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Diaspidiotus aetnensis Nucifora, Watson and Mazzeo sp. n. (Figs 1 and 2) Material examined. All the specimens are mounted individually on slides, and were collected by S. Nucifora. Holotype. Adult female mounted in Canada balsam: right label: on Betula / aetnensis Raf. / Sicily, ITALY / Mt. Etna, eastern slope / (on branch) / 8.iii.2016 / S. Nucifora leg.; left label: Diaspidiotus / aetnensis / HOLO- TYPE / Nucifora, Watson / & Mazzeo / Di3A-UNICT. The geographic coordinates, as shown on label on the back of the slide, are: Lat. N 37��47���02.0������ / Lon. E 15��03���34.7������ / 1625 m a.s.l. Specimen deposited at Di3A UNICT. Paratypes. Nineteen adult females, all from: ITALY, Sicily, Mt. Etna, eastern slope (Municipality of Sant���Alfio), on bark of B. aetnensis. Specimens deposited at Di 3A UNICT: 7 adult females, 8.iii.2016; 1 adult female, 24.vii.2010; 1 adult female, 2.x.1997. Specimens deposited at BMNH: 1 adult female, 8.iii.2016; 2 adult females, 24.vii.2010; 1 adult female, 11.vii.2009; 1 adult female (with its second-instar exuviae), 14.vii.2005. Specimens deposited at MNHN: 2 adult females, 23.iii.2014; 1 adult female, 24.vii.2010; 2 adult females, 11.vii.2009. Other material examined, all from ITALY, Sicily, Mt. Etna, eastern slope (Municipality of Sant���Alfio), on bark of B. aetnensis, deposited at Di3A UNICT: 3 adult females, 10.iii.2019; 2 adult females, 18.ix.2011; 1 adult female, 24.vii.2010; 2 adult females, 11.vii.2009. Description of adult female. Appearance in life: scale cover of adult female subcircular, diameter 0.9���1.9 mm (usually 1.2���1.6 mm), almost flat; in large specimens, scale cover is more irregular in outline. Central area of cover (over exuviae) opaque sandy brown, being darker towards the centre and whitish toward the outer edge. Exuviae central to subcentral; first-instar exuviae pale yellow, second-instar exuviae yellowish. Ventral scale extremely thin, white and fragile, remaining on plant surface when scale cover and insect are removed. Exposed adult female yellow, rather flat, pygidium darker and flatter than rest of body. Scale cover of second-instar male similar to that of female but oval, measuring 0.6���0.8 mm x 0.4���0.6 mm, whitish to sandy brown by exuviae but fading to white at margins; exuviae yellow, situated at widest part of scale cover; ventral scale similar to that of female. Slide-mounted adult female (Fig. 1): young adult female egg-shaped or pyriform, becoming almost circular at maturity due to expansion of cephalothorax, with lateral abdominal lobes sometimes extending posteriorly on either side of pygidium. Body measurements (n=20): 640 (576���1239) long, maximum width 545 (477���1162). Pygidium broadly rounded; posterior margin with 3 pairs of lobes; median lobes (L 1) well developed, slightly convergent, each lobe broad, rounded, slightly protruding with 1 notch on external lateral margin. Second lobes (L 2) poorly developed, merging with margin; third lobes (L 3) even less developed but always visible, tooth shaped. L 1 typically each with 2 paraphyses extending from the basal corners, anteromesal and anteromesad, these generally most evident on the ventral surface. Each side of pygidium with 2 additional pairs of paraphyses, each short, spindle-shaped and thickened towards inner end, visible on both surfaces: a medium-sized paraphysis (PL1) originating lateral to anterolateral basal corner of L 1, paired with a slightly smaller paraphysis (PL2) of similar shape, originating just mesad of anteromesad base of L 2; small third and fourth paraphyses (PL3 and PL4) forming a pair, situated between L 2 and L 3, with smallest paraphysis (PL4) originating just mesad of anteromesad base of L 3. All four paraphyses curved, tending to touch proximal ends, each pair forming an arch framing a marginal crypt, there being 2 marginal crypts on each side of pygidium. Ventral sclerotizations present on each side of pygidium: L 1 with fusiform sclerosis originating at L 1 anteromesad base, broader than PL1; far smaller, teardropshaped sclerosis originating on the outside basal corner of L 1. With a large wing-shaped sclerotised thickening, arising from mesad basal margins of L 1 and L 2, with anterolateral end forming a point directed towards distal end of perigenital apophysis. Perigenital apophyses with basal and distal portions strong and central section thin. Dorsal apophyses present on each side of pygidium: mediobasal apophysis usually with a central break dividing it into two parts, but sometimes entire, moderately strongly sclerotised; latero-basal apophysis more strongly sclerotised, a bit wider laterally and curved towards base of pygidium. Plates: absent from between L 1; lateral plates underdeveloped, not