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1. The Resolved Behavior of Dust Mass, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Fraction, and Radiation Field in ∼800 Nearby Galaxies

Author

Jérémy Chastenet, Karin Sandstrom, Adam K. Leroy, Caroline Bot, I-Da Chiang, Ryan Chown, Karl D. Gordon, Eric W. Koch, Hélène Roussel, Jessica Sutter, and Thomas G. Williams

Subjects
Interstellar dust, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Infrared photometry, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract

We present resolved 3.6–250 μ m dust spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting for ∼800 nearby galaxies. We measure the distribution of radiation field intensities heating the dust, the dust mass surface density (Σ _d ), and the fraction of dust in the form of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; q _PAH ). We find that the average interstellar radiation field ( $\overline{U}$ ) is correlated both with stellar mass surface density (Σ _⋆ ) and star formation rate surface density (Σ _SFR ), while more intense radiation fields are only correlated with Σ _SFR . We show that q _PAH is a steeply decreasing function of Σ _SFR , likely reflecting PAH destruction in H ii regions. Galaxy-integrated q _PAH is strongly, negatively correlated with specific star formation rate (sSFR) and offset from the star-forming “main sequence” (ΔMS), suggesting that both metallicity and star formation intensity play a role in setting the global q _PAH . We also find a nearly constant M _d / M _* ratio for galaxies on the main sequence, with a lower ratio for more quiescent galaxies, likely due to their lower gas fractions. From these results, we construct prescriptions to estimate the radiation field distribution in both integrated and resolved galaxies. We test these prescriptions by comparing our predicted $\overline{U}$ to results of SED fitting for stacked “main-sequence” galaxies at 0 < z < 4 from M. Béthermin et al. and find sSFR is an accurate predictor of $\overline{U}$ even at these high redshifts. Finally, we describe the public delivery of matched-resolution Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and Herschel maps along with the resolved dust SED-fitting results through the Infrared Science Archive.

Published
2024
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2. The Local Group L-band Survey: The First Measurements of Localized Cold Neutral Medium Properties in the Low-metallicity Dwarf Galaxy NGC 6822

Author

Nickolas M. Pingel, Hongxing Chen, Snežana Stanimirović, Eric W. Koch, Adam K. Leroy, Erik Rosolowsky, Chang-Goo Kim, Julianne J. Dalcanton, Fabian Walter, Michael P. Busch, Ryan Chown, Jennifer Donovan Meyer, Cosima Eibensteiner, Deidre A. Hunter, Sumit K. Sarbadhicary, Elizabeth Tarantino, Vicente Villanueva, and Thomas G. Williams

Subjects
Interstellar medium, Interstellar absorption, Interstellar atomic gas, Dwarf galaxies, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract

Measuring the properties of the cold neutral medium (CNM) in low-metallicity galaxies provides insights into heating and cooling mechanisms in early Universe-like environments. We report detections of two localized atomic neutral hydrogen (H i ) absorption features in NGC 6822, a low-metallicity (0.2 Z _⊙ ) dwarf galaxy in the Local Group. These are the first unambiguous CNM detections in a low-metallicity dwarf galaxy outside the Magellanic Clouds. The Local Group L -band Survey (LGLBS) enabled these detections, due to its high spatial (15 pc for H i emission) and spectral (0.4 km s ^−1 ) resolution. We introduce LGLBS and describe a custom pipeline for searching for H i absorption at high angular resolution and extracting associated H i emission. A detailed Gaussian decomposition and radiative transfer analysis of the NGC 6822 detections reveals five CNM components, with key properties: a mean spin temperature of 32 ± 6 K, a mean CNM column density of 3.1 × 10 ^20 cm ^−2 , and CNM mass fractions of 0.33 and 0.12 for the two sightlines. Stacking nondetections does not reveal low-level signals below our median optical depth sensitivity of 0.05. One detection intercepts a star-forming region, with the H i absorption profile encompassing the CO (2−1) emission, indicating coincident molecular gas and a depression in high-resolution H i emission. We also analyze a nearby sightline with deep, narrow H i self-absorption dips, where the background warm neutral medium is attenuated by intervening CNM. The association of CNM, CO, and H α emissions suggests a close link between the colder, denser H i phase and star formation in NGC 6822.

Published
2024
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3. The Fraction of Dust Mass in the Form of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on 10–50 pc Scales in Nearby Galaxies

Author

Jessica Sutter, Karin Sandstrom, Jérémy Chastenet, Adam K. Leroy, Eric W. Koch, Thomas G. Williams, Ryan Chown, Francesco Belfiore, Frank Bigiel, Médéric Boquien, Yixian Cao, Mélanie Chevance, Daniel A. Dale, Oleg V. Egorov, Simon C. O. Glover, Brent Groves, Ralf S. Klessen, Kathryn Kreckel, Kirsten L. Larson, Elias K. Oakes, Debosmita Pathak, Lise Ramambason, Erik Rosolowsky, and Elizabeth J. Watkins

Subjects
Interstellar medium, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Interstellar dust, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a ubiquitous component of the interstellar medium (ISM) in z ∼ 0 massive, star-forming galaxies and play key roles in ISM energy balance, chemistry, and shielding. Wide field-of-view, high-resolution mid-infrared (MIR) images from JWST provide the ability to map the fraction of dust in the form of PAHs and the properties of these key dust grains at 10–50 pc resolution in galaxies outside the Local Group. We use MIR JWST photometric observations of a sample of 19 nearby galaxies from the Physics at High Angular Resolution in Nearby GalaxieS (PHANGS) survey to investigate the variations of the PAH fraction. By comparison to lower-resolution far-infrared mapping, we show that a combination of the MIRI filters ( R _PAH = [F770W+F1130W]/F2100W) traces the fraction of dust by mass in the form of PAHs (i.e., the PAH fraction, or q _PAH ). Mapping R _PAH across the 19 PHANGS galaxies, we find that the PAH fraction steeply decreases in H ii regions, revealing the destruction of these small grains in regions of ionized gas. Outside H ii regions, we find R _PAH is constant across the PHANGS sample with an average value of 3.43 ± 0.98, which, for an illuminating radiation field of intensity 2–5 times that of the radiation field in the solar neighborhood, corresponds to q _PAH values of 3%–6%.

