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Identifying and quantifying global change impacts on biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems is critical to promote an effective adaptation that increases the success of conservation strategies. To achieve this goal, global and regional assessment efforts require certain degree of harmonization on local monitoring programs to establish relevant comparisons at different spatio-temporal scales. Otherwise, the lack of harmonization might hinder the detection and assessment on the effects of human impacts. In this work we have compiled information on freshwater monitoring programs located in areas of intensive research and conservation interest: International Long Term Ecological Research (ILTER) nodes and mountain National Parks. We aimed at evaluating the quality and robustness of these programs to assess the impact of global change, addressing from the worldwide to the European and Spanish national scale. Results highlighted that freshwater monitoring programs lack a common strategy to monitor these ecosystems. Even at the continental and national scales, contrasting strategies and level of detail have been historically applied. Water quality, habitat and biodiversity are more commonly monitored than community structure and ecosystem functioning. Monitoring efforts on the Spanish Mountain National parks indicated differences on the targeted aquatic ecosystems. Rivers and lakes received a higher attention, while mires were rarely considered. Our results provide evidence that greater efforts should be directed towards constructing a coordinated strategy to monitor freshwater ecosystems at national, continental, and global scales. This strategy should involve a shared backbone of biophysical and biogeochemical variables for each habitat type on agreed protocols that are implemented across regions and administrative borders. Achieving this will support a substantial advance on the ecological research to further delineate proper conservation strategies to face the cha

Trichoptera are among the most successful and diverse animals in freshwater ecosystems. Their larvae play a fundamental role in food webs and as engineers of substrate stability, while their presence and abundance are indicators of ecological quality. Their general ecology and distribution in the Mediterranean Basin is discussed, and a synopsis of each of the 25 families is presented. The main morphological features are diagnosed and illustrated, and keys to the identification of all known genera in each family are provided. The order in the Mediterranean Basin contains 110 genera, and approximately 1150 species.

Identifying and quantifying global change impacts on biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems is critical to promote an effective adaptation that increases the success of conservation strategies. To achieve this goal, global and regional assessment efforts require certain degree of harmonization on local monitoring programs to establish relevant comparisons at different spatio-temporal scales. Otherwise, the lack of harmonization might hinder the detection and assessment on the effects of human impacts. In this work we have compiled information on freshwater monitoring programs located in areas of intensive research and conservation interest: International Long Term Ecological Research (ILTER) nodes and mountain National Parks. We aimed at evaluating the quality and robustness of these programs to assess the impact of global change, addressing from the worldwide to the European and Spanish national scale. Results highlighted that freshwater monitoring programs lack a common strategy to monitor these ecosystems. Even at the continental and national scales, contrasting strategies and level of detail have been historically applied. Water quality, habitat and biodiversity are more commonly monitored than community structure and ecosystem functioning. Monitoring efforts on the Spanish Mountain National parks indicated differences on the targeted aquatic ecosystems. Rivers and lakes received a higher attention, while mires were rarely considered. Our results provide evidence that greater efforts should be directed towards constructing a coordinated strategy to monitor freshwater ecosystems at national, continental, and global scales. This strategy should involve a shared backbone of biophysical and biogeochemical variables for each habitat type on agreed protocols that are implemented across regions and administrative borders. Achieving this will support a substantial advance on the ecological research to further delineate proper conservation strategies to face the cha

