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Background: Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic inflammatory condition mainly affecting genital skin. It causes distressing symptoms that impact daily quality of life (QoL). It causes progressive anatomical changes and a potential risk of cancer. Published randomized controlled trials are of varying methodological quality and difficult to combine in meta-analyses. This is partly due to lack of agreed outcome measures to assess treatment response. Identification of core outcome sets (COSs), which standardize key outcomes to be measured in all future trials, is a solution to this problem., Objectives: To obtain international agreement on which outcome domains should be measured in interventional trials of genital LS., Methods: Recommended best practice for COS domain development was followed: (i) identification of potential outcome domains: a long list was generated through an up-to-date LS literature search, including information collected during the LS priority-setting partnership; (ii) provisional agreement of outcome domains: a three-stage multi-stakeholder international electronic-Delphi (e-Delphi) consensus study; (iii) final agreement of outcome domains: online consensus meeting with international stakeholders including anonymized voting., Results: In total, 123 participants (77 patients, 44 health professionals, 2 researchers) from 20 countries completed three rounds of the e-Delphi study. Eleven outcome domains were rated as 'critical' and were discussed at the online consensus meetings. The first set of consensus meetings involved 42 participants from 12 countries. Consensus was met for 'symptoms' (100% agreed) and 'QoL - LS-specific' (92% agreed). After the second set of meetings, involving 29 participants from 12 countries, 'clinical (visible) signs' also met consensus (97% agreed)., Conclusions: The international community has agreed on three key outcome domains to measure in all future LS clinical trials. We recommend that trialists and systematic reviewers incorporate these domains into study protocols with immediate effect. CORALS will now work with stakeholders to select an outcome measurement instrument per prioritized core domain., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest to declare from any members of the Steering Group., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of British Association of Dermatologists.)

Background: The literature regarding the quality of the sex life in adult males after circumcision, due to phimosis, is scarce and sometimes contrasting. This could be due to comparisons of a nonhomogeneous distribution of the clinical variables of men who have undergone circumcision., Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the distribution of the clinical variables in the adult male population who had circumcision for phimosis, and to propose a clinical classification of the phimosis to characterize it in adult males in more homogeneous sub-groups for the common clinical variables., Materials: A population of 244 adult male patients with phimosis was evaluated retrospectively. The mean age was 50.7 years. Each patient was classified according to the most common clinical variables. The variables that make up this classification of the phimosis were: Position (P1-2) to indicate if phimosis is present when the penis is at rest (P2) or only during an erection (P1); Grade (G 0-4) in relation to the extent of glans visibility; Complexity (Co 0-4) of comorbidities; Timespan (T 1-10) of the phimosis., Results: The distribution of the variables was the following: Position P1:30.73%, P2:69.26%; Grade G0:30.73%, G1:23.77%, G2:27.45%, G3:12.29%, G4:5.73%; Complexity (associated penile comorbidities): C0:48.36%, C1:4.5%, C2:0.8%, C3:43.03%, C4:3.27% Timespan: 57.78% of the patients had phimosis for less than a year; 18.03% between 1 and 2 years; 11.88% between 2 and 10 years; and 12.29% for more than 10 years., Conclusions: The distribution of the clinical variables in the adult male population who underwent circumcision due to phimosis was not homogeneous regarding the appearance, severity, comorbidity, and timespan. This non-homogeneity could explain, in some cases, the contrasting results regarding the quality of sex life after circumcision in the literature. The proposed classification can offer an objective tool for researchers and clinicians group the patients into more homogeneous subgroups.

Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of a treatment regimen based on rectal administration of Boswellia resin extract and propolis derived polyphenols in patients with type IIIa and type IIIb chronic prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS)., Methods: Patients with type IIIa and type IIIb CP/CPPS received one rectal suppository a day for 15 days per month for 3 consecutive months. Participants were evaluated with National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI), the International Prostate Symptom Scores (IPSS), International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), four-glass test, uroflowmetry, and prostate-specific antigen assessments at baseline and at Week 4, and Week 12. Primary endpoints were improvement in pain domain of NIH-CPSI and improvement of NIH-CPSI total score. Secondary outcomes included improvement of micturition and quality of life (QoL) domains of NIH-CPSI questionnaire., Results: A total of 61 males were enrolled. No adverse events were reported. Significant improvements from baseline to Day 30 were reported for NIH-CPSI total score (mean difference: -9.2; p <0.01), NIH-CPSI pain domain (mean difference: -5.5; p <0.01), NIH-CPSI micturition domain, NIH-CPSI QoL domain, and IPSS total score (mean difference: -5.6; p <0.01). No significant changes from baseline in terms of IIEF score or maximum flow rate were observed. At final follow-up (Day 90), further significant improvements in terms of NIH-CPSI total score (mean difference: -12.2; p <0.01), NIH-CPSI pain domain (mean difference: -6.6; p <0.01), NIH-CPSI micturition domain, NIH-CPSI QoL domain, and IPSS total score were reported., Conclusion: Rectal administration of Boswellia resin extract and propolis derived polyphenols is well tolerated and delivers a significant symptomatic improvement in most patients with type IIIa and type IIIb CP/CPPS., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2022 Editorial Office of Asian Journal of Urology. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the coronavirus that causes an infectious disease, called COVID-19, first detected in patients with pneumonia in Wuhan (People's Republic of China) on December 2019. Italy was the first European country to state the outbreak of the infection and its Council of Ministers declared the state of health emergency on 31.01.2020, then the World Health Organization ruled a global pandemic on 11.03.2020. The nasopharyngeal swab is based on the detection of virus RNA and is the only reliable one for declaring COVID-19 infection. The most common symptoms observed in COVID-19 patients before hospitalization may be fever, chills, cough, dyspnea, asthenia, myalgia and/or arthralgia. This symptomatology can be often complicated in a dramatically increasing manner such as to require hospitalization starting from the third-fourth week. COVID-19 outbreak has dramatically affected the quality of life by changing inter-personal relationships, community life and obviously sexual health. The purpose of this work, based on available evidence, is to provide recommendations to help the population to face their sexual life in this critical period.

Purpose: Peyronie's disease is a devastating condition resulting in penile malformation, erectile dysfunction, pain and emotional distress. In this prospective, 2 institution study we evaluated a multimodal surgical and mechanical combined approach to the definitive treatment of Peyronie's disease and concomitant erectile dysfunction., Materials and Methods: A total of 145 select patients underwent endocavernous disruption of Peyronie's disease plaques via the scratch technique, followed by inflatable penile prosthesis insertion. Postoperatively patients were assigned to vacuum device therapy for 3 minutes twice daily to continue penile curvature correction. Followup continued for 1 year after surgery. Anatomical and functional results were assessed., Results: Patients with plaques in the proximal third, middle third and subcoronal areas of the penis had a mean ± SD postoperative residual curvature of 21.5 ± 4.5, 17.3 ± 4.8 and 14.1 ± 3.1 degrees, respectively. After 24 weeks of vacuum therapy the mean penile curvature deviation decreased to 8.7 ± 2.5, 9.1 ± 2.9 and 7.7 ± 0.9 degrees, respectively. The mean IIEF-5 (International Index of Erectile Function) score was 9.8 ± 2.3 preoperatively, 18.9 ± 3.1 at 6 months (p <0.001) and 24.1 ± 3.6 at 1 year (p <0.001). The mean EDITS (Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction) score at the end of followup was 64.6 ± 11.8. Operative and postoperative complications were minimal., Conclusions: Our novel combination of intraoperative and postoperative therapies in the treatment of patients with Peyronie's disease and an inflatable penile prosthesis was safe and efficacious with excellent functional outcomes. Penile curvature corrections were statistically significant and complications were negligible., (Copyright © 2018 American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Most patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) share many risk factors and similar aetiological agents with erectile dysfunction (ED). Both conditions also cause serious interference with quality of life and sexual relationships. In general, ageing and chronic illness decrease sexual interest, sexual function, and testosterone levels. This observational study included 66 male patients referred to our centre with different grades of COPD. We studied the different correlations between COPD and ED. The data collected from each patient regarded the following features: demographic and social condition; smoking status; clinical status; spirometric measurements. In this group, COPD was diagnosed in 78.8% and ED was present in 83.3% with increased severity in presence of LUTS and nicotinism.