Published
2024
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4. PHANGS-JWST: Data-processing Pipeline and First Full Public Data Release

Author

Thomas G. Williams, Janice C. Lee, Kirsten L. Larson, Adam K. Leroy, Karin Sandstrom, Eva Schinnerer, David A. Thilker, Francesco Belfiore, Oleg V. Egorov, Erik Rosolowsky, Jessica Sutter, Joseph DePasquale, Alyssa Pagan, Travis A. Berger, Gagandeep S. Anand, Ashley T. Barnes, Frank Bigiel, Médéric Boquien, Yixian Cao, Jérémy Chastenet, Mélanie Chevance, Ryan Chown, Daniel A. Dale, Sinan Deger, Cosima Eibensteiner, Eric Emsellem, Christopher M. Faesi, Simon C. O. Glover, Kathryn Grasha, Stephen Hannon, Hamid Hassani, Jonathan D. Henshaw, María J. Jiménez-Donaire, Jaeyeon Kim, Ralf S. Klessen, Eric W. Koch, Jing Li, Daizhong Liu, Sharon E. Meidt, J. Eduardo Méndez-Delgado, Eric J. Murphy, Justus Neumann, Lukas Neumann, Nadine Neumayer, Elias K. Oakes, Debosmita Pathak, Jérôme Pety, Francesca Pinna, Miguel Querejeta, Lise Ramambason, Andrea Romanelli, Mattia C. Sormani, Sophia K. Stuber, Jiayi Sun, Yu-Hsuan Teng, Antonio Usero, Elizabeth J. Watkins, and Tony D. Weinbeck

Subjects
Star formation, Spiral galaxies, Surveys, Astronomy data reduction, Young star clusters, Interstellar medium, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract

The exquisite angular resolution and sensitivity of JWST are opening a new window for our understanding of the Universe. In nearby galaxies, JWST observations are revolutionizing our understanding of the first phases of star formation and the dusty interstellar medium. Nineteen local galaxies spanning a range of properties and morphologies across the star-forming main sequence have been observed as part of the PHANGS-JWST Cycle 1 Treasury program at spatial scales of ∼5–50 pc. Here, we describe pjpipe , an image-processing pipeline developed for the PHANGS-JWST program that wraps around and extends the official JWST pipeline. We release this pipeline to the community as it contains a number of tools generally useful for JWST NIRCam and MIRI observations. Particularly for extended sources, pjpipe products provide significant improvements over mosaics from the MAST archive in terms of removing instrumental noise in NIRCam data, background flux matching, and calibration of relative and absolute astrometry. We show that slightly smoothing F2100W MIRI data to 0.″9 (degrading the resolution by about 30%) reduces the noise by a factor of ≈3. We also present the first public release (DR1.1.0) of the pjpipe processed eight-band 2–21 μ m imaging for all 19 galaxies in the PHANGS-JWST Cycle 1 Treasury program. An additional 55 galaxies will soon follow from a new PHANGS-JWST Cycle 2 Treasury program.

Published
2024
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5. Hα Emission and H ii Regions at the Locations of Recent Supernovae in Nearby Galaxies

Author

Ness Mayker Chen, Adam K. Leroy, Sumit K. Sarbadhicary, Laura A. Lopez, Todd A. Thompson, Ashley T. Barnes, Eric Emsellem, Brent Groves, Rupali Chandar, Mélanie Chevance, Ryan Chown, Daniel A. Dale, Oleg V. Egorov, Simon C. O. Glover, Kathryn Grasha, Ralf S. Klessen, Kathryn Kreckel, Jing Li, J. Eduardo Méndez-Delgado, Eric J. Murphy, Debosmita Pathak, Eva Schinnerer, David A. Thilker, Leonardo Úbeda, and Thomas G. Williams

Subjects
Supernovae, Core-collapse supernovae, H II regions, Star forming regions, Stellar feedback, Galaxy evolution, Astronomy, QB1-991
Abstract

We present a statistical analysis of the local, ≈50–100 pc scale, H α emission at the locations of recent (≤125 yr) supernovae (SNe) in nearby star-forming galaxies. Our sample consists of 32 SNe in 10 galaxies that are targets of the PHANGS-MUSE survey. We find that 41% (13/32) of these SNe occur coincident with a previously identified H ii region. For comparison, H ii regions cover 32% of the area within ±1 kpc of any recent SN. Contrasting this local covering fraction with the fraction of SNe coincident with H ii regions, we find a statistical excess of 7.6% ± 8.7% of all SNe to be associated with H ii regions. This increases to an excess of 19.2% ± 10.4% when considering only core-collapse SNe (CCSNe). These estimates appear to be in good agreement with qualitative results from new, higher-resolution Hubble Space Telescope H α imaging, which also suggests many CCSNe detonate near but not in H ii regions. Our results appear consistent with the expectation that only a modest fraction of stars explode during the first ≲5 Myr of the life of a stellar population when H α emission is expected to be bright. Of the H ii region associated SNe, 85% (11/13) also have associated detected CO (2–1) emission, indicating the presence of molecular gas. The SNe associated with H ii regions have typical extinctions of A _V ∼ 1 mag, consistent with a significant amount of pre-clearing of gas from the region before the SNe explode.

Published
2024
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6. Star Formation Efficiency in Nearby Galaxies Revealed with a New CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor Prescription

Author

Yu-Hsuan Teng, I-Da Chiang, Karin M. Sandstrom, Jiayi Sun, Adam K. Leroy, Alberto D. Bolatto, Antonio Usero, Eve C. Ostriker, Miguel Querejeta, Jérémy Chastenet, Frank Bigiel, Médéric Boquien, Jakob den Brok, Yixian Cao, Mélanie Chevance, Ryan Chown, Dario Colombo, Cosima Eibensteiner, Simon C. O. Glover, Kathryn Grasha, Jonathan D. Henshaw, María J. Jiménez-Donaire, Daizhong Liu, Eric J. Murphy, Hsi-An Pan, Sophia K. Stuber, and Thomas G. Williams

Subjects
CO line emission, Disk galaxies, Galaxy nuclei, Giant molecular clouds, Star formation, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract

Determining how the galactic environment, especially the high gas densities and complex dynamics in bar-fed galaxy centers, alters the star formation efficiency (SFE) of molecular gas is critical to understanding galaxy evolution. However, these same physical or dynamical effects also alter the emissivity properties of CO, leading to variations in the CO-to-H _2 conversion factor ( α _CO ) that impact the assessment of the gas column densities and thus of the SFE. To address such issues, we investigate the dependence of α _CO on the local CO velocity dispersion at 150 pc scales using a new set of dust-based α _CO measurements and propose a new α _CO prescription that accounts for CO emissivity variations across galaxies. Based on this prescription, we estimate the SFE in a sample of 65 galaxies from the PHANGS–Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array survey. We find increasing SFE toward high-surface-density regions like galaxy centers, while using a constant or metallicity-based α _CO results in a more homogeneous SFE throughout the centers and disks. Our prescription further reveals a mean molecular gas depletion time of 700 Myr in the centers of barred galaxies, which is overall three to four times shorter than in nonbarred galaxy centers or the disks. Across the galaxy disks, the depletion time is consistently around 2–3 Gyr, regardless of the choice of α _CO prescription. All together, our results suggest that the high level of star formation activity in barred centers is not simply due to an increased amount of molecular gas, but also to an enhanced SFE compared to nonbarred centers or disk regions.

