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In the overlapping global emergencies of the pandemic, climate change and geopolitical confrontations, supply shocks have become frequent and inflation has returned. This raises the question of how sector-specific shocks are related to overall price stability. This paper simulates price shocks in an input–output model to identify sectors which present systemic vulnerabilities for monetary stability in the United States. We call these prices systemically significant. We find that in our simulations the pre-pandemic average price volatilities and the price shocks in the COVID-19 and Ukraine war inflation yield an almost identical set of systemically significant prices. The sectors with systemically significant prices fall into four groups: energy, basic production inputs other than energy, basic necessities, and commercial infrastructure. Specifically, they are "Petroleum and coal products," "Oil and gas extraction," "Utilities," "Chemical products," "Farms," "Food and beverage and tobacco products," "Housing," and "Wholesale trade." We argue that in times of overlapping emergencies, economic stabilization needs to go beyond monetary policy and requires institutions and policies that can target these systemically significant sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite Berdichev, Ukraine, being Joseph Conrads ancestral home, and despite the fact he is arguably the most globally famous writer born on Ukrainian soil, few of its residents seem to [...]

Bill McKibben, an environmental activist and writer, emphasizes the need for urgent action to address the climate crisis. He highlights the importance of political action in accelerating the transition to renewable energy and impeding the fossil fuel industry. McKibben calls for collective action and collaboration across generations to combat climate change. He also emphasizes the role of voting, holding elected officials accountable, media coverage, global partnerships, and financial investments in renewable energy. Despite the challenges, McKibben encourages individuals to join movements and work together to create change. [Extracted from the article]

Ukraine's recent incursion into the Kursk region of Russia has temporarily rekindled Western interest in the war. Yet, despite reclaiming the strategic initiative, the circumstances of Ukraine's survival remain dire. [...]

THE WOMAN WHO was once caught by the air raid siren while she was taking a bath was most afraid of dying like that--without her panties, naked, with wet hair [...]

In recent years, due to the pandemic and the war in Ukraine, the situation has only worsened, so the article is devoted to the problematic issues of the gap in the law on criminal liability regarding the strengthening of criminal liability for the illegal sale of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues by contactless means. The article draws attention to the problem of modernization of the sale of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their analogues through the use of electronic information resources («marks», contactless sale). The analysis of previous publications on the specified topic was carried out and the opinion of scientists regarding further scientific developments regarding the noncontact method of distribution of narcotic drugs was taken into account. The disposition of Art. 307 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine has not changed for more than twenty years, although we know that crime is constantly changing and adapting to new conditions for effective illicit enrichment, which is the focus of the article. The author provides examples of the negative impact of using a special, socalled, contactless method or the method of «marking» the sale of drugs. Examples of judicial practice and peculiarities of qualification by the «mark» method are considered. In addition, the article analyzes foreign legislation, namely the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and provides an example of how to solve the problem by strengthening criminal liability. According to the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, illegal sale of drugs through the use of electronic information resources is a particularly qualifying circumstance and provides for a penalty of imprisonment from ten to fifteen years with confiscation of property. Under national law, in the absence of other qualifying circumstances, such actions of the perpetrator should be qualified under Part 1 of Article 307 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, where the sanction of the article is much less than under the qualifying circumstances. Therefore, the article concludes that it is advisable to amend Article 307 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, namely, the need to enhance criminal liability for the sale of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their analogues through the use of electronic information resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to some problematic issues of prosecution for enforced disappearance. It is noted that the analysis of reports on criminal offenses posted on the website of the Office of the Prosecutor General, which contain information on the number of registered facts of crimes under Art. 146-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, showed the dynamics that during the first one and a half years of this article, no criminal proceedings were registered. In the following years, the number of recorded cases of enforced disappearances began to increase, and a significant jump occurred at the beginning of the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine. However, today's rates of registration of such crimes are significantly lower compared to 2022. Official statistics on crimes under Art. 146-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine probably does not reflect the real situation, since the detection and recording of such cases are complicated due to wartime and the occupation of the relevant territories of Ukraine. It has been studied that the term «enforced disappearance» was first used by non-governmental organizations in Latin America in the 1960s and is a literal translation of the Spanish phrase «disaparacion forzada», which reveals the concept of enforced disappearance as a brutal violation of human rights and a crime committed directly or indirectly with the support state authorities in order to eliminate political opponents. It was analyzed that the composition of enforced disappearance, provided for in Part 1 of Art. 146-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, is formal and material, and Part 2 of this Art. - formal on the objective side. The author concluded that the criminalization of enforced disappearance in our country was necessary to counteract this particularly serious violation of human rights, since other provisions of the current criminal legislation do not reflect the complex nature of the damage that enforced disappearance causes (or may cause in the future). In addition, the specific legal nature of the investigated criminal offense makes it possible to distinguish it from similar crimes. In particular, this includes the presence of its special subject and such a mandatory feature as the subsequent refusal to recognize the fact of the arrest, detention or deprivation of liberty of a person in any other form or concealment of information about the fate or location of this person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the features of social security for military personnel in the State of Israel. In particular, it highlights the relevance of this issue for scientific research and practical application in the current historical realities of Ukraine. The aim of the article is to analyze the characteristics of social security for military personnel in the State of Israel. The subject of the study is the features of the social security system for Israeli military personnel, including its principles, structure, main benefits and services, as well as sources of funding. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the comprehensive analysis of the features of social security for Israeli military personnel, taking into account the latest changes in this field. Over the years of its development, the social security system for Israeli military personnel has become one of the most advanced in the world, making it a special object for scientific research, especially in the context of the full-scale war unfolding in Ukraine. The social security of Israeli military personnel is comprehensive and covers various areas. The article examines the principles of the social security system for Israeli military personnel, such as compulsory service, universality, targeted assistance, and funding. Significant attention is paid to analyzing the structure of this system, highlighting its main components and directions, which include state civil insurance, military social insurance, and social services. The article discusses the features of Israeli military personnel receiving benefits and free services related to medical care, housing, food, education, etc. It also outlines the directions and sources of funding for this budgetary sector in Israel. The key features of the Israeli social security system for military personnel are compared with the Ukrainian system. Special attention is given to the key features of veteran social protection, specifically for military personnel with the status of "discharged soldier," "active reservist," "discharged soldier with a disability," and "wounded soldier." The article also addresses the issue of providing appropriate social protection for the families of deceased military personnel. The results of the study can be used to improve the social security system for military personnel in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores Chinese netizens’ response to Russia-Ukraine war narratives on Chinese social media, and how online populism affects the reception of war narratives. Taking a comparative perspective, it examines the mechanisms and reasons behind the dynamics in the Chinese social media users’ comments (N = 30261) toward Russian and Ukrainian Weibo posts (N = 124). With the help of the natural language processing (NLP) approach, the article highlights populism as a significant characteristic among comments on these war narratives, emphasizing the role of ideological influences in shaping public perception of geopolitical events. While Russia’s narrative initially garnered support, its popularity waned over time due to the heterogeneous nature of Chinese online populism. Conversely, Ukraine’s narrative faced initial challenges but eventually gained more support, largely due to the decreasing credibility of the opposing narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autocracies and their practices have figured prominently in modernity's making and associated sociologies, but in the 21st century the discourse of StrongMen has surged, coming to dominate our "attention economy." We consider its various expressions alongside its articulations referencing multiple spaces and consider it a "floating signifier" that appears to explain but in fact distracts from deeper causalities and possible effects of autocratic governance. In this knowledge cultural sociology, we explore how the concept of StrongMen works within nations, with antipodes, and in networks across global and historical conjunctures. We focus in the end on Erdoğan's 2023 re-election and Putin's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, identifying not only the practices that make them StrongMen, but also how the very concept becomes part of