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Background We report the genus Ticapimpla Gauld, 1991 from French Guiana and the species Ticapimpla amazonica Palacio et al., T. carinata Palacio et al., T. matamatae Palacio et al. and T. soinii Palacio et al. from Brazilian Amazonia. The new discoveries suggest that the genus is widely distributed in Amazonian lowland rain forests. In addition, we diagnose and illustrate the males of T. carinata and T. matamatae for the first time. Short diagnoses and layer-photos for all the Amazonian species are provided. New information The genus Ticapimpla is reported for the first time from French Guiana and the species T. amazonica, T. carinata, T. matamatae and T. soinii from Brazilian Amazonia. In addition, the males of T. carinata and T. matamatae are diagnosed and illustrated for the first time. © Pádua D et al.

Physotarsus tunchi Reshchikov sp. n. Figs 24���26. Diagnosis. Physotarsus tunchi Reshchikov sp. n. can be distinguished from all other species of Physotarsus by the combination of the following characters: 1) body orange with black antennae and hind tarsi, 2) wings slightly brown, 3) face very finely and sparsely punctate, 4) hind tarsi stout with first tarsomere 5.5 times as long as broad. (Figs 24���26). Description. Female. Body length 4 mm. Antennae with 27 flagellomeres each. Scapus 0.5 times as broad as long. Head narrowed behind the eyes, shining. Maximal length of temple equal transverse eye diameter; minimal length of temple 0.78 times transverse eye diameter. Face equal height of eye; moderately flat, with bulge. Face shiny, covered with pale setae, finely and sparsely punctate (Fig. 25). Interantennal area flat. Clypeus separated from face by transverse groove; projecting anteriorly, with wide central lobe. Clypeus about 3.2 times as wide as long. Clypeal foveae not large, pointed laterally. Lateral ocelli separated by about 0.5 times their widest diameter from each other and about 3 times their widest diameter from eye margin. Malar space 0.6 times basal mandible width. Occipital carina present on ventral part of head. Mandible teeth equal. Mesosoma smooth, shining, without punctures. Pronotum smooth, impunctate, shining. Mesoscutum shining and impunctate. Notaulus absent. Epicnemial carina strongly turning towards anterior margin of mesopleuron. Mesopleuron impunctate, shining. Tarsal claws elongate, not pectinate. Hind tarsi 1.5 times as long as hind tibia; each article of hind tarsi length ratio 60: 26: 20: 15: 16. Fore wing stigma about 4.8 times longer than wide. Radius intercepted stigma before its middle. Second recurrent vein with a single bulla. Nervellus intercepted below middle. Nervulus prefurcal. Propodeum without carinae. Metasoma shining. First metasomal tergite 2.5 times as long as apically broad; without shallow median longitudinal impression and longitudinal carinae. Second metasomal tergite elongate. Subgenital plate not enlarged, in male shallowly U-shaped notched (Fig. 25). Parameres slightly shorter than aedeagus (Fig. 25). Aedeagus wide in basal and apical parts (Fig. 25). Color. Orange (Figs 23���26). Antennae, hind tibiae and tarsi dark. Fore wing slightly brown, apically slightly darker (Fig. 26). Material. Holotype male, Peru, Cusco, La Convenci��n, La Reserva Comunal Machiguenga, 12 �� 10 ��� 39.2 ������S 73 ��02���01.7������W, 581m., Guadua mixed forest, Malaise tap, 20.iii. 2007, leg. A.Asenjo. Distribution. Peru. Etymology. The species epithet refers to the name ���El Tunchi ���, spirit who is a guardian of the rainforest according to Amazonian legends., Published as part of Reshchikov, Alexey & S����ksj��rvi, Ilari Eerikki, 2015, Seven new species of the genus Physotarsus Townes 1966 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) from South America in Zootaxa 3972 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3972.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/244170

Reshchikov, Alexey, Sääksjärvi, Ilari Eerikki (2016): LEXEY RESHCHIKOV & ILARI EERIKKI SÄÄKSJÄRVI (2015) Seven new species of the genus Physotarsus Townes 1966 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) from South America. Zootaxa, 3972(1): 026-042. Zootaxa 4109 (5): 600-600, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4109.5.9