Published
2024
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7. PHANGS–JWST First Results: Mid-infrared Emission Traces Both Gas Column Density and Heating at 100 pc Scales

Author

Adam K. Leroy, Karin Sandstrom, Erik Rosolowsky, Francesco Belfiore, Alberto D. Bolatto, Yixian Cao, Eric W. Koch, Eva Schinnerer, Ashley. T. Barnes, Ivana Bešlić, F. Bigiel, Guillermo A. Blanc, Jérémy Chastenet, Ness Mayker Chen, Mélanie Chevance, Ryan Chown, Enrico Congiu, Daniel A. Dale, Oleg V. Egorov, Eric Emsellem, Cosima Eibensteiner, Christopher M. Faesi, Simon C. O. Glover, Kathryn Grasha, Brent Groves, Hamid Hassani, Jonathan D. Henshaw, Annie Hughes, María J. Jiménez-Donaire, Jaeyeon Kim, Ralf S. Klessen, Kathryn Kreckel, J. M. Diederik Kruijssen, Kirsten L. Larson, Janice C. Lee, Rebecca C. Levy, Daizhong Liu, Laura A. Lopez, Sharon E. Meidt, Eric J. Murphy, Justus Neumann, Ismael Pessa, Jérôme Pety, Toshiki Saito, Amy Sardone, Jiayi Sun, David A. Thilker, Antonio Usero, Elizabeth J. Watkins, Cory M. Whitcomb, and Thomas G. Williams

Subjects
Disk galaxies, Galaxy physics, Dust continuum emission, Molecular gas, Infrared astronomy, Millimeter astronomy, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract

We compare mid-infrared (mid-IR), extinction-corrected H α , and CO (2–1) emission at 70–160 pc resolution in the first four PHANGS–JWST targets. We report correlation strengths, intensity ratios, and power-law fits relating emission in JWST’s F770W, F1000W, F1130W, and F2100W bands to CO and H α . At these scales, CO and H α each correlate strongly with mid-IR emission, and these correlations are each stronger than the one relating CO to H α emission. This reflects that mid-IR emission simultaneously acts as a dust column density tracer, leading to a good match with the molecular-gas-tracing CO, and as a heating tracer, leading to a good match with the H α . By combining mid-IR, CO, and H α at scales where the overall correlation between cold gas and star formation begins to break down, we are able to separate these two effects. We model the mid-IR above I _ν = 0.5 MJy sr ^−1 at F770W, a cut designed to select regions where the molecular gas dominates the interstellar medium (ISM) mass. This bright emission can be described to first order by a model that combines a CO-tracing component and an H α -tracing component. The best-fitting models imply that ∼50% of the mid-IR flux arises from molecular gas heated by the diffuse interstellar radiation field, with the remaining ∼50% associated with bright, dusty star-forming regions. We discuss differences between the F770W, F1000W, and F1130W bands and the continuum-dominated F2100W band and suggest next steps for using the mid-IR as an ISM tracer.

Published
2023
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8. PHANGS–JWST First Results: A Global and Moderately Resolved View of Mid-infrared and CO Line Emission from Galaxies at the Start of the JWST Era

Author

Adam K. Leroy, Alberto D. Bolatto, Karin Sandstrom, Erik Rosolowsky, Ashley. T. Barnes, F. Bigiel, Médéric Boquien, Jakob S. den Brok, Yixian Cao, Jérémy Chastenet, Mélanie Chevance, I-Da Chiang, Ryan Chown, Dario Colombo, Sara L. Ellison, Eric Emsellem, Kathryn Grasha, Jonathan D. Henshaw, Annie Hughes, Ralf S. Klessen, Eric W. Koch, Jaeyeon Kim, Kathryn Kreckel, J. M. Diederik Kruijssen, Kirsten L. Larson, Janice C. Lee, Rebecca C. Levy, Lihwai Lin, Daizhong Liu, Sharon E. Meidt, Jérôme Pety, Miguel Querejeta, Mónica Rubio, Toshiki Saito, Samir Salim, Eva Schinnerer, Mattia C. Sormani, Jiayi Sun, David A. Thilker, Antonio Usero, Stuart N. Vogel, Elizabeth J. Watkins, Cory M. Whitcomb, Thomas G. Williams, and Christine D. Wilson

Subjects
Disk galaxies, Galaxy physics, Molecular gas, Dust continuum emission, Infrared astronomy, Millimeter astronomy, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract

We explore the relationship between mid-infrared (mid-IR) and CO rotational line emission from massive star-forming galaxies, which is one of the tightest scalings in the local universe. We assemble a large set of unresolved and moderately (∼1 kpc) spatially resolved measurements of CO (1–0) and CO (2–1) intensity, I _CO , and mid-IR intensity, I _MIR , at 8, 12, 22, and 24 μ m. The I _CO versus I _MIR relationship is reasonably described by a power law with slopes 0.7–1.2 and normalization I _CO ∼ 1 K km s ^−1 at I _MIR ∼ 1 MJy sr ^−1 . Both the slopes and intercepts vary systematically with choice of line and band. The comparison between the relations measured for CO (1–0) and CO (2–1) allow us to infer that ${R}_{21}\propto {I}_{\mathrm{MIR}}^{0.2}$ , in good agreement with other work. The 8 μ m and 12 μ m bands, with strong polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) features, show steeper CO versus mid-IR slopes than the 22 and 24 μ m, consistent with PAH emission arising not just from CO-bright gas but also from atomic or CO-dark gas. The CO-to-mid-IR ratio correlates with global galaxy stellar mass ( M _⋆ ) and anticorrelates with star formation rate/ M _⋆ . At ∼1 kpc resolution, the first four PHANGS–JWST targets show CO-to-mid-IR relationships that are quantitatively similar to our larger literature sample, including showing the steep CO-to-mid-IR slopes for the JWST PAH-tracing bands, although we caution that these initial data have a small sample size and span a limited range of intensities.

Published
2023
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9. A Two-Component Probability Distribution Function Describes the Mid-IR Emission from the Disks of Star-forming Galaxies

Author

Debosmita Pathak, Adam K. Leroy, Todd A. Thompson, Laura A. Lopez, Francesco Belfiore, Médéric Boquien, Daniel A. Dale, Simon C. O. Glover, Ralf S. Klessen, Eric W. Koch, Erik Rosolowsky, Karin M. Sandstrom, Eva Schinnerer, Rowan Smith, Jiayi Sun, Jessica Sutter, Thomas G. Williams, Frank Bigiel, Yixian Cao, Jérémy Chastenet, Mélanie Chevance, Ryan Chown, Eric Emsellem, Christopher M. Faesi, Kirsten L. Larson, Janice C. Lee, Sharon Meidt, Eve C. Ostriker, Lise Ramambason, Sumit K. Sarbadhicary, and David A. Thilker

Subjects
Interstellar medium, Extragalactic astronomy, Dust physics, H II regions, Infrared astronomy, Stellar feedback, Astronomy, QB1-991
Abstract