the toolkit implicated in recognizing their autocratic practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the GJRSK model to estimate the high-order moments of energy (oil, natural gas, and coal), the carbon market, and tourism stocks. Then, it utilizes a novel TVP-VAR time-frequency connectedness approach to examine higher-order moments spillovers among them. The results show a strong connectedness among the three markets. The energy market is the emitter of volatility, skewness and kurtosis spillovers; tourism stock is the receiver; and the carbon market is the transmitter. From a time-domain perspective, the higher-order moments spillovers of the three markets are time-varying, especially during extreme periods, where the energy market's spillover effects on tourism stocks are significantly enhanced, indicating that tourism stocks bear a greater risk at leptokurtosis and fat-tail moment. From a frequency-domain perspective, the long-term asymmetric spillovers of oil, natural gas, and tourism markets on the carbon market are more pronounced than the short-term. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the higher-moment spillovers of energy and tourism stocks on the carbon market. Meanwhile, the Russia-Ukraine conflict led to extreme risk transmission within the energy market. These findings have significant implications for cross-industry investors and green finance risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wars in Ukraine and the Middle East, and the China challenge, revive the question of whether the world is becoming more peaceful. Realists’ claim that we told you so compares oranges with cabbage. Today’s world is divided into a “zone of peace”, encompassing all the developed countries, and a “zone of war”, comprising less developed countries. Within the former, interstate wars, civil wars, and the “security dilemma” itself have all disappeared. The Long Peace since 1945 is widely attributed to nuclear deterrence. However, the sharp decrease in war had begun during the 19th century. The effect of industrialization is the greatest lacuna in IR theory. The Malthusian Trap that plagued premodern societies has been broken. Wealth is no longer finite and a zero-sum game. This transformation has made democracies as well as nondemocracies fight much less, and has sharply increased international trade. It underlies both the democratic/liberal and capitalist/trade interdependence peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has thrust the issue of European Union and NATO enlargement back into the political spotlight. However, it remains uncertain whether established theoretical frameworks are still applicable in today’s rapidly changing world. In response to this uncertainty, this debate section brings together five short reflection pieces, with a response from Frank Schimmelfennig, to assess the relevance of the theory of ‘rhetorical action’ in light of recent developments in European and international politics. How effectively does rhetorical action explain current EU and NATO enlargement processes, as well as broader forms of international cooperation? The authors find strong overall support for the theory’s continued validity. However, they caution that the increasing politicisation of issues, the rising competition from populist, non-liberal forces, and the broader crisis of the Liberal International Order require more careful reflection and specification of the scope conditions that define the theory’s limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sustainable Development Goal 2 aims to eradicate hunger. However, many small island developing states (SIDS) face challenges in achieving this goal due to their reliance on the global market and susceptibility to crises. This paper focuses on Comoros, one of the least studied SIDS located in the Indian Ocean, to examine its food security and nutritional vulnerability. The findings reveal that Comoros experiences limited access to sufficient and nutritious diets, which are excessive in fat and deficient in key micronutrients. This situation is similar to other SIDS in the Pacific and the Caribbean, which also exhibit the convergence of the malnutrition triple burden. This paper further assesses the impact of changing food prices during the initial year of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on food security and nutrition in Comoros, serving as a case study for SIDS. Using microsimulations, we estimate the effects on food access, sufficiency, and adequacy at the household level. The results indicate a decline in food access and purchasing power for all households, particularly the poorer and rural. Additionally, food sufficiency has markedly decreased, leading to an additional 5,000 households (3.3% of all households) experiencing inadequate daily calorie intake. The study also highlights a reduction in the consumption of organ meats, fruits, and vegetables, resulting in decreased daily iron and folate intakes. This is particularly concerning given the high prevalence of anemia among women in Comoros and other SIDS. To address these challenges, policies promoting the consumption of fresh, nutrient-rich foods with low fat content are crucial to mitigate the malnutrition triple burden and curb the increasing trend of non-communicable diseases in these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is indicated that in the context of the russian invasion of Ukraine, there is an urgent need to modernize the forensic methodology of investigating crimes against the foundations of national security. Full-scale aggression has led to the emergence of new forms of such crimes, including treason, sabotage and collaborationism, which pose a serious threat to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state. The updated methodology should take into account the peculiarities of the state