Sääksjärvi, Ilari Eerikki, Bordera, Santiago (2015): A bizarre new species of Triclistus Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae; Metopiinae) from Amazonia. Zootaxa 3955 (4): 595-600, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3955.4.10

Reshchikov, Alexey, Sääksjärvi, Ilari Eerikki (2015): Seven new species of the genus Physotarsus Townes 1966 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) from South America. Zootaxa 3972 (1), DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3972.1.2

Triclistus amazopeikkus sp. nov. (Figs 1 A–B, 2 A–F, 3 A–E) Diagnosis. The species is easily identified as Triclistus by the specialized form of the subgenital plate which is modified to support the thin ovipositor (Fig. 3 E). In addition, the species is dark colored (Figs 1 A–B) whereas most Colpotrochia Holmgren / Cubus Townes are mostly orange and black in coloration. Triclistus amazopeikkus sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from all other species of the genus by its extremely specialised face which is centrally projecting and forming an extraordinary sub-pyramidal prominence, ending anteriorly with two apical points (Figs 1 B, 2 B–C). These in turn arise from lamellae, which are separated by vertical grooves from the antennal sockets (Fig. 2 B). Description. Female: Body size, 4.9–5.4 mm. Fore wing length 3.2–3.6 mm. Head: antennae with 20 flagellomeres, gradually narrowed towards the apex (Figs 1 A, 1 B), first, second and subapical flagellomeres 5.0– 5.3, 1.4 and 2.0 × as long as centrally broad, respectively; combined face and clypeus 1.0– 1.1 × as long (from clypeal apex to level of antennal sockets) as wide (shortest distance between eyes) (Fig. 2 D); face centrally projecting, forming an extraordinary sub-pyramidal prominence (Fig. 2 A–C), ending apically with two points which arise from lamella and both vertical grooves separating it from antennal sockets (Fig. 2 B), shiny very densely and coarsely punctate at the prominence, gradually sparse ventrally (Fig. 2 C); prominence with strong longitudinal striae ventrally (Fig. 2 E); clypeus smooth and shiny, clypeal margin concave (Fig. 2 C); labrum exposed when mandibles closed (Fig. 2 C), 2.3–2.5 × as wide as long, shiny, with few sparse setiferous puctures, apical rim somewhat bilobed; mandible strongly tapered, somewhat bent upward at the apex, with upper tooth conspicuously longer than lower tooth; malar space 1.0– 1.2 × as long as basal mandibular width; lateral ocellus separated from compound eye by 1.5–1.7 × maximum ocellar diameter; distance between posterior ocelli about 1.0 × maximum ocellar diameter (Fig. 2 B); head in dorsal view with gena slightly rounded and moderately constricted behind eyes (Fig. 2 B); gena, on lateral view 0.7–0.8 × as long as compound eyes, upper part mostly smooth and shiny, sparsely punctate behind ocelli, lateral part smooth and shiny, with a line of 5–6 brown small sensillae close and parallel to the posterior margin of eye, posteriorly with a group of 6–7 sensillae (Fig. 2 F, arrows); lower part gradually densely punctate (Fig. 2 C); vertex quite prominent, coarsely and densely punctate in interocellar space (Fig 2 A–B); frons coarsely and densely punctate, very leaning forward and confluent with the dorsal part of the facial subpiramidal prominence, crest between antennal toruli wide, laterally with two deep grooves to house the antennae when directed backwards (Fig. 2 B). Mesosoma: pronotum shiny, very densely punctate on upper medial and lateral part, setae long; femoral concavities