High-resolution JWST-MIRI images of nearby spiral galaxies reveal emission with complex substructures that trace dust heated both by massive young stars and the diffuse interstellar radiation field. We present high angular (0.″85) and physical resolution (20–80 pc) measurements of the probability distribution function (PDF) of mid-infrared (mid-IR) emission (7.7–21 μ m) from 19 nearby star-forming galaxies from the PHANGS-JWST Cycle 1 Treasury. The PDFs of mid-IR emission from the disks of all 19 galaxies consistently show two distinct components: an approximately lognormal distribution at lower intensities and a high-intensity power law component. These two components only emerge once individual star-forming regions are resolved. Comparing with locations of H ii regions identified from Very Large Telescope/MUSE H α mapping, we infer that the power-law component arises from star-forming regions and thus primarily traces dust heated by young stars. In the continuum-dominated 21 μ m band, the power law is more prominent and contains roughly half of the total flux. At 7.7–11.3 μ m, the power law is suppressed by the destruction of small grains (including PAHs) close to H ii regions, while the lognormal component tracing the dust column in diffuse regions appears more prominent. The width and shape of the lognormal diffuse emission PDFs in galactic disks remain consistent across our sample, implying a lognormal gas column density N (H) ≈ 10 ^21 cm ^−2 shaped by supersonic turbulence with typical (isothermal) turbulent Mach numbers ≈5−15. Finally, we describe how the PDFs of galactic disks are assembled from dusty H ii regions and diffuse gas and discuss how the measured PDF parameters correlate with global properties such as star formation rate and gas surface density.

Published
2023
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10. Erratum: 'VERTICO II: How H i-identified Environmental Mechanisms Affect the Molecular Gas in Cluster Galaxies' (2022, ApJ, 933, 10)

Author

Nikki Zabel, Toby Brown, Christine D. Wilson, Timothy A. Davis, Luca Cortese, Laura C. Parker, Alessandro Boselli, Barbara Catinella, Ryan Chown, Aeree Chung, Tirna Deb, Sara L. Ellison, María J. Jiménez-Donaire, Bumhyun Lee, Ian D. Roberts, Kristine Spekkens, Adam R. H. Stevens, Mallory Thorp, Stephanie Tonnesen, and Vicente Villanueva

Subjects
Astrophysics, QB460-466
Published
2023
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11. VERTICO II: How H i-identified Environmental Mechanisms Affect the Molecular Gas in Cluster Galaxies

Author

Nikki Zabel, Toby Brown, Christine D. Wilson, Timothy A. Davis, Luca Cortese, Laura C. Parker, Alessandro Boselli, Barbara Catinella, Ryan Chown, Aeree Chung, Tirna Deb, Sara L. Ellison, María J. Jiménez-Donaire, Bumhyun Lee, Ian D. Roberts, Kristine Spekkens, Adam R. H. Stevens, Mallory Thorp, Stephanie Tonnesen, and Vicente Villanueva

Subjects
Galaxies, Virgo Cluster, Interstellar medium, Molecular gas, Galaxy clusters, Galaxy evolution, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract

In this VERTICO early science paper we explore in detail how environmental mechanisms, identified in H i , affect the resolved properties of molecular gas reservoirs in cluster galaxies. The molecular gas is probed using ALMA ACA (+TP) observations of ^12 CO(2–1) in 51 spiral galaxies in the Virgo cluster (of which 49 are detected), all of which are included in the VIVA H i survey. The sample spans a stellar mass range of $9\leqslant \mathrm{log}\,{M}_{\star }/{M}_{\odot }\leqslant 11$ . We study molecular gas radial profiles, isodensity radii, and surface densities as a function of galaxy H i deficiency and morphology. There is a weak correlation between global H i and H _2 deficiencies, and resolved properties of molecular gas correlate with H i deficiency: galaxies that have large H i deficiencies have relatively steep and truncated molecular gas radial profiles, which is due to the removal of low-surface-density molecular gas on the outskirts. Therefore, while the environmental mechanisms observed in H i also affect molecular gas reservoirs, there is only a moderate reduction of the total amount of molecular gas.

Published
2022
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12. PDRs4All: A JWST Early Release Science Program on Radiative Feedback from Massive Stars