Background: Complete bilateral ureteral duplication has a low incidence in adult age. It is an uncommon etiology of urinary incontinence (UI) in adult women. The aim of this study is to report a series of 12 laparoscopic upper-pole partial nephrectomies, to highlight the feasibility of a single-setting treatment for this rare condition., Purpose: To report our experience with single-setting bilateral laparoscopic upper-pole partial nephrectomy (SSBLUPPN) for the treatment of UI in adult women affected by a complete bilateral ureteral duplication and hypofunctional upper-pole renal moieties., Materials and Methods: Between February 2002 and November 2009, 6 female patients underwent SSBLUPPN for complete bilateral ureteral duplication with poorly functioning upper-pole renal moieties. Mean patient age was 38. Every patient complained of a continuous UI or a history of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs). All the patients underwent a preoperative evaluation with an abdominal ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging of the urinary tract, and a renal scan with DTC99. The analysis endpoint was the technical feasibility of SSBLUPPN as assessed by the operative time, estimated blood loss, postoperative course, and 3-year functional outcomes., Results: All the procedures were successfully performed with no conversion to open surgery with a mean operative time of 244 minutes. Mean estimated blood loss was 236 cc. No major intraoperative complications occurred in all the cases. All the patients showed no clinical signs of UTIs postoperatively. At a mean follow-up of 36 months, we found no hydronephrosis and complete remission of UI and UTIs in 100% of cases., Conclusions: SSBLUPPN is feasible and associated with minimal morbidity, an excellent cosmetic result, and a short hospital stay. A single-setting treatment of complete ureteral duplication is a technically demanding procedure, and it should be performed only in centers with large experience in laparoscopic renal surgery.

Primary mucing-producing adenocarcinoma of the bladder is a rare, highly malignant tumor. It is classified as the third most frequent histologic type of bladder carcinoma characterized by a poor response to radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Only surgery seems to offer the best approach to this unusual cancer The authors report the pathological findings and the clinical course of a 45-years old man with a primary mucin-secreting adenocarcinoma of the bladder. At recovery for recurrent macrohematuria, the patient presented a 15 centimeters, squat endovesical neoformation with a large base and heavy, daily bleeding. This symptom was present during several years but the patient always refused any urological consultation due to personal refusal to be cured. On the fifteenth day the patient died for cardio-respiratory arrest.

Retroperitoneal soft-tissue sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of rare and peculiar mesenchymal tumors. They are locally invasive and have a peak incidence in the fifth decade of life. They account for 0.1-0.2% of all solid tumors and 15% of all soft-tissue tumors. Liposarcomas are usually large and occur most frequently in the lower extremities, in the retroperitoneal, perineal and mesenteric region. In the retroperitoneum they grow slowly due to the ability of the abdominal cavity to accommodate these slowly expanding masses. They don't produce symptoms until they are very large and have invaded local tissues. The case of a 61-year old man with a retroperitoneal liposarcoma is reported. The tumor was discovered due to the association of abdominal mass, weight loss and persistent fever. The fever, especially, is present due to a wide tumor necrosis. The diagnosis was suggested by computed tomography. Normally, the interval between start of symptoms and diagnosis is included within three weeks and one year. Surgical complete resection of the mass with splenectomy and local postoperative radiotherapy were performed. The weight of the mass was 8.56 kilograms and the pathological evaluation showed a pleomorphic highly undifferentiated liposarcoma. This histological type normally presents many tumor giant cells, some of which have the features of lipoblasts. The single most important prognostic factor in patients with soft-tissue sarcomas is the histologic grade of the primary lesion. In the last AJCC Staging System the grades are assigned from grade 1 (well differentiated) to grade 3 (poorly differentiated). The present case is grade 3. In the treatment of sarcoma of the retroperitoneum or genitourinary tract, the conventional chemotherapy does not seem effective, while radiotherapy has a little improvement on survival. Local recurrences are frequent, especially in the first three years, often in the absence of distant metastases. When the tumor recurs locally, the best therapy is still to remove the mass. Sometimes, two or more operations may be necessary for the patient. Generally, the prognosis is poor with overall 5-year survival of 15-50%. The patient was admitted in our division 4 months after the first operation with poor medical condition. The patient died nine months after surgery.

Objective: Men of any age with bladder outlet obstruction and without measurable enlargement of the prostate constitute ideal candidates for TUIP. Effectiveness of any technique with respect to flow rate improvement is firmly established, indifferently whether unilateral or bilateral. But there is a wide variation in the reported incidence of retrograde ejaculation with unilateral and bilateral incision., Material and Methods: The retrospective analysis of our 45/57 available patients treated with this technique, between January 1993 and March 1995, does not show a major incidence of this complication for the bilateral incision, with an overall incidence of 6.6% (3/45 patients)., Conclusions: Although ejaculation may be preserved, it cannot be guaranteed.