smooth and hairless; mesoscutum flat, coarsely and densely punctate (Fig. 1 A); notauli extending beyond centre, very weak (Fig. 1 B); scuto-scutellar groove deep and smooth; scutellum slightly convex, almost flat, with longitudinal lateral carinae reaching to about 0.4 × its length (Fig. 1 B); mesopleurum smooth and shiny, densely punctate anteriorly, impunctate posteriorly (Figs 1 A, 3 A); mesosternal region with a flattened subtriangular process projecting backwards over the basis of the mid coxa (Fig. 3 A); metapleuron smooth and shiny, with isolated setae in anterior and posterior area, posterior upper corner forming a right angle (Fig. 3 A); submetapleural carina smooth, anteriorly expanded into a conspicuous triangular lobe (Fig. 3 A). Propodeum quite long and slightly convex, weakly declivitous and abruptly down-turned posteriorly with longitudinal carinae strong; confluent area basalis and area superomedia smooth and shiny, hairless (Fig. 3 B), confluent area externa and dentipara smooth and shiny with fine and sparse setiferous punctures (Fig. 3 B), confluent area spiracularis and area lateralis slightly rugulose-granulate, with very dense white pubescence (Fig. 3 A); posterior transverse carina strong; area peciolaris and area posteroexterna confluent, slightly rugulose-granulate with white pubescence; area coxalis forming a deep concavity with white setae (Fig. 3 A); spiracle elongate (Fig. 3 A). Front leg with tibial spur stout and claw-like (Fig. 3 C, arrow); mid leg with anterior tibial spur 0.8–0.9 x length posterior spur, not specialized; hind leg with anterior spur short and stout about 0.5 × length of posterior spur, both spurs strongly sclerotized apically, claw-like (Fig. 3 D); distal hind tarsomere without apparent hooked lobe on the inner side. Fore wing with vein 3 rs-m absent. Metasoma: tergite I smooth and shiny, with fine and very sparse setiferous puctures laterally, 1.45 × as long as posteriorly broad, lateral longitudinal carinae reaching to spiracle, lateromedian carinae extending 0.5 × length of tergite (Fig. 3 B); tergite II smooth and shiny, with very fine and moderately dense setiferous punctures, denser laterally, about 0.92 × as long as posteriorly broad; rest of tergites with same microsculpture but punctures somewhat denser in last ones; subgenital plate with hind margin modified into deeply V-shaped concavity centrally (Fig. 3 E). Colouration (Figs 1 A–B). Black. Antennae, central part of mandibles front and mid legs, and hind tibia basally yellow; hind coxa and femur, and distal apex of front and hind tibial spurs, dark brown; hind trochanters, distal part of hind tibia, hind tarsi, labrum and base of mandibles light brown; maxillae and labium entirely white. Male. Unknown Etymology. We are pleased to name the species as “ amazopeikkus ” which is a combination of names suggested by the children studying in the Kuparivuori School (class 4 B), Naantali, Finland. The word “ amazo ” refers to Amazonia and the word “ peikkus ” is derived from the Finnish word “Peikko” (Peikko is a troll in Finnish). The name “ amazopeikkus ” means “the troll of Amazonia”. In our opinion, it describes well the extraordinary morphology and unknown habits of this species. Material examined. Holotype female: Peru, Department of Loreto, National Reserve of Allpahuayo- Mishana, Malaise trap E 1 (12), 14.IX. 2000, Ilari E. Sääksjärvi et al. leg. (UNSM). Paratype female: Peru, Department of Loreto, National Reserve of Allpahuayo-Mishana, Malaise trap C 1, VIII–XII. 1998, Ilari E. Sääksjärvi et al. leg. (ZMUT).

