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Examination of the relationship between environmentalists and scientists concludes that environmentalism has had little impact on science. Topics discussed include the degree to which scientific research has become more applied; efforts to integrate and coordinate research projects; the synthesis of scientific information for policy purposes; and a trend toward professionalism. (57 references) (LRW)

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2006.10.005 Byline: Robert W. Rycroft Abstract: A new technological paradigm which rewards cooperation in the innovation of complex technologies seems to have emerged in recent years. Global reach and greater innovation speed are said to be key benefits of network-based complex innovation. By bringing together multiple sources of knowledge and experience, networks of innovative firms and other organizations increasingly appear to be able to absorb the combination of spatial and temporal uncertainty. But what is the empirical evidence underpinning this new paradigm? Beyond case studies and the experience of individual researchers, what do we know about cooperation and the pace and place of complex innovations? Examination of available empirical research fails to confirm the theory that cooperation enhances either the globalization of innovation or its speed. Author Affiliation: Elliott School of International Affairs, Center for International Science and Technology Policy, Washington DC 20052, USA Article History: Received 25 May 2006; Revised 10 October 2006; Accepted 12 October 2006

An investigation of the increasing gap between analytic reality used in American governance and the synthetic reality influenced by the continuous emergence of new technologies is presented. The increasing gap which is expected to continue until the 21st century results in social stress. Six case studies were carried out to develop an insight into how these emerging technologies are developed. To meet the 21st century governance challenge in the midst of changing technologies, it is concluded that a synthetic policy which has the ability to adjust to the changing industrial sectors must be developed.

The United States must develop a technology policy that is based on the combination of international experience new conceptualizations. Reductionist and simplistic linear models of policy and governance can no longer be applied as the world enters a new era in which the ability to innovate increasingly complex technologies has given rise to a new set of opportunities and challenges.