[EN] Conservation and sustainable management of aquatic ecosystems is a priority in environmental programs worldwide. However, these aims are highly dependent on the efficiency, accuracy and cost of existent methods for the detection of keystone species and monitoring of biological communities. Rapid advances in eDNA, barcoding and metabarcoding promoted by high-throughput sequencing technologies are generating millions of sequences in a fast way, with a promising cost reduction, and overcoming some difficulties of the traditional taxonomic approaches. This paper provides an updated broad perspective of the current developments in this dynamic field presented in the special session (SS) “The use of molecular tools in ecological and biodiversity assessment of aquatic ecosystems” of the XIX Congress of the Iberian Association of Limnology (AIL2018), held in Coimbra, Portugal. Developments presented are mainly focused on the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain, including Atlantic Macaronesian islands) but include studies in France, Germany, Finland, Russia (Siberia) and South America. The networks within which these researchers are involved are yet even broader, profiting from existing molecular facilities, and traditional taxonomic expertise, which can be viewed as a characteristic of this new research area. It was evident in the SS that the use of molecular tools is widespread, being used to study a diversity of aquatic systems, from rivers’ headwaters to estuaries and coastal lagoons, and volcanic, mountain and frozen lakes to hot springs. The organisms targeted are likewise varied and include fish, macroinvertebrates, meiofauna, microalgae such as diatoms and dinoflagellates, other protists, fungi, and bacteria (cyanobacteria and other). Some studies address the whole biodiversity (i.e., all species present independently of the taxonomic group) from environmental samples of water, biofilms and preservative solution from field samples (e.g., ethanol from macroinve, [ES] A conservação e gestão sustentável dos ecossistemas aquáticos é uma prioridade nos programas ambientais em todo o mundo. No entanto, esses objetivos são altamente dependentes da eficiência, precisão e custo dos métodos existentes para detectar espécies e monitorizar comunidades biológicas. Avanços recentes no que respeita ao ADN ambiental e ‘barcoding’ e ‘meta-barcoding’, promovidos por tecnologias de sequenciação designadas ‘high-throughput sequencing’, têm gerado milhões de sequências de forma rápida, com uma promissora redução de custos num futuro próximo, e superando algumas dificuldades das abordagens taxonómicas tradicionais. Este artigo vem fornecer uma perspetiva atualizada e abrangente dos desenvolvi-mentos neste campo que foram apresentados na sessão especial (SE) “O uso de ferramentas moleculares na avaliação ecológi-ca e da biodiversidade dos ecossistemas aquáticos”, no XIX Congresso da Associação Ibérica de Limnologia (AIL2018) realizado em Coimbra, Portugal.Os desenvolvimentos apresentados centram-se principalmente na Península Ibérica (Portugal e Espanha, incluindo as ilhas atlânticas), mas também em França, Alemanha, Finlândia e Rússia (Sibéria). No entanto, as redes em que estes investigadores estão envolvidos são ainda mais amplas, aproveitando as infraestruturas moleculares e o conhecimento taxonómico existentes. Ficou claro na SE que o uso de ferramentas moleculares está disseminado, sendo usado numa diversidade de sistemas aquáti-cos, desde as cabeceiras dos rios aos estuários e lagoas costeiras, e desde lagos vulcânicos, de montanha e congelados, a fontes termais. Os organismos estudados são também variados e incluem peixes, macroinvertebrados, meiofauna, microalgas tal como diatomáceas e dinoflagelados, outros protistas, fungos e bactérias (cianobactérias e outros). Alguns estudos abordam toda a biodiversidade a partir de amostras ambientais de água, biofilmes e solução conservante. Grandes avanços foram reconhecidos na sessão especial, n

Climate change is predicted to progressively shift habitat characteristics that will alter the distribution and eco-physiological responses of organisms. High-elevation stream insects without extensive dispersal are expected to be highly vulnerable if they are unable to track predicted shifts. Understanding dispersal is therefore crucial to implement practical solutions in conservation. The evolutionary history of the Palaearctic genus Annitella (Trichoptera), the population dynamics and habitat distribution (present and future) of two endemic species (A. esparraguera and A. iglesiasi) confined to Baetic Mountains (SE-Iberian Peninsula) were assessed to gain fundamental insights into species responses to climate warming and to identify populations at risk. Diversification of Annitella was dated to the Pleistocene and was likely associated with southern and extra-Mediterranean refugia located across Europe. The two endemic species belong to distant lineages that preferred similar cold headwater pristine habitats. The range of A. esparraguera was larger than that of A. iglesiasi. Both species showed low genetic diversity in cox1, but only A. esparraguera exhibit locally unique haplotypes, indicating limited gene flow. For A. esparraguera, modelled future habitat suitability showed 88.4% range contraction by 2050 (RCP scenario 8.5) and a displacement of 41.5% of the current potential distribution to higher elevations. Populations of A. esparraguera are predicted to be lost because of the reduction of optimal habitat and limited propensity for tracking future suitable conditions. Beyond the preservation of their current habitat, their conservation might require proactive measures (translocations). Similar predictions may apply to other Mediterranean endemic headwater specialist restricted to isolated high-elevation streams.