of war, the difficulty of gathering evidence in the occupied territories, and the need to counter cybercrimes and information sabotage. It should ensure effective detection, documentation and investigation of crimes in conditions of limited access to the places of their commission, taking into account the risk of loss of evidence due to hostilities. In addition, the methodology should facilitate rapid response to new threats to national security, including hybrid forms of aggression, and improve coordination between various law enforcement agencies and special services. An important aspect is also the consideration of international cooperation in the investigation of war crimes. The author notes that the analysis of the draft Law «On Amendments to the Criminal and Criminal Procedure Codes of Ukraine on Improving Liability for Collaborative Activities and Related Criminal Offenses gives reason to say that it offers an innovative approach to the wording of Article 111-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, clearly defining the types activities that qualify as criminal offenses. However, some aspects of the new edition need clarification and refinement. The main problem lies in the insufficient specificity of individual wording of actions classified as collaborative activities. This creates the risk of an overly broad interpretation, which can lead to difficulties in the practical application of the law during the investigation of this type of crime, ambiguity in law enforcement, the risk of unjustified prosecution, and difficulties in distinguishing between legal and illegal activities under the occupation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the issue of the principle of scientific support for the construction of criminal law provisions as one of the fundamental principles of rulemaking in the field of criminal law. This principle is based on the legislator's obligation to adhere to the scientific approach and scientific methods at all stages of the rulemaking process, and this implies that such criminal law rulemaking decisions should be made which correspond to the level of scientific development of the relevant issue in the theory of criminal law and guarantee the actual implementation of the principle of legality in rulemaking in this area. The author suggests that in order to fully realize the potential of the principle of scientific support for rulemaking in the field of criminal law, it is advisable to combine its use with the principle of practical compliance of criminal law provisions and the possibilities of their application. This principle should be taken into account both in the process of updating criminal legislation in general and in the development of individual criminal law provisions. The principle of scientific support for the construction of criminal law provisions may not be taken into account when adopting laws of Ukraine on criminal liability in an extraordinary period, as exemplified by the beginning of the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation. The need for an immediate state response to such global threats by adjusting the current criminal legislation without observing the principle of scientificity is exceptional. As a rule, the adoption of new criminal laws without observing the principle of scientific evidence results in low quality criminal law provisions that are not able to ensure their effective application. The principle of scientific support should be implemented both during the scientific examination of draft criminal laws and during the scientific support of the entire rulemaking proce ss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past 30 years, articles in this journal and elsewhere have offered insights and advice about making our world more peaceful through negotiation. This time in history provides a moment for reflection about the contributions we have made. This article shows how research findings add value for solving practical problems. Examples include two contemporaneous conflicts, the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the war in Gaza. We also explore issues that could trigger tipping points and spur greater global unrest, as well as avenues that could help reduce growing tensions: the world of international diplomacy, global climate diplomacy, insights on summitry, and negotiation skills training. These contributions are evaluated for ease of application, attentiveness of practitioners, and impact. We conclude optimistically: While research will not save us from the horrors of war, it can enhance our understanding of how to make the world a little safer for peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies everyday bordering processes at the Finnish – Russian border during ‘times of stress’, specifically, following the COVID-19 pandemic and the onset of the war in Ukraine. The research is grounded in ethnographic fieldwork conducted in the summer and autumn of 2022 in four border cities (Imatra and Lappeenranta in Finland, and Svetogorsk and Vyborg in Russia). The study centres on visual and sensory observations made during the fieldwork, as well as discussions taking place in local newspapers and their social media channels. The Finnish – Russian borderland is approached as a ‘borderscape’ – a site where borders are constructed, deconstructed and reconstructed in everyday life by heterogeneous agents. The research illustrates that the political context shaped the Finnish – Russian borderscapes concerning the material border landscape, people’s experiences and imaginations. The study argues that visual and sensory ethnography can add deeper and more nuanced layers to the understanding of borderscapes as well as provide alternative ways of conveying research findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the legal regulation of the asylum granting and