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Introduction. Energy drinks are a specific group of non-alcoholic beverages. They are consumed mainly by adolescents, often on a regular basis. Therefore, they pose a risk of side effects of bioactive substances (caffeine), that are contained in them. Energy drinks can also be a source of considerable amounts of added sugars. Their excessive amounts in the diet can lead to overweight and obesity. The aim of this study was to estimate the content of added sugars, then compare the results with the declarations of manufacturers, and finally determine the extent to which the tested energy drinks can implement nutritional standards for youth. Materials and methods. Analysis of eleven energy drinks purchased in grocery stores in Rzeszów was carried out. High performance liquid chromatography HPLC-ELSD was used. Results. Added sugar content ranged from 9.64 to 16.4 g per 100 ml energy drinks tested. In the case of energy drinks eight analytically determined the total sugar content was higher than the amount declared by the manufacturers. The highest non-compliance was 3.47 g/100 ml. For the three beverages results were lower than the declaration on the label, and the largest non-compliance was 3.66 g/100 ml. Conclusions. Energy drinks are a substantial source of added sugars. Their high supply is associated with the risk of overweight or obesity in adolescents, especially among middle school students. Energy drink consumption in this group is characterized by regularity and at the same time it is not identified as a health-threatening factor. Added sugars content of energy drinks and health risks associated with it should be the subject of educational activities conducted mainly in middle schools and among young athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Increase the intake of sugars among the inhabitants of developed countries is related to, among others, increasing consumption of non-alcoholic beverages, for which the relationship with the epidemic of obesity, particularly among children and adolescents, has been proven. The most frequently cited are non-alcoholic beverages, sweetened glucose-fructose syrup, ie. colas, tonics, ice teas, lemonades. Fruit drinks, fruit juices and nectars are commonly cited as a healthy alternative to non-alcoholic beverages and, however, we do not pay attention to the high content of sugars in these products., Objective: Determine the content of sugars in non-alcohollic beverages popular among children and adolescents., Material and Methods: 80 non-alcoholic beverages such as cola, tonic, lemonade, ice tea, flavored waters, fruit juices, fruit nectars and fruit drinks. Evaluation of the content of monosaccharides and sucrose was performed by high performance liquid chromatography method (HPLC)., Results: In the tested non-alcohollic beverages, monosaccharides ie. glucose and fructose and the disaccharide sucrose were detected in different proportions. The product with the lowest content of the total sugars content was flavored water with lemon flavor based on the mineral water (2.72 g/100 ml). In the group of fruit juices, fruit nectars and fruit drinks highest sugars content have been reported (12.94 g/100 ml for aronia nectar and 12.76 g/100ml for the juice of pomegranate and grapes)., Conclusions: Significant monosaccharides and sucrose content in the tested non-alcohollic beverages tends to claim that their manufacturers should be obliged to place warnings on the labels addressed to patients suffering from disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. Educational programs for children and adolescents with diabetes should include information about the content of a large amount of sugars in fruit products: fruit juices, fruit drinks and fruit nectar., (© Polish Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology.)

The aim of the study was to determine the nitrates and nitrites content in water samples taken from fourteen dug and drilled wells from the area of Podkarpacie, as well as a summary of the previously performed analysis. Private water intakes are not under the supervision of the State Sanitary Inspection. So in the case of exceeding the standards provided by the Regulation of the Minister of Health, regulating the requirements for drinking water, private water intakes can be a serious threat to the health of consumers. Particularly at risk are infants, in whom nitrates and especially nitrites can cause, among others, methemoglobinemia. The analysis was performed by ion chromatography method, making it possible to simultaneously determining the concentrations of nitrates and nitrites. As it turned out there was no presence of nitrites in the water of the tested wells. In five samples taken from the dug wells nitrates concentration exceeding the norm of 50 mg/L have been reported. In two cases, exceeding the nitrate concentrations were significant: 96.53 mg L and 204.65 mg/L.