Author

Olivier Berné, Émilie Habart, Els Peeters, Alain Abergel, Edwin A. Bergin, Jeronimo Bernard-Salas, Emeric Bron, Jan Cami, Emmanuel Dartois, Asunción Fuente, Javier R. Goicoechea, Karl D. Gordon, Yoko Okada, Takashi Onaka, Massimo Robberto, Markus Röllig, Alexander G. G. M. Tielens, Sílvia Vicente, Mark G. Wolfire, Felipe Alarcón, C. Boersma, Amélie Canin, Ryan Chown, Daniel Dicken, David Languignon, Romane Le Gal, Marc W. Pound, Boris Trahin, Thomas Simmer, Ameek Sidhu, Dries Van De Putte, Sara Cuadrado, Claire Guilloteau, Alexandros Maragkoudakis, Bethany R. Schefter, Thiébaut Schirmer, Stéphanie Cazaux, Isabel Aleman, Louis Allamandola, Rebecca Auchettl, Giuseppe Antonio Baratta, Salma Bejaoui, Partha P. Bera, Goranka Bilalbegović, John H. Black, Francois Boulanger, Jordy Bouwman, Bernhard Brandl, Philippe Brechignac, Sandra Brünken, Andrew Burkhardt, Alessandra Candian, Jose Cernicharo, Marin Chabot, Shubhadip Chakraborty, Jason Champion, Sean W. J. Colgan, Ilsa R. Cooke, Audrey Coutens, Nick L. J. Cox, Karine Demyk, Jennifer Donovan Meyer, Cécile Engrand, Sacha Foschino, Pedro García-Lario, Lisseth Gavilan, Maryvonne Gerin, Marie Godard, Carl A. Gottlieb, Pierre Guillard, Antoine Gusdorf, Patrick Hartigan, Jinhua He, Eric Herbst, Liv Hornekaer, Cornelia Jäger, Eduardo Janot-Pacheco, Christine Joblin, Michael Kaufman, Francisca Kemper, Sarah Kendrew, Maria S. Kirsanova, Pamela Klaassen, Collin Knight, Sun Kwok, Álvaro Labiano, Thomas S.-Y. Lai, Timothy J. Lee, Bertrand Lefloch, Franck Le Petit, Aigen Li, Hendrik Linz, Cameron J. Mackie, Suzanne C. Madden, Joëlle Mascetti, Brett A. McGuire, Pablo Merino, Elisabetta R. Micelotta, Karl Misselt, Jon A. Morse, Giacomo Mulas, Naslim Neelamkodan, Ryou Ohsawa, Alain Omont, Roberta Paladini, Maria Elisabetta Palumbo, Amit Pathak, Yvonne J. Pendleton, Annemieke Petrignani, Thomas Pino, Elena Puga, Naseem Rangwala, Mathias Rapacioli, Alessandra Ricca, Julia Roman-Duval, Joseph Roser, Evelyne Roueff, Gaël Rouillé, Farid Salama, Dinalva A. Sales, Karin Sandstrom, Peter Sarre, Ella Sciamma-O’Brien, Kris Sellgren, Matthew J. Shannon, Sachindev S. Shenoy, David Teyssier, Richard D. Thomas, Aditya Togi, Laurent Verstraete, Adolf N. Witt, Alwyn Wootten, Nathalie Ysard, Henning Zettergren, Yong Zhang, Ziwei E. Zhang, Junfeng Zhen, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), University of Western Ontario (UWO), Carl Sagan Center, SETI Institute, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, Analytic and Computational Research, Inc. - Earth Sciences (ACRI-ST), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatorio Astronomico Nacional, Madrid, Instituto de Física Fundamental [Madrid] (IFF), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Space Telescope Science Institute (STSci), Physikalisches Institut [Köln], Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne, Meisei University, The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden, Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IASTRO), University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Signal et Communications (IRIT-SC), Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse (IRIT), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Onsala Space Observatory (OSO), Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Bay Area Environmental Research Institute (BAER), Australian Synchrotron [Clayton], INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania (OACT), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), University of Zagreb, Laboratoire de physique de l'ENS - ENS Paris (LPENS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Département de Physique de l'ENS-PSL, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), University of Colorado [Boulder], Institute for Molecules and Materials [Nijmegen], Radboud University [Nijmegen], Wellesley College, Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of British Columbia (UBC), National Radio Astronomy Observatory [Charlottesville] (NRAO), National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Rice University [Houston], Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Changchun Branch] (CAS), Universidad de Chile = University of Chile [Santiago] (UCHILE), University of Virginia, Aarhus University [Aarhus], Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas [São Paulo] (IAG), Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), San Jose State University [San Jose] (SJSU), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA), Academia Sinica, Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INASAN), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), UK Astronomy Technology Centre (UK ATC), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Telespazio, Services par satellites, Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), University of Missouri [Columbia] (Mizzou), University of Missouri System, Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA), CAS Key Laboratory of Crust–Mantle Materials and Environments [Hefei], School of Earth and Space Sciences [Hefei], University of Science and Technology of China [Hefei] (USTC)-University of Science and Technology of China [Hefei] (USTC)-Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM), Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux 4-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie et de Physique de Bordeaux (ENSCPB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari (OAC), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), Banaras Hindu University [Varanasi] (BHU), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques Laboratoire (LCPQ), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de recherche « Matière et interactions » (FeRMI), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul [Porto Alegre] (UFRGS), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of Nottingham, UK (UON), Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Space Science Institute [Boulder] (SSI), Stockholm University, Texas State University, Ritter Astrophysical Research Center, University of Toledo, National Sun Yat-Sen University (NSYSU), Star and Planet Formation Laboratory, ITA, USA, GBR, FRA, DEU, ESP, AUS, BEL, BRA, CHL, TWN, HRV, DNK, JPN, IND, NLD, PRT, CHN, RUS, SWE, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), University of Maryland, University of Michigan, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), German Research Foundation, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, San José State University Research Foundation, Berné, Olivier, Habart, Émilie, Peeters, Els, Abergel, Alain, Bergin, Edwin A., Bernard-Salas, Jeronimo, Bron, Emeric, Cami, Jan, Dartois, Emmanuel, Fuente, Asunción, Goicoechea, Javier R., Gordon, Karl D., Okada, Yoko, Onaka, Takashi, Robberto, Massimo, Röllig, Markus, Tielens, Alexander G.G.M., Vicente, Sílvia, Wolfire, Mark G., Alarcón, Felipe, Boersma, C., Canin, Amélie, Chown, Ryan, Dicken, Daniel, Le Gal, Romane, Pound, Marc W., Trahin, Boris, Sidhu, Ameek, Van De Putte, Dries, Cuadrado, Sara, Guilloteau, Claire, Maragkoudakis, Alexandros, Schefter, Bethany R., Schirmer, Thiébaut, Aleman, Isabel, Allamandola, Louis, Auchettl, Rebecca, Antonio Baratta, Giuseppe, Bejaoui, Salma, Bera, Partha P., Bilalbegović, Goranka, Black, John H., Boulanger, Francois, Bouwman, Jordy, Brandl, Bernhard, Brünken, Sandra, Burkhardt, Andrew, Candian, Alessandra, Cernicharo, José, Chakraborty, Shubhadip, Champion, Jason, Colgan, Sean W.J., Cooke, Ilsa R., Coutens, Audrey, Cox, Nick L.J., Demyk, Karine, Donovan Meyer, Jennifer, Engrand, Cécile, Foschino, Sacha, Gavilan, Lisseth, Gerin, Maryvonne, Godard, Marie, Gottlieb, Carl A., Guillard, Pierre, Gusdorf, Antoine, Hartigan, Patrick, He, Jinhua, Herbst, Eric, Hornekaer, Liv, Janot-Pacheco, Eduardo, Joblin, Christine, Kaufman, Michael, Kemper, Francisca, Kendrew, Sarah, Kirsanova, Maria S., Klaassen, Pamela, Knight, Collin, Kwok, Sun, Labiano, Álvaro, Lai, Thomas S.Y., Lee, Timothy J., Lefloch, Bertrand, Le Petit, Franck, Li, Aigen, Linz, Hendrik, MacKie, Cameron J., Madden, Suzanne C., Mascetti, Joëlle, McGuire, Brett A., Merino, Pablo, Micelotta, Elisabetta R., Morse, Jon A., Molecular Spectroscopy (HIMS, FNWI), and HIMS (FNWI)

Subjects
Gaseous Nebulae, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, FELIX Infrared and Terahertz Spectroscopy, Star Forming Regions, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Infrared Telescopes, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Photodissociation Regions, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), Photo-Dissociation Regions (PDRs), Massive stars, Orion Bar, MIRI, NIRSpec, NIRCam, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