much evident, spine-shaped or fringed; with 2 plates between L 1 and L 2, the one adjacent to L 1 plug-shaped, the other notched on the outside margin; with 2 plates present between L 2 and L 3, the one adjacent to L 2 similar to an inverted drop, having a wide base and pointed tip, and with other plate notched on the outside margin. Dorsal ducts: space between L 1 containing a median duct with oval orifice on margin and long glandular tube extending to level of anal opening; each side of pygidium with 15���26 dorsal ducts, all of similar length to median duct, with orifices arranged as follows: usually 3 (sometimes 2, rarely 4) in intersegmental crypt between L 1 and L 2; only 1 in intersegmental crypt between L 2 and L 3; with a marginal orifice mesad to second crypt, overlapping base of ventral bristles on L 2; usually with 4���9 orifices in an oblique line starting from sub- margin near L 3, leading anteriorly towards latero-basal apophysis but not reaching that level; plus 5���10 orifices forming a second, outer row, typically forming an arc beginning with 2 orifices in marginal area of segment VI and continuing with 3���8 orifices in an oblique row to the latero-basal apophysis; also with 1 (sometimes 2 or 3) orifices on the submargin of segment V. Segment IV sometimes with 1���4 dorsal submarginal ducts (Fig. 2). Anal opening: small, slightly longer than wide, located at proximal end of a furrow beginning between L 1, widening anteriorly until same width as anal opening; two short parallel scleroses bracket the anal opening and extend a short distance anteriorly beyond it. Perivulvar pores: usually absent, but sometimes 1���3 pores present on each side. Ventral microducts: each side of pygidium with 3 clusters of microducts in marginal and submarginal areas; with about 10 ducts on segment VI, about 6 on segment V and about 4 on segment IV. Prepygidium (free abdominal segments anterior to pygidium): cuticle membranous, with segment margins somewhat expanded laterally. Dorsal ducts absent from prepygidial segments. Ventral microducts: a few submarginal or submedian microducts on prepygidial area, mostly on segment II. Cephalothorax (prosoma): cuticle not thickened; cuticle just anterior to anterior spiracle with characteristic sculpture, with plaques that always end with a small ventral gland. Prothorax with marginal tubercle on each side. Setae along margin each long and slender with pointed apex. Margins of thoracic segments slightly lobed in young adult female and, exceptionally, expanding to project laterally to pygidium in post-reproductive female. Spiracles not associated with pores. Ventral microducts: present in submedian and submarginal areas of metathorax. Antennae: each bearing 1 conspicuous seta. Etymology. The species epithet aetnensis is formed by combining the Latinised name of the mountain, ���Etna���, with the Latin ending ��� -ensis ���, meaning ���from���. Comments. Of the 58 species of Diaspididae reported on Betulaceae, 14 (24%) belong to the genus Diaspidiotus Berlese. These Diaspidiotus species are mostly polyphagous, with hosts belonging to 47 plant families and with preferences for Salicaceae, Fabaceae, Fagaceae, Rosaceae, Juglandaceae, Moraceae and Oleaceae (Garc��a Morales et al. 2016). Of the 28 species of Diaspididae reported on Betula, nine (32%) belong to Diaspidiotus. The latter species all have perivulvar pores; D. aetnensis sp. n. is an exception, as it usually lacks them. Other Palaearctic Diaspidiotus species that lack perivulvar pores are: D. alni (Marchal 1909), D. distinctus (Leonardi 1900), and D. wuenni (Lindinger 1923), but they have not been collected on Betula. Diaspidiotus alni is known on species of Alnus, Carpinus (Betulaceae), Fagus, Quercus (Fagaceae) and Populus (Salicaceae); D. distinctus on species of Corylus (Betulaceae), Gonocytisus (Fabaceae) and Quercus (Fagaceae); and D. wuenni feeds on species of Alnus (Betulaceae), Castanea and Quercus (Fagaceae). Among the latter Diaspidiotus species, D. alni and D. wuenni seem to be closest morphologically to D. aetnensis. Diaspidiotus aetnensis sp. n. has a body outline and pygidial morphology very similar to D. alni, especially the median lobes (L 1) and the paraphyses between segments VI, VII, and VIII, but differs as follows (condition in D. alni in brackets): pygidial margin with plates developed (plates reduced or absent); segment IV with dorsal ducts, especially in larger individuals (without ducts); and pygidium with about 45 (31���54) dorsal ducts (fewer than 32 ducts). Both D. aetnensis sp. n. and D. lenticularis occur on Betula, and sometimes D. lenticularis also lacks perivulvar pores. Diaspidiotus aetnensis sp. n. differs as follows (condition in D. lenticularis in brackets): prepygidial macroducts