The authors present the investigations concerned the Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) elimination in children living in South-East of Poland in last 15 years. To achieve the full success, what, as we know is possible, the monitoring and the exact control of the salt iodine supplementation according to the National Program of Iodine Deficiency Elimination (1999-2003) should be maintained. To avoid any negligence, the prompt education of the whole population is necessary, but yet especially the pregnant women. It is important to instruct them about the direct influence of iodine deficiency on the mental development of the fetus and the newborn.

The aim of the studies was the assessment of Graves disease (G-D) incidence in children aged 0-15 years who inhabited the Krakowskie (K), Nowosadeckie (N) and Rzeszowskie (Rz) provinces in the years 1989-1996. The incidence of G-D was evaluated depending on the age, sex and place of residence (urban vs. rural area). The analyses for particular years were carried out separately for each province and for three provinces combined. The mean incidence coefficient (I.C.) for three provinces in the years 1989-1996 was 1.83. The highest incidence of G-D was noted in the group of 10-15 year old patients (I.C.=3.81). In the youngest children the disease was sporadic (I.C.=0.12). A significantly higher incidence rate was observed in girls, in whom the I.C. value was the highest in the oldest age group, amounting to 6.92. In boys the incidence of G-D was 8 times lower and the I.C. value in the 10-15 year group was 0.79. It was also demonstrated that the incidence of Graves disease in the entire group showed no significant differences in urban and rural areas. The incidence of Graves disease in subsequent years of the analyzed period was diversified. The linear regression analysis demonstrated a growing tendency in the years 1989-1996. In the period under investigation, the highest incidence was noted in the Rz region, where the standardize incident coefficient was 2.4. In the K and N provinces the incidence was lower and both cases amounted to 1.6 after standardization. The incidence of Graves disease showed a seasonal variation, associated with a significantly more frequent diagnosis established in autumn months.

The author presents the experience of the Crakow endocrine school in the treatment of children and adolescents with diagnosed in infancy Growth Hormone Deficiency by use of the recombinant Human Growth Hormone. She underlines the diagnostic and therapeutic controversies and actual statements of the World Growth Forum endocrinologists concerning the changes of "gold standards" in diagnostics of GHD. The necessity of the prolongation of rhGH treatment in adolescents and adults with congenital GHD has been stressed.

Unlabelled: A disorder of thyroid function, as stated by various references, is very common among children with low and very low body weight. Also, the concentration of thyroid hormones in this group differs from that of neonates full term with the adequate body weight. In 1998, in southeastern Poland, a repeated screening for TSH level in blood spots on filter paper was introduced among neonates with low and very low birth-weight. The purpose of this work was the exclusion of late appearing transient hypothyroidism, as well as the verification of falsely positive results in the basic test. Newborns with low and very low birth-weight comprise nearly 5% of live births in the region. During 1998-2001, 4,445 children with body weight below 2500 g were tested. Tests for TSH level in blood on filter paper were carried out in neonates between three and six days of age and also at the end of the first month of life. TSH levels in blood on filter paper were estimated using the LIA method (Byk Sangtec Diagnostica). The results were divided into two groups: those with correct TSH, that is < 15 mIU/L, and those with a raised level 3 15 mIU/L. The repeated test confirmed the correct result in nearly 100% of the neonates, while in 20 (0.5%) showed the increase of TSH level above 15 mIU/L. TSH and fT4 monitoring followed by serum determinations during treatment showed primary hypothyroidism in 10 children and hyperthyrotropinemia in 5 cases., Conclusion: 1) It would appear advisable to introduce a repeated routine screening for hypothyroidism in the group of low and very low birth-weight neonates, as this permits the identification of cases with raised values requiring verification. 2) In addition, thanks to the repeated screening we avoid false negative pitfalls in low and very low birth-weight neonates, i.e. primary congenital and transient hypothyroidism.