22 pags., 8 figs., 1 tab., Massive stars disrupt their natal molecular cloud material through radiative and mechanical feedback processes. These processes have profound effects on the evolution of interstellar matter in our Galaxy and throughout the universe, from the era of vigorous star formation at redshifts of 1-3 to the present day. The dominant feedback processes can be probed by observations of the Photo-Dissociation Regions (PDRs) where the far-ultraviolet photons of massive stars create warm regions of gas and dust in the neutral atomic and molecular gas. PDR emission provides a unique tool to study in detail the physical and chemical processes that are relevant for most of the mass in inter-and circumstellar media including diffuse clouds, proto-planetary disks, and molecular cloud surfaces, globules, planetary nebulae, and star-forming regions. PDR emission dominates the infrared (IR) spectra of star-forming galaxies. Most of the Galactic and extragalactic observations obtained with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will therefore arise in PDR emission. In this paper we present an Early Release Science program using the MIRI, NIRSpec, and NIRCam instruments dedicated to the observations of an emblematic and nearby PDR: the Orion Bar. These early JWST observations will provide template data sets designed to identify key PDR characteristics in JWST observations. These data will serve to benchmark PDR models and extend them into the JWST era. We also present the Science-Enabling products that we will provide to the community. These template data sets and Science-Enabling products will guide the preparation of future proposals on star-forming regions in our Galaxy and beyond and will facilitate data analysis and interpretation of forthcoming JWST observations., Support for JWST-ERS program ID 1288 was provided through grants from the STScI under NASA contract NAS5-03127 to STScI (K.G., D.V.D.P., M.R.), Univ. of Maryland (M.W., M.P.), Univ. of Michigan (E.B., F.A.), and Univ. of Toledo (T.S.-Y.L.). O.B. and E.H. are supported by the Programme National “Physique et Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire” (PCMI) of CNRS/INSU with INC/INP co-funded by CEA and CNES, and through APR grants 6315 and 6410 provided by CNES. E. P. and J.C. acknowledge support from the National Science and Engineering Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant program (RGPIN-2020-06434 and RGPIN-2021-04197 respectively). E.P. acknowledges support from a Western Strategic Support Accelerator Grant (ROLA ID 0000050636). J.R.G. and S.C. thank the Spanish MCINN for funding support under grant PID2019-106110GB-I00. Work by M.R. and Y.O. is carried out within the Collaborative Research Centre 956, subproject C1, funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)—project ID 184018867. T.O. acknowledges support from JSPS Bilateral Program, grant No. 120219939. M.P. and M.W. acknowledge support from NASA Astrophysics Data Analysis Program award #80NSSC19K0573. C.B. is grateful for an appointment at NASA Ames Research Center through the San José State University Research Foundation (NNX17AJ88A) and acknowledges support from the Internal Scientist Funding Model (ISFM) Directed Work Package at NASA Ames titled: “Laboratory Astrophysics—The NASA Ames PAH IR Spectroscopic Database.”

Published
2022
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13. PHANGS-JWST First Results: Mid-infrared emission traces both gas column density and heating at 100 pc scales

Author

Adam K. Leroy, Karin Sandstrom, Erik Rosolowsky, Francesco Belfiore, Alberto D. Bolatto, Yixian Cao, Eric W. Koch, Eva Schinnerer, Ashley. T. Barnes, Ivana Bešlić, F. Bigiel, Guillermo A. Blanc, Jérémy Chastenet, Ness Mayker Chen, Mélanie Chevance, Ryan Chown, Enrico Congiu, Daniel A. Dale, Oleg V. Egorov, Eric Emsellem, Cosima Eibensteiner, Christopher M. Faesi, Simon C. O. Glover, Kathryn Grasha, Brent Groves, Hamid Hassani, Jonathan D. Henshaw, Annie Hughes, María J. Jiménez-Donaire, Jaeyeon Kim, Ralf S. Klessen, Kathryn Kreckel, J. M. Diederik Kruijssen, Kirsten L. Larson, Janice C. Lee, Rebecca C. Levy, Daizhong Liu, Laura A. Lopez, Sharon E. Meidt, Eric J. Murphy, Justus Neumann, Ismael Pessa, Jérôme Pety, Toshiki Saito, Amy Sardone, Jiayi Sun, David A. Thilker, Antonio Usero, Elizabeth J. Watkins, Cory M. Whitcomb, and Thomas G. Williams

Subjects
Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

We compare mid-infrared (mid-IR), extinction-corrected H$\alpha$, and CO (2-1) emission at 70--160 pc resolution in the first four PHANGS-JWST targets. We report correlation strengths, intensity ratios, and power law fits relating emission in JWST's F770W, F1000W, F1130W, and F2100W bands to CO and H$\alpha$. At these scales, CO and H$\alpha$ each correlate strongly with mid-IR emission, and these correlations are each stronger than the one relating CO to H$\alpha$ emission. This reflects that mid-IR emission simultaneously acts as a dust column density tracer, leading to the good match with the molecular gas-tracing CO, and as a heating tracer, leading to the good match with the H$\alpha$. By combining mid-IR, CO, and H$\alpha$ at scales where the overall correlation between cold gas and star formation begins to break down, we are able to separate these two effects. We model the mid-IR above $I_\nu = 0.5$~MJy sr$^{-1}$ at F770W, a cut designed to select regions where the molecular gas dominates the interstellar medium (ISM) mass. This bright emission can be described to first order by a model that combines a CO-tracing component and an H$\alpha$-tracing component. The best-fitting models imply that $\sim 50\%$ of the mid-IR flux arises from molecular gas heated by the diffuse interstellar radiation field, with the remaining $\sim 50\%$ associated with bright, dusty star forming regions. We discuss differences between the F770W, F1000W, F1130W bands and the continuum dominated F2100W band and suggest next steps for using the mid-IR as an ISM tracer., Comment: 49 pages, 17 figures, Section 8 provides a detailed summary, accepted for publication in ApJ Letters, part of a PHANGS-JWST Focus Issue to appear in ApJ

Published
2022

14. VERTICO III: The Kennicutt-Schmidt relation in Virgo cluster galaxies

Author

María J. Jiménez-Donaire, Toby Brown, Christine D. Wilson, Ian D. Roberts, Nikki Zabel, Sara L. Ellison, Mallory Thorp, Vicente Villanueva, Ryan Chown, Dhruv Bisaria, Alberto D. Bolatto, Alessandro Boselli, Barbara Catinella, Aeree Chung, Luca Cortese, Timothy A. Davis, Claudia D. P. Lagos, Bumhyun Lee, Laura C. Parker, Kristine Spekkens, Adam R. H. Stevens, and Jiayi Sun

Subjects
Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

In this VERTICO science paper we aim to study how the star formation process depends on galactic environment and gravitational interactions in the context of galaxy evolution. We explore the scaling relation between the star formation rate (SFR) surface density and the molecular gas surface density, also known as the Kennicutt-Schmidt (KS) relation, in a subsample of Virgo cluster spiral galaxies. We use new ACA and TP observations from the VERTICO-ALMA Large Program at 720pc resolution to resolve the molecular gas content, as traced by the 12CO(2-1) transition, across the disks of 37 spiral galaxies in the Virgo cluster. In combination with archival observations, we estimate the parameters of the KS relation for the entire ensemble of galaxies, and within individual galaxies. We find the KS slope for the entire population to be N=0.97+/-0.07, with a characteristic molecular gas depletion time of 1.86Gyr for our full sample, in agreement with previous work in isolated star-forming galaxies. In individual galaxies, we find KS slopes ranging between 0.69 and 1.40, and typical star formation efficiencies (SFE) that can vary from galaxy to galaxy by a factor of ~4. These galaxy-to-galaxy variations account for ~0.20dex in scatter in the ensemble KS relation, which is characterized by a 0.42dex scatter. We find that the HI-deficient galaxies in the Virgo cluster show a steeper resolved KS relation and lower molecular gas efficiencies than HI-normal cluster galaxies. While the molecular gas content in Virgo cluster galaxies appears to behave similarly to that in isolated galaxies, our VERTICO sample shows that cluster environments play a key role in regulating star formation. The environmental mechanisms affecting the HI galaxy content also have a direct impact in the SFE of molecular gas in cluster galaxies, leading to longer depletion times in HI-deficient members., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