absent (present). We have collected D. lenticularis on the bark of B. pendula Roth (= B. alba L.) in the Nebrodi Mountains in Sicily, and in Italy (Lazio, in Caldara di Manziana), but never on B. aetnensis. Diaspidiotus aetnensis sp. n. resembles D. wuenni in having similar plates and in the number of dorsal ducts, but differs in having segment IV with dorsal ducts, especially in larger individuals (D. wuenni without ducts); the shape and proportions of the marginal paraphyses situated between segments VIII and VII, in relation to the size of a median lobe (L 1) are also different between these species. Specimens of D. aetnensis sp. n. were usually found on the bark of the trunk and branches; more rarely, they were found on exposed roots, but were never observed feeding on the leaves. In the same location in the eastern slope of the volcano, we found Diaspidiotus lenticularis on Genista aetnensis (Biv.) DC. (a new host association), growing amongst the Etna birches., Published as part of Nucifora, Salvatore, Watson, Gillian W., Russo, Agatino & Mazzeo, Gaetana, 2020, Description of Diaspidiotus aetnensis sp. n. (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) living on endemic birch in Sicily (Italy), with a key to Diaspidiotus species recorded on Betulaceae, pp. 584-590 in Zootaxa 4759 (4) on pages 585-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4759.4.9, http://zenodo.org/record/3741112, {"references":["Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B. D., Miller, D. R., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. [database, http: // scalenet. info] https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / database / bav 118","Marchal, P. (1909) Sur les cochenilles du midi de la France et de la Corse. Les Comptes-Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, 148, 871 - 872.","Leonardi, G. (1900) Generi e specie di diaspiti. Saggio di sistematica degli Aspidiotus. Rivista di Patologia Vegetale. Firenze, 8, 298 - 363.","Lindinger, L. (1923) Einfuhrung in die Kenntnis der deutschen Schildlause. Entomologisches Jahrbuch, 32, 138 - 152."]}

Nucifora, Salvatore, Watson, Gillian W., Russo, Agatino, Mazzeo, Gaetana (2020): Description of Diaspidiotus aetnensis sp. n. (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) living on endemic birch in Sicily (Italy), with a key to Diaspidiotus species recorded on Betulaceae. Zootaxa 4759 (4): 584-590, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4759.4.9

Organic avocado (Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) farming is a growing industry in eastern Sicily, and in this environment Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) is a key pest. Biological control strategies against this invasive scale are thus crucial for the sustainability of this cropping system. A field trial was performed to record the natural enemy complex in early autumn, and for comparing the efficacy of a paraffinic oil application (Biolid E® at 2L/ha), of the release of adults (1/m2) of the predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and of their combined application, i. e. oil spray and after one week predator release. In the pretreatment sampling a high proportion of ovipositing female, 38. 64% of the entire population, was recorded. The natural parasitoid community of P. pyriformis consisted of two primary parasitoids and one facultative hyperparasitoid species. Metaphycus helvolus (Compere) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) accounted for 81% of the parasitoids recovered; Microterys nietneri (Motschulski) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) for 8%, and the secondary parasitoid Pachyneuron muscarum (L. ) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) for 11%. The mean percentage of parasitism recorded was 2. 45%, however, an encapsulation rate of 1. 78% was also observed. Adults and larvae of generalist predators belonging to the genera Scymnus spp, Exochomus spp. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and larvae of Chrysopa spp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) were also noticed actively feeding on immature stages of the soft scale. The number of live scales (N2-oviposting females) was reduced by 54. 16, 55. 73 and 19. 58 % following the oil application, the oil plus predator release and predator alone, respectively. While, in the control plots the number of live scales increased by 23. 4%, and no changes in the presence of natural enemies was recorded in the sprayed plots. The recorded data suggest that any pesticide application should take into account and thus respect the activity of the rich natural enemy assemblage. In addition, artificial releases of C. montrouzieri were not able to effectively control the scale population., Entomologica, V. 47 (2016)