Objective: To evaluate the occurrence of increased prostate-specific antigen (PSA) serum concentration in patients with prostatitis and low incidence of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic cancer, PSA was measured in a selected population., Methods: PSA levels were evaluated in 72 patients with prostatitis under 50 years of age., Results: An increased PSA (> 4 ng/ml) was found in 5/7 (71%) patients with acute prostatitis, and in 2/13 (15%) and 2/32 (6%) patients with chronic bacterial and abacterial prostatitis, respectively. No patient with prostatodynia had an increased PSA. In patients with bacterial prostatitis PSA level decreased to normal value after effective antibiotic therapy in most cases., Conclusion: Prostatitis must be considered when using PSA as tumor marker.

Purpose: We performed a retrospective long-term study to evaluate the results of immunotherapy in the treatment of high grade superficial bladder tumors., Materials and Methods: Between 1981 and 1993, 593 patients with superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder underwent transurethral resection. Of 64 patients with stage T1 grade 3 disease 50 received intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin after transurethral resection of all visible tumor., Results: At a median followup of 42 months (range 12 to 112) 36 patients (72%) are disease-free and have not required further treatment. Superficial recurrence was noted in 8 patients (16%). Disease progressed in 6 patients (12%), including 5 with locally invasive and 1 with metastatic disease. Cystectomy was performed for progression in 4 patients and for recurrent stage T1 grade 3 disease in 1. There was 1 disease related death (2%). The overall survival rate is 94%., Conclusions: Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin appears to be the most effective conservative treatment for patients with stage T1 grade 3 bladder cancer.

A group of 66 patients with locally advanced T2-T4 NOMO TCC of the bladder were treated with three cycles of neo-adjuvant M-VAC chemotherapy. Of 65 evaluable patients, 18 (28%) were T2, 22 (34%) were T3a, 21 (33%) were T3b, and 4 (6%) were T4a. Patients were restaged clinically by repeat CT scan and TURB and were to undergo pathologic staging. Partial cystectomy was to be performed in patients with initial monofocal lesions who responded to therapy. As the study evolved, many patients who responded to M-VAC underwent clinical restaging only. Clinical response incorporated the results of the CT scan, cytology, and TURB. The overall clinical response rate was 82%. A cCr was attained in 28 of the 65 (43%) patients, and 25 of the 65 (38%) patients attained a cPR; 7 patients (11%) had stable disease, and 5 (8%) had progression. The median follow-up is 36(+) months (6(+)-78(+) months). The overall survival for all patients is 82% at 2 years, and 3 year survival is 73%. Of 65 patients, 44 (68%) were managed with conservative therapy (TURB or partial cystectomy). Of 44, 34 (77%) are alive, 28 (64%) with a functional bladder. Patients who had downstaging of their tumors to absence of disease (TO) or superficial disease have 2 and 3 year survival of 86 and 83%. For patients with muscle-infiltrating tumors after M-VAC, 2 and 3 year survival is 89 and 32%. Of 65 patients treated in this study, 28 (43%) have conserved normal bladder function. Response to chemotherapy may be the most important predictor of survival. Although bladder conservation is feasible in selected patients, they remain at risk for recurrence.

Scrotoscopy is a new endourologic technique for the exploration of the scrotum. After distention of the tunica vaginalis space with saline, a standard arthroscope was employed in 20 cadavers and subsequently in 5 patients before full surgical exploration for hydrocele (1 case), testicular biopsy (3 cases), or orchidectomy (1 case). There was a clear view of the testis and epididymis. The procedure was easy, and there were no major complications. Scrotoscopy could potentially be performed on an outpatient basis. Its indications in infertility appear to be particularly promising.

The authors evaluated the tissue levels of ofloxacin in 63 patients with urogenital diseases, in comparison to the minimum inhibitory concentrations 80% (MIC80) of some strains. The drug was administered in a single dose (300 mg) about 3 hours before surgery. After washing carefully, the tissue-levels were measured by using the HPLC method. In the normal renal parenchyma of 8 patients, the mean value was 22.10 micrograms/g of tissue; 19.23 micrograms/g in 13 patients with deranged excretory pathways; 10.62 micrograms/g in 25 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy; 10.90 micrograms/g in 14 deferent duct patients. These results indicate that the drug is promptly distributed in various tissues of the urinary-genital apparatus at high concentrations.