Published
2022
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15. The cold gas and dust properties of red star-forming galaxies

Author

Ryan Chown, Laura Parker, Christine D Wilson, Toby Brown, Fraser Evans, Yang Gao, Ho Seong Hwang, Lihwai Lin, Amelie Saintonge, Mark Sargent, Matthew Smith, and Ting Xiao

Subjects
Submillimetre - ISM, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Astrophysics - astrophysics of galaxies, Galaxies - star formation, ISM - molecules, FOS: Physical sciences, Galaxies - evolution, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Dust, Extinction, Galaxies - ISM
Abstract

We study the cold gas and dust properties for a sample of red star forming galaxies called "red misfits." We collect single-dish CO observations and HI observations from representative samples of low-redshift galaxies, as well as our own JCMT CO observations of red misfits. We also obtain SCUBA-2 850 um observations for a subset of these galaxies. With these data we compare the molecular gas, total cold gas, and dust properties of red misfits against those of their blue counterparts ("blue actives") taking non-detections into account using a survival analysis technique. We compare these properties at fixed position in the log SFR-log M* plane, as well as versus offset from the star-forming main sequence. Compared to blue actives, red misfits have slightly longer molecular gas depletion times, similar total gas depletion times, significantly lower molecular- and total-gas mass fractions, lower dust-to-stellar mass ratios, similar dust-to-gas ratios, and a significantly flatter slope in the $\log M_\mathrm{mol}$-$\log M_\star$ plane. Our results suggest that red misfits as a population are likely quenching due to a shortage in gas supply., Comment: 16 pages, 7 Figures, accepted to MNRAS

Published
2022

16. The correlation between WISE 12 $μ$m emission and molecular gas tracers on sub-kpc scales in nearby star-forming galaxies

Author

Yang Gao, Qing-Hua Tan, Yu Gao, Min Fang, Ryan Chown, Qian Jiao, and Chun-Sheng Luo

Subjects
Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

We complement the MALATANG sample of dense gas in nearby galaxies with archival observations of $^{12}\rm CO$ and its isotopologues to determine scaling relations between Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) 12 $\mu$m emission and molecular gas tracers at sub-kiloparsec scales. We find that 12 $\mu$m luminosity is more tightly correlated with $^{12}\rm CO$ than it is with $^{13}\rm CO$ or dense gas tracers. Residuals between predicted and observed $^{12}\rm CO$ are only weakly correlated with molecular gas mass surface density ($\Sigma_{\rm mol}$) in regions where $\Sigma_{\rm mol}$ is very low ($\sim 10~{\rm M_{\odot}~pc^{-2}}$). Above this limit, the $^{12}\rm CO$ residuals show no correlations with physical conditions of molecular gas, while $^{13}\rm CO$ residuals depend on the gas optical depth and temperature. By analyzing differences from galaxy to galaxy, we confirm that the $^{12}\rm CO$-12 $\mu$m relation is strong and statistically robust with respect to star forming galaxies and AGN hosts. These results suggest that WISE 12 $\mu$m emission can be used to trace total molecular gas instead of dense molecular gas, likely because polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, a major contributor to WISE 12 $\mu$m~emission) may be well-mixed with the gas that is traced by $^{12}\rm CO$. We propose that WISE 12 $\mu$m luminosity can be used to estimate molecular gas surface density for statistical analyses of the star formation process in galaxies., Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

Published
2022
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17. VERTICO

Author

Rory Smith, Timothy A. Davis, Mallory D. Thorp, Stephanie Tonnesen, Laura C. Parker, Sara L. Ellison, Bumhyun Lee, Aeree Chung, María J. Jiménez-Donaire, C. D. Wilson, Evan Vienneau, Alessandro Boselli, Katya Leidig, Stuart N. Vogel, Pascal J. Elahi, Yannick M. Bahé, Dhruv Bisaria, Kristine Spekkens, Angus Mok, James Wadsley, Toby Brown, N. Zabel, Benedikt Diemer, Alberto D. Bolatto, Ian D. Roberts, Ryan Chown, Maan H. Hani, Karen Pardos Olsen, Adam R. H. Stevens, Luca Cortese, Hyein Yoon, Charlotte Welker, Vicente Villanueva, Barbara Catinella, Claire R. Cashmore, Claudia del P. Lagos, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, Astronomy, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Physics, interstellar medium, molecular gas, Star formation, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Radius, Astrophysics, Submillimeter Array, Virgo Cluster, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 573, 1772, 847, 1073, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), galaxies, Cluster (physics), Galaxy formation and evolution, Data reduction
Abstract

We present the Virgo Environment Traced in CO (VERTICO) survey, a new effort to map $^{12}$CO($2-1$), $^{13}$CO($2-1$), and C$^{18}$O($2-1$) in 51 Virgo Cluster galaxies with the Atacama Compact Array, part of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). The primary motivation of VERTICO is to understand the physical mechanisms that perturb molecular gas disks, and therefore star formation and galaxy evolution, in dense environments. This first paper contains an overview of VERTICO's design and sample selection, $^{12}$CO($2-1$) observations, and data reduction procedures. We characterize global $^{12}$CO($2-1$) fluxes and molecular gas masses for the 49 detected VERTICO galaxies, provide upper limits for the two non-detections, and produce resolved $^{12}$CO($2-1$) data products (median resolution $= 8^{\prime\prime} \approx 640~{\rm pc}$). Azimuthally averaged $^{12}$CO($2-1$) radial intensity profiles are presented along with derived molecular gas radii. We demonstrate the scientific power of VERTICO by comparing the molecular gas size--mass scaling relation for our galaxies with a control sample of field galaxies, highlighting the strong effect that radius definition has on this correlation. We discuss the drivers of the form and scatter in the size--mass relation and highlight areas for future work. VERTICO is an ideal resource for studying the fate of molecular gas in cluster galaxies and the physics of environment-driven processes that perturb the star formation cycle. Upon public release, the survey will provide a homogeneous legacy dataset for studying galaxy evolution in our closest cluster., 68 pages, 13 Figures, 2 Figure Sets, Accepted for publication in ApJS, Online FITS versions of Tables 1, 2, and 3 are available with the journal publication

Published
2021
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18. A new estimator of resolved molecular gas in nearby galaxies

Author

Laura C. Parker, Yang Gao, Niu Li, Christine D. Wilson, Cheng Li, and Ryan Chown

Subjects
Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, Sigma, Estimator, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, 01 natural sciences, Galaxy, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), 0103 physical sciences, Connection (algebraic framework), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Line (formation)
Abstract