Dactylopius coccus (Costa) belongs to the family Dacylopiidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha), that includes species that live exclusively on Cactaceae and are native in America as well as their host plants. From the dried body of the females, rich in carminic acid, can be extracted the red carmine dye used primarily for food, clothing and cosmetic coloring. In Mexico this species was already reared for that purpose by native people before the discovery of America. The Spanish conquistadors continued the rearing of the cochineal and adopted strong control measures setting up a monopole of the production and commercialization of the colorant. After the decay of their domination, the insect and its hostplants, i. e. various Cactaceae of Opuntia and Nopalea genera, were introduced to other territories (Africa, Mediterranean basin and Canary Islands) with the purpose to obtain the precious dye. The acclimation of both plant and insect was sometimes unsuccessful. It is the case of Italy, where repeated attempts were carried out to rear D. coccus for the carmine dye production, introducing strains in areas with mild climate (e. g. Sardinia and Sicily) but only the hostplant was able to find suitable conditions of life. In Sicily, the prickly pear Opuntia ficus-indica was subsequently widely cultivated and appreciated for the edible fruit. More recently, at the end of 90s in Sicily, another attempt of rearing the cochineal on cultivated prickly pear plants in glasshouse conditions was carried out. Based on the achieved results, it was possible to conclude as the high level of mortality of the nymphal stages of the scale, that hindered the maintaining of the population, was related with the relative humidity values, although low temperatures (till 0° C) were tolerated by crawlers that survived, by entering quiescence. Technically D. coccus could be reared for commercial purposes in the Mediterranean area only if temperature and humidity can be controlled (e. g. in glasshouse), avoiding any eventual threat related to its natural dispersal as occurred with other Dactylopius spp. that can compromise the fruit production., Entomologica, V. 47 (2016)

Our time with Giuseppina started during the XIV (1985) National Entomology Congress in Palermo, Giuseppina and Tino shared a contribution on Italian Coccoidea Fauna with Salvatore Marotta and Antonio Tranfaglia. Later, the 6th ISSIS in Krakow (1990) was the first Tino’s opportunity to join the international community of scale insect students. During the meeting, Giuseppina introduced Tino to other colleagues despite his partial experience in the topic and the difficulties in English (Tino studied mealybugs, mostly). That was the opportunity for Giuseppina and Tino to build a robust and fruitful collaboration on scale insect fauna and zoogeography. While attending the ISSIS-VII in Israel (1994) ARO Volcani Center at Bet Dagan (12-17 June, fig. 1) Francesco met the first time the coccidologists guild. Giuseppina immediately immersed Francesco into the group. At that time, Giuseppina had a firm position as a professor, but she has been suggestingon the topic and situations very friendly, despite the fact that we have just met. That was the start of a human and scientific friendship, still growing. Working together on papers, and visiting each other we were aware of Giuseppina studies on Scale Insects and the other many scientific interests of Giuseppina., Entomologica, V. 47 (2016)

Among botanical extracts used as insecticides, essential oils (EOs) are promising alternatives to chemical insecticides. EOs are synthesized by plants, and they play a key role in plant signaling processes including also attractiveness toward pollinators and beneficial insects. Plant species producing essential oils (over 17,000 species) are called aromatic plants and are distributed worldwide. Our review aims to evaluate research studies published in the last 15 years concerning the use of EOs in stored product protection. More than 50% of the retrieved manuscripts have been published by authors from Eastern countries (Iran, China, India, and Pakistan), investigating different aspects related to insect pest management (exposure route, effect on the target pest, and mode of action). Coleoptera was the most studied insect order (85.41%) followed by Lepidoptera (11.49%), whereas few studies targeted new emerging pests (e.g., Psocoptera). Almost all the trials were carried out under laboratory conditions, while no experiments were conducted under real operating conditions. Future research studies concerning the use of EOs as insecticides should focus on the development of insecticide formulations which could be successfully applied to different production realities.