ensuring of the refugees’ rights in the European Union. Within the framework of the article, the legal basis of the Common European Asylum System functioning, the creation of which is laid down in the constituent treaties of the European Union, is investigated. In particular, it is determined that the purpose of such a common system is to establish unified standards for determining the criteria for admissibility of applications for asylum or international protection, a similar procedure for considering such applications and the grounds for refusing or suspending the status of a refugee or a person seeking temporary protection, as well as determining the state, responsible for providing asylum, uniform standards for ensuring the rights of refugees, as well as common principles of cooperation between the Member States and partner states that are not members of the Union. The key provisions of the Directive on qualification criteria, on the procedure for granting asylum and international protection, on the conditions of reception and rights of refugees, as well as the Dublin Regulation and the Eurodac Regulation were analyzed. The authors put an emphasis on the fact that because of the full-scale invasion and emergence of the war on the territory of Ukraine, significant changes were made to the process and procedures for granting refugee status and providing asylum within the framework of the legislation of the European Union. The latest Pact on Migration and Asylum was analyzed, especially regarding changes in ensuring border security, quick and effective procedures for considering and obtaining the status of a refugee or a person seeking international protection, solidarity and responsibility among countries that are obliged to provide asylum, as well as strengthening international cooperation in the field of migration. The authors express their support for those concerns regarding alleged violations that may occur after the entry into force of the Pact, in connection with the threat of violations of fundamental human rights. It was concluded that ensuring dignity and respect for human rights is a priority, considering that refugees are recognized as persons who have already suffered violations and were forced to leave their homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine demonstrates once again the vulnerability and significance of cities in war. In this article, and with inspiration from Ian Hacking’s historical ontology, I draw on a varied source material to argue that there is today something new and qualitatively distinct in how the U.S. military approaches war and combat in urban environments. By investigating the historical-conceptual trajectory of “the urban” in U.S. military practice from the mid-eighteenth century until today, the article argues that a gradual shift has occurred in terms of how the armed forces have begun to think of and act on the urban as a distinct object that can be made “known” and managed in and through a specialized knowledge. A “military urban” has come into being, conditioned by a particular epistemic and implying a new way for urban spaces to exist in war. The article’s findings have implications for our understanding of what the urban is for militaries and, relatedly, for grasping the role of epistemics and knowledge practices in conditioning military actions in and on urban spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractRussia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 had a significant impact on Moldova, particularly due to its geographic proximity to Ukraine. Although Moldova has long balanced relationships between Russia and the European Union, the war prompted a re-evaluation of its geopolitical stance. In order to better understand domestic political party contestation of foreign policies, this article analyses Moldovan parliamentary debates between February 2022 and December 2023. The analysis focuses on the arguments used by members of the left-wing political parties that had previously adopted a more pro-Russian stance for the country’s foreign policy. The findings show reduced political contestation after Russia’s full-scale invasion with the left-wing parties, avoiding articulating clear positions on Russia’s war in Ukraine. Compared to the clear stance of the ruling PAS party, the opposition parties were inconsistent in their views on Russia and the EU, often ambiguous about Russia and divided on EU integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT We explore the role of Russian civic identity in maintaining mental health in a challenging socioeconomic and political environment. The study was conducted on a sample of Russians in August 2022 after the beginning of the military conflict in Ukraine and the imposition of multiple sanctions on Russia. The sample included 384 respondents from 18 to 54 years old. The questionnaire included methods for assessing Russian civic identity, general psychological health, depression, and the psychological coping strategies in crisis situations. We explored whether Russian civic identity has direct, indirect, and total positive effects on general psychological health. The indirect effect was examined through psychological coping strategies, such as Reframing and Spiritual support. For depression reduction, the role of Russian civic identity was not significant as we did not find a statistically significant direct or total effect. However, we found a statistically significant indirect negative effect of civic identity on depression via a Reframing strategy. Thus, Russian civic identity may increase general psychological health and reduce depression through Reframing. Although the conflict is highly controversial geopolitically, our study findings may have important implications for other settings that may be involved in conflict or be under sanctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This