A relationship between dust-reprocessed light from recent star formation and the amount of star-forming gas in a galaxy produces a correlation between WISE 12 $\mu$m emission and CO line emission. Here we explore this correlation on kiloparsec scales with CO(1-0) maps from EDGE-CALIFA matched in resolution to WISE 12 $\mu$m images. We find strong CO-12 $\mu$m correlations within each galaxy and we show that the scatter in the global CO-12 $\mu$m correlation is largely driven by differences from galaxy to galaxy. The correlation is stronger than that between star formation rate and H$_2$ surface densities ($\Sigma(\mathrm{H_2})$). We explore multi-variable regression to predict $\Sigma(\mathrm{H_2})$ in star-forming pixels using the WISE 12 $\mu$m data combined with global and resolved galaxy properties, and provide the fit parameters for the best estimators. We find that $\Sigma(\mathrm{H_2})$ estimators that include $\Sigma(\mathrm{12\>\mu m})$ are able to predict $\Sigma(\mathrm{H_2})$ more accurately than estimators that include resolved optical properties instead of $\Sigma(\mathrm{12\>\mu m})$. These results suggest that 12 $\mu$m emission and H$_2$ as traced by CO emission are physically connected at kiloparsec scales. This may be due to a connection between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission and the presence of H$_2$. The best single-property estimator is $\log \frac{\Sigma(\mathrm{H_2})}{\mathrm{M_\odot\>pc^{-2}}} = (0.48 \pm 0.01) + (0.71 \pm 0.01)\log \frac{\Sigma(\mathrm{12\>\mu m})}{\mathrm{L_\odot\>pc^{-2}}}$. This correlation can be used to efficiently estimate $\Sigma(\mathrm{H_2})$ down to at least $1 \> M_\odot \> \mathrm{pc^{-2}}$ in star-forming regions within nearby galaxies., Comment: 19 pages, 8 figures, 6 tables, accepted by MNRAS. Data tables and a script for making 2D cutouts for each galaxy are available as MNRAS supplementary material and at https://lig.astro.tsinghua.edu.cn/astrodata/publication/20/estimator-resolved-molecular/

Published
2020
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19. Dark Energy Survey Year 1 Results: Cross-correlation between Dark Energy Survey Y1 galaxy weak lensing and South Pole Telescope +Planck CMB weak lensing

Author

Santiago Avila, Jorge Carretero, Gabrielle Simard, Juan De Vicente-Albendea, Pauline Vielzeuf, Chihway Chang, Markus Michael Rau, Juan Garcia-Bellido, Dragan Huterer, Michael Troxel, Filipe Abdalla, Ignacio Sevilla Noarbe, Marco Gatti, Luiz Da Costa, NILS WILLIAM HALVERSON, John Ruhl, Gregory Tarlé, Elizabeth George, Antony Stark, Ryan Chown, Aurelio Carnero Rosell, Bradford Benson, Daniel Gruen, Enrique Gaztanaga, Lindsey Bleem, Carles Sánchez, Clarence Chang, Andrés Alejandro Plazas Malagón, Eric Baxter, Alex Alarcon Gonzalez, Scott Dodelson, Kimmy Wu, Matias Carrasco Kind, Elisabeth Krause, Matt Dobbs, Emmanuel Bertin, Felipe Menanteau, Vinu Vikraman, Jochen Weller, Herman Diehl, Judit Prat, Gary Bernstein, and Eduardo Rozo

Subjects
Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Cosmic microwave background, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Galaxy, Cosmology, Redshift, symbols.namesake, South Pole Telescope, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, Dark energy, Planck, 010306 general physics, Weak gravitational lensing
Abstract

We cross-correlate galaxy weak lensing measurements from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) year-one data with a cosmic microwave background (CMB) weak lensing map derived from South Pole Telescope (SPT) and Planck data, with an effective overlapping area of 1289 deg2. With the combined measurements from four source galaxy redshift bins, we obtain a detection significance of 5.8σ. We fit the amplitude of the correlation functions while fixing the cosmological parameters to a fiducial ΛCDM model, finding A=0.99±0.17. We additionally use the correlation function measurements to constrain shear calibration bias, obtaining constraints that are consistent with previous DES analyses. Finally, when performing a cosmological analysis under the ΛCDM model, we obtain the marginalized constraints of ωm=0.261-0.051+0.070 and S8σ8ωm/0.3=0.660-0.100+0.085. These measurements are used in a companion work that presents cosmological constraints from the joint analysis of two-point functions among galaxies, galaxy shears, and CMB lensing using DES, SPT, and Planck data.

Published
2019
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20. Linking bar- and interaction-driven molecular gas concentration with centrally enhanced star formation in EDGE–CALIFA galaxies

Author

Lin Lin, Houjun Mo, Ryan Chown, Niu Li, Christine D. Wilson, Ting Xiao, Cheng Li, Laura C. Parker, E. Athanassoula, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Harvard School of Public Health-Dana-Farber Cancer Institute [Boston], Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control, Freiburg University Medical Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute [Boston]-Harvard School of Public Health, and Universitäts Klinikum Freiburg = University Medical Center Freiburg (Uniklinik)

Subjects
Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, Galactic Center, Intensity mapping, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, 01 natural sciences, Galaxy, Spectral line, Barred spiral galaxy, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), 0103 physical sciences, Emission spectrum, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Equivalent width, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

We study the spatially resolved star formation history and molecular gas distribution of 58 nearby galaxies, using integral field spectroscopy from the CALIFA survey and CO $J=1\rightarrow 0$ intensity mapping from the CARMA EDGE survey. We use the 4000 \AA\ break (D$_n$4000), the equivalent width of the H$\delta$ absorption line (EW H$\delta_A$), and the equivalent width of the H$\alpha$ emission line (EW H$\alpha$) to measure the recent star formation history (SFH) of these galaxies. We measure radial profiles of the three SFH indicators and molecular gas mass surface density, from which we measure the level of centrally enhanced star formation and the molecular gas concentration. When we separate our galaxies into categories of barred (17 galaxies), unbarred (24 galaxies), and merging/paired (17 galaxies) we find that the galaxies which have centrally-enhanced star formation (19/58) are either barred (13/19) or in mergers/pairs (6/19) with relatively high molecular gas concentrations. A comparison between our barred galaxies and a snapshot of a hydrodynamic $N$-body simulation of a barred galaxy shows that the current theory of bar formation and evolution can qualitatively reproduce the main features of the observed galaxies in our sample, including both the sharp decrease of stellar age in the galactic center and the gradual decrease of age with increasing distance from center. These findings provide substantial evidence for a picture in which cold gas is transported inward by a bar or tidal interaction, which leads to the growth and rejuvenation of star formation in the central region., Comment: Accepted by MNRAS

Published
2019
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