Holepyris sylvanidis (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) is reported as a cosmopolitan parasitoid of coleopteran including a major pest of stored products, the confused flour beetle Tribolium confusum. The reproductive biology, and hence biocontrol potential of H. sylvanidis is relatively little known. Here we describe and evaluate aspects of egg size, immature development, adult mating behaviour, pre-oviposition time, fecundity, host attack and use, and adult longevity. Our key findings are that ?72% of presented T. confusum immatures presented to females were attacked and ?39% of these were fed on destructively with the remainder oviposited onto. First instar host larvae and host pupae were only utilized for feeding, second and third instar larvae were commonly used for either feeding or oviposition while fourth, fifth and sixth instar hosts were almost exclusively used for oviposition. Females usually laid single egg clutches and their average lifetime fecundity was ?16.5 eggs. Females regularly provisioned with hosts often ceased laying eggs up to several weeks before their death but continued to kill and feed on hosts during this period. Adult longevity was greatly enhanced by the provision of hosts (females) or by non-host food sources (males). We conclude that the inoculative biocontrol potential of H. sylvanidis is likely to be limited by a low realized fecundity and the combination with other control methods in an IPM-approach is needed. Its ability to find and kill hosts may make it more suitable for inundative deployment.

In this work results of five years of biological and taxonomical observations on Coccoidea in Sicily are reported. Brief data on morphology, host-plants and distribution of Hypogeococcus festerianus (Lizer y Trelles), Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret), Phenacoccus graminicola Leonardi, Rhizoecus cacticans (Hambleton), Rhizoecus fakifer Kunckel d'Herculais, Vryburgia rimariae Tranfaglia, Rhizopulvinaria grassei (Balachowsky), Bambusaspis bambusae (Boisduval) , Rhizococcus cynodontis (Kiritchenko) in the Island are reported. A redescription of Peliococcus cycliger (Leonardi) and the confermation of its synonymie with Peliococcus oleae (Marchal) is given. The description of Phenacoccus silvanae Longo & Russo n. sp., feeding on Rosa sp. and Crataegus sp. on Mount Etna, is also reported. Gli A.A. riferiscono su i risultati di un quinquennio di osservazioni biotassonomiche su Coccoidea della Sicilia. Vengono riportati dati sulle caratteristiche morfologiche, sulla distribuzione e sulle piante ospiti nell'Isola di Hypogeococcus festerianus (Lizer y Trelles), Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret), Phenacoccus graminicola Leonardi, Rhizoecus cacticans (Hambleton), Rhizoecus falcifer Kunckel d'Herculais, Vryburgia rimariae Tranfaglia, Rhizopulvinaria grassei (Balachowsky), Bambusaspis bambusae (Boisduval), Rhizococcus cynodontis (Kiritchenko). Per Peliococcus cycliger (Leonardi) viene fornita una ridescrizione della specie, oltre alla conferma della sua sinonimia con Peliococcus oleae (Marchal). Viene inoltre descritta Phenacoccus silvanae Longo & Russo n. sp., infeudata a Rosa sp. e Crataegus sp. sul Monte Etna., Entomologica, Vol 24 (1989)