topic was chosen for research in view of the illegal behavior of participants in the economic process, which, according to the analysis of court practice, has recently become a mass phenomenon and has diversified into various types. The state of war in Ukraine also affected both the process of consideration of economic disputes and the behavior of the participants in the economic process, in particular of a negative nature, such as failure to appear at a court session without a valid reason, which prolongs the time frame for consideration of the case. For this purpose, it was established that in accordance with Part 3 of Article 42 of the Economic Procedural Code of Ukraine (hereinafter referred to as the Code of Economic Procedure of Ukraine), in the event that a party to the case fails to fulfill its obligations, the court shall apply procedural coercion measures to such a party to the case provided for by the Code of Criminal Procedure [1]. Pursuant to part 1 of Article 132 of the Criminal Procedure Code, measures of procedural coercion are: 1) warning; 2) removal from the courtroom; 3) temporary seizure of evidence for investigation by the court; 4) fine. At the same time, the application of procedural coercion measures to a person does not exempt him from fulfilling his duties. It was determined that in accordance with Part 2 of Article 131 of the Criminal Procedure Code, procedural coercion measures are applied by the court by issuing a resolution. At the same time, paragraph 16 of part 1 of article 255 of the Criminal Procedure Code establishes that decisions of the court of first instance on the collection of a fine in the procedure of procedural coercion may be challenged in the appeal procedure [1]. Also, the court itself can cancel the decision on the collection of a fine issued by it in accordance with the sixth part of Article 135 of the Criminal Procedure Code, if the person in respect of whom it was issued corrected the committed violation and (or) provided evidence of the validity of the reasons for not fulfilling the relevant requirements of the court or his procedural duties. Based on the results of the analysis of the norms of economic procedural legislation and court practice, the need to make changes to the norms defining the procedure for applying measures of procedural coercion in the economic process is substantiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific article is devoted to one of the important objects of national security – energy security. The organizational and legal approaches to the regulation of energy security are singled out and certain aspects of state regulation of energy efficiency are outlined, taking into account modern geopolitical processes. The definition of energy security is formulated, its global nature is indicated, which determines its provision through the joint efforts of all countries of the world, taking into account the internal characteristics and needs of the industry. It was emphasized that energy security as an object of state policy in the conditions of armed aggression against Ukraine requires proper legal regulation and continuous coordinated state management influence in order to ensure the energy independence of the country and the stable operation of energy infrastructure facilities. The analysis of the legal provision of energy security in Ukraine allowed us to come to the conclusion about the ramifications of the legislation in the specified area, the lack of optimization and systematization of energy legislation, its conflict and tolerance for the monopoly position of energy market participants. In the conditions of the war in Ukraine, the main direction of legislative regulation of the energy market is the introduction of tax benefits, temporary special taxation regimes. It was concluded that the introduction of the Institute of the Authorized President of Ukraine on Energy Safety, the development of the Institute of Public Control in the specified field is considered a promising direction for improving the national institutional mechanism for ensuring energy security. Arguments are also given that the institutional and legal mechanisms for ensuring energy security should provide for: permanent strategic planning of the development of the energy sector; coordination of energy policy with other areas of state policy; elimination of illegal administrative influence on energy market participants; taking measures to improve energy efficiency; creation of conditions for the development of technological innovations in the field of functioning of the energy infrastructure; increasing the effectiveness of preventing cyber threats; taking measures to reduce the level of corruption and the influence of the political will of elites on the energy market of Ukraine, state deregulation and demonopolization of the energy resources market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legal regime of martial law led not only to changes in the legislation of Ukraine, but also to the activation of self-regulation of economic entities, which covers their internal organizational activities. War changes the conditions for the ethical conduct of digital business and adds certain features that should be reflected in a formalized collection of moral principles of the company. Codes of ethics are one of the important means of self-regulation of business entities in the digital economy. The digital economy is associated with the global movement of goods and services, so companies pay enough attention to the development and promotion of ethical principles and the formation of a certain collection based on them - a code of ethics. The purpose of the study is to determine the peculiarities of ethical codes in the field of the digital economy after the full-scale invasion of russia on the territory of Ukraine. It has