabolism, and liver function tests. Regarding steroid metabolism, AD patients (both sexes) had significantly higher sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), cortisol, and 17-hydroxy progesterone, and lower estradiol and 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol, compared to T2DM patients. However, compared to healthy controls, changes in the steroid spectrum (especially increases in levels of steroids from the C21 group, including their 5α/β-reduced forms, androstenedione, etc.) were similar in patients with AD and patients with T2DM, though more expressed in diabetics. It can be assumed that many of these steroids are involved in counter-regulatory protective mechanisms that mitigate the development and progression of AD and T2DM. In conclusion, our results demonstrated the ability to effectively differentiate AD, T2DM, and controls in both men and women, distinguish the two pathologies from each other, and differentiate patients with AD and T2DM comorbidities.

Transmitted HIV drug resistance in Bulgaria was first reported in 2015 using data from 1988-2011. We determined the prevalence of surveillance drug resistance mutations (SDRMs) and HIV-1 genetic diversity in Bulgaria during 2012-2020 using polymerase sequences from 1053 of 2010 (52.4%) antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive individuals. Sequences were analyzed for DRM using the WHO HIV SDRM list implemented in the calculated population resistance tool at Stanford University. Genetic diversity was inferred using automated subtyping tools and phylogenetics. Cluster detection and characterization was performed using MicrobeTrace. The overall rate of SDRMs was 5.7% (60/1053), with 2.2% having resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), 1.8% to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), 2.1% to protease inhibitors (PIs), and 0.4% with dual-class SDRMs. We found high HIV-1 diversity, with the majority being subtype B (60.4%), followed by F1 (6.9%), CRF02_AG (5.2%), A1 (3.7%), CRF12_BF (0.8%), and other subtypes and recombinant forms (23%). Most (34/60, 56.7%) of the SDRMs were present in transmission clusters of different subtypes composed mostly of male-to-male sexual contact (MMSC), including a 14-member cluster of subtype B sequences from 12 MMSC and two males reporting heterosexual contact; 13 had the L90M PI mutation and one had the T215S NRTI SDRM. We found a low SDRM prevalence amid high HIV-1 diversity among ART-naive patients in Bulgaria during 2012-2020. The majority of SDRMs were found in transmission clusters containing MMSC, indicative of onward spread of SDRM in drug-naive individuals. Our study provides valuable information on the transmission dynamics of HIV drug resistance in the context of high genetic diversity in Bulgaria, for the development of enhanced prevention strategies to end the epidemic.

Background: Stress factors lead to a shift in the antioxidant-prooxidant relationship, allowing an increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondria, which results in the development of oxidative stress. Consequently, it is possible to put forward an assumption that drugs which reduce the excessive generation of ROS by these organelles should increase the body's resistance to stress factors. Antioxidants can be used as such drugs. In this regard, the aim of this work was to study the bioenergetics characteristic of mitochondria under stress conditions and under the action of 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridinium hydroxybutanedioate (ethoxidol)., Methods: The antiradical activity of the drug was evaluated by the chemiluminescent method (CL). The functional state of the mitochondria was studied with reference to the level of lipid peroxidation by the spectrofluorimetry and in terms of fatty acid composition of mitochondrial membranes using the chromatography technique. The study of mitochondrial morphology was performed employing the method of atomic force microscopy., Results: The injection in mice of ethoxidol at a dose of 10 -5 mol/kg for 7 days led to the prevention of the stress-induced increase in the intensity of LPO in the membranes of the mitochondria, and swelling of these organelles; it also prevented a decrease in the content of unsaturated fatty acids, containing 18 and 20 carbon atoms. At the same time, ethoxidol increased the life expectancy of mice by 3.0-4.2 times in conditions of various types of hypoxia., Conclusion: The adaptogenic properties of ethoxidol can be attributed to its antiradical and antioxidant properties., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)