Lepidosaphes pinnaeformis (Bouch��, 1851) Lepidosaphes pinnaeformis has been confused with L. beckii in the past and much of the literature pertaining to L. pinnaeformis on citrus should refer to L. beckii (Ben-Dov et al., 2014). Borg (1932) recorded this species as frequent on citrus trees and this record was the basis for the Malta record in the ScaleNet catalogue (Ben-Dov et al., 2014), and probably also for the Malta record in Danzig & Watson (2014). It is worth mentioning that three of the four synonyms of L. pinnaeformis listed by Borg (1932) are incorrect and should refer to L. beckii. For these reasons, and because L. pinnaeformis was not collected in any of the recent surveys, this species is being removed from the Maltese fauna., Published as part of Mifsud, David, Mazzeo, Gaetana, Russo, Agatino & Watson, Gillian W., 2014, The scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the Maltese Archipelago, pp. 499-525 in Zootaxa 3866 (4) on page 517, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4930613, {"references":["Ben-Dov, Y., Miller, D. R. & Gibson, G. A. P. (2014) ScaleNet. Available from: http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / scalenet / scalenet. htm (accessed 22 February 2014)","Borg, J. (1932) Scale Insects of the Maltese Islands. Government Printing Office, Malta, 20 pp.","Danzig, E. & Watson, G. W. (2014) Fauna Europaea: Coccoidea. In: Burckhardt, D. (Ed.), Fauna Europaea: Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha. Fauna Europaea version 2. 6. 2. Available from: http: // www. faunaeur. org (accessed 22 February 2014)"]}

��� Phenacoccus neohordei Marotta, 1992 The species was described from Italy and Sicily on the roots of an assortment of host plants. Material examined: MALTA, St. Paul���s Bay, 17.v.2012, 3 ♀♀ on roots of Daucus carota, AR, DM & GM; St. Paul���s Bay, 19.v.2012, 6 ♀♀ on roots of Urospermum picroides, AR, DM & GM., Published as part of Mifsud, David, Mazzeo, Gaetana, Russo, Agatino & Watson, Gillian W., 2014, The scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the Maltese Archipelago, pp. 499-525 in Zootaxa 3866 (4) on page 515, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4930613, {"references":["Marotta, S. & Garonna, A. P. (1992) Homoptera Coccoidea nuovi e poco conosciuti delle piante grasse in Italia. In: Atti XVI Congresso Nazionale italiano di Entomologia. Bari, pp. 741 - 746. [in Italian, summary in English]"]}

Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret, 1869) Recorded by Borg (1932) (as Aspidiotus cyanophylli) on Annona cherimolia, Brachychiton populneum, Aralia veitchi, A. elegantissima, Monstera deliciosa, Anthurium spp., Cereus, Ficus altissima, F. rubiginosa, and other non-specified greenhouse plants. The genus Abgrallaspis was synonymised under Hemiberlesia by Normark et al. (2014). Material examined: MALTA, Sliema, 10.ii.2007, 3 ♀♀ on Crassula sp., DM. GOZO, Xewkija, 16.iii.1994, 4 ♀♀ on Eriobotrya japonica, DM; Xewkija, 16.iii.1994, 1 ♀ on Hypericum aegypticum, DM; Kercem, Dawara Valley, 16.iii.1994, 1 ♀ on Laurus nobilis, SA; Xlendi, 16.iii.1994, 5 ♀♀ on H. aegypticum, SA., Published as part of Mifsud, David, Mazzeo, Gaetana, Russo, Agatino & Watson, Gillian W., 2014, The scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the Maltese Archipelago, pp. 499-525 in Zootaxa 3866 (4) on page 509, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4930613, {"references":["Borg, J. (1932) Scale Insects of the Maltese Islands. Government Printing Office, Malta, 20 pp.","Normark, B. B., Morse, G. E., Krewinski, A. & Okosu, A. (2014) Armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) of San Lorenzo National Park, Panama, with description of two new species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 107 (1), 37 - 49. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1603 / AN 13110"]}