been established that economic entities of the digital economy are obliged to take into account and enshrine in ethical codes the peculiarities of carrying out activities under the conditions of the legal regime of martial law. At the same time, it is not enough to have only the formal consolidation of ethical principles in the relevant internal documents of the company, their practical implementation is mandatory. Adherence to the norms of international law (transnational public order) is the duty of a socially responsible civilized business, which should help to recognize the ethical norms of the company, taking into account the peculiarities of the state of war. It is important that companies take responsibility, and not wait for a ban from the state, which needs time to change the regulations. It has been proven that the ethical codes should undergo changes, with the obligatory fixing of provisions: the company does not cooperate with business entities of the aggressor state and with persons who support and cooperate with them; the company does not work in the aggressor state and states that are accomplices and support aggression. Such a position should be formed not only on the basis of legislative prohibitions, but in the case of a regulatory gap, the company’s policy should be revised in order to implement such an idea to achieve the goals of the rule of transnational public order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: For most people, gender identity is consistent with biological sex and such people are called cisgender. People in whom such a relationship does not occur or occurs to a lesser extent are referred to as gender non-conforming—and these include transgender, non-binary, agender and gender-fluid people. These individuals are usually affected by minority stress, which, combined with the circumstances of the pandemic and Russian aggression against Ukraine, may have led to mental disorders and sleep disorders in this population. The aim of the study was to analyze the symptoms of anxiety, depression and insomnia in a group of Polish youth during the Covid-19 pandemic and the outbreak of the war in Ukraine, taking into consideration gender differences, including non-binary gender. Methods: The study involved 1621 secondary school students aged 14 to 19, the average age was 16.73 ± 1.35, including 857 girls, 690 boys and 74 people who defined their gender as non-binary. A set of questionnaires for the Diagnosis of Depression in Children (CDI 2), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the X-1 subscale, The Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) and an original questionnaire of sociodemographic data were used in research. Results: Analyzing the results obtained in the study group, the respondents scored an average of 17.99 ± 9.55 points in the assessment of depressive symptoms. After division into groups taking into account gender, the corresponding score was 19.69 ± 9.40 points for girls, 15.03 ± 8.68 for boys and 25.86 ± 9.91 for non-binary people. The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.000) in all three study groups. In the anxiety symptoms assessment, the respondents scored an average of 46.92 ± 11.67 points. After division into gender groups, the corresponding score was 49.21 ± 11.12 points for girls, 43.39 ± 11.47 for boys and 53.39 ± 10.41 for non-binary people. The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.000) in all three study groups. Analyzing the results obtained in The Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), the average score was 8.31 ± 4.58 points, which allows to evaluate sleep onset as a norm. After dividing into groups, the results were 8.95 ± 4.55 points, respectively for girls, 7.19 ± 4.21 points for boys and 11.35 ± 5.43 for non-binary people, the difference was significant in terms of comparisons between all statistically tested groups. The analysis of the relationships between the studied variables was presented for each gender separately. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between the results obtained on the scale assessing depressive symptoms (CDI-2) and anxiety symptoms (STAI-X1) and the results obtained on the AIS scale. Conclusions: Among the studied group of teenagers, the highest intensity of depressive symptoms is demonstrated by non-binary people, followed by females, and finally by males. Similar results were obtained in the assessment of anxiety symptoms. The non-binary group achieved results indicating sleep disorders, while the cisgender group's results of sleep onset were borderline normal. Whatsmore, the greater the severity of depressive and anxiety disorders, the greater the sleep disorders in all study groups, regardless of gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the fascinating case of middle-income Sri Lanka with pre-existing macroeconomic weaknesses hit by COVID-19. The pandemic created a public health emergency and an economic crisis in 2020, causing economic damage and dampening Sri Lanka's development prospects. The evidence shows a sudden growth contraction, a steep rise in poverty, falling women's employment, worsening macroeconomic imbalances, and high external debt levels rising. Rather than requesting early IMF assistance for its balance of payments problems, President Gotabaya Rajapaksa's government opted for home-grown remedies including ultra-loose monetary policy, import controls, bilateral swaps and loans, and a ban on fertilizer imports. The unconventional policy mix temporarily mitigated economic scaring from COVID-19 and supported the economy. But the distortions introduced by prolonging this unconventional mix and the Russia-Ukraine conflict shock pushed Sri Lankan economy into external debt default, a worsening economic crisis and Rajapaksa's resignation in 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]