Physotarsus mishanensis Reshchikov and S����ksj��rvi sp. nov. Figs 4���8. Diagnosis. Physotarsus mishanensis Reshchikov and S����ksj��rvi sp. n. can be distinguished from all other described species of Physotarsus by the combination of the following characters: 1) face and propodeum entirely yellow (Figs 5, 8), 2) fore wing hyaline at base (Fig. 4), 3) epicnemial carina parallel to anterior margin of mesopleuron, 4) ventral clypeal margin with a prominent angulate central lobe (Fig. 5). This species is most similar to P. claviger and P. bonillai in body sculpture, form of the clypeal margin, and coloration of fore wing. The head and body of P. mishanensis have dark marks (Fig. 6) whereas P. bonillai has no dark markings on the head and P. claviger has extensive dark markings on propodeum. Description. Female. Body length 4 mm. Antennae with 22���26 flagellomeres each. Scape 0.6 times as broad as long (Fig. 5). Head narrowed behind eyes (Fig. 6), shining. Maximum length of temple 0.65 transverse eye diameter; minimum length of temple 0.65 times transverse eye diameter. Face width equal of longitudinal eye diameter. Face convex, with bulge, smooth and shining (Fig. 5). Interantennal area moderately convex. Interantennal distance greater than distance between lateral ocelli. Lateral ocelli separated by 1 times their widest diameter from each other and 1.4 times their widest diameter from eye margin. Area between lateral ocelli moderately flat, area behind ocelli sharply declivitous and convex. Clypeus separated from face by impression; clypeal margin widely subtruncate laterally, with thick, rounded central lobe. Clypeus about 5 times as broad as long, not divided medially by transverse depression. Face covered with white setae. Clypeal foveae small with outgoing grooves till eyes margins. Malar space as wide as basal mandible width. Occipital carina present laterally. Lower mandible teeth little longer than upper. Mesosoma smooth, shining, without punctures. Lateral groove of pronotum distinct. Pronotum smooth, impunctate, shiny. Mesoscutum shiny, impunctate and smooth. Notaulus not impressed. Epicnemial carina reach anterior margin of mesopleuron. Mesopleuron impunctate, shiny. Lower part of mesopleuron and metapleuron pubescent. Tarsal claws elongate, not pectinate. Hind tarsi slightly thick, its length to hind tibiae length ratio 1.13; each article of hind tarsi length ratio 30: 10: 8: 5: 7. Fore wing stigma about 3.5 x longer than wide. Radius intercepted stigma before its middle. Second recurrent vein with a single bulla. Nervellus intercepted below middle. Nervulus strongly prefurcal (intersticial in male). Propodeum without carinae (Fig. 8). Metasoma slightly compressed, shining, with rare hairs. First metasomal tergite 0.68 as broad as long; without shallow median longitudinal impression and longitudinal carinae. Spiracles not or protruding in profile Second metasomal tergite transverse. Subgenital plate slightly enlarged, in male notched. Parameres fused, broad basally, shorter than aedeagus (Fig. 7). Aedeagus with very wide tip (Fig. 7). Color. Female. Body yellow (Figs 4���8). Head yellow with introcellar area and vertex behind black (Fig. 6). Antennae infuscate dorsally. Only hind tarsi infuscate, femora and tibiae yellow. Mesonotum with dark bands; tip of wing very slightly infuscate. First metasomal tergite pale yellow at base. Male with head mostly yellow, otherwise as in female. Material. Holotype female, Peru, Department of Loreto, Iquitos area, Mishana, MT, 16.x��� 1.xi. 1998, varillal, leg. S����ksj��rvi I.E. et al., UNSM; Paratypes: female, the same locality as in holotype; male, Ecuador, Orellana, Onkone Gare, 00�� 39 ��� 25.7 ������S, 76 �� 27 ��� 10.8 ������W, 216.3 m., canopy fogging, 9.x. 1994, leg. T.L.Erwin, USNM. Distribution. Peru. Etymology. The species epithet refers to the village of Mishana (River Nanay, National Reserve of Allpahuayo- Mishana) which is located close to the type locality., Published as part of Reshchikov, Alexey & S����ksj��rvi, Ilari Eerikki, 2015, Seven new species of the genus Physotarsus Townes 1966 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) from South America in Zootaxa 3972 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3972.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/244170

Labena tekalina Gonz��lez-Moreno & Bordera, sp. nov. (Figs 1 E, 4 A, 5 A, 5 C, 7) Diagnosis. Labena tekalina can be distinguished from all New world species by the following characters in combination: antenna in dorsal view entirely black or blackish brown (Fig. 1 E); clypeus apically with margin convex; mesopleuron centrally smooth; metapleuron without striae (Fig. 5 A); pleural carina entirely absent below spiracle; area superomedia strongly delineated, hexagonal, relatively small, wider posteriorly than anteriorly, 1.2��� 1.6 �� as broad as long; area petiolaris obliterated by a long section of median longitudinal carinae (Fig. 4 A); fore wing hyaline, slightly infuscate at distal half of marginal cell and anterior half of submarginal cell (Fig. 1 E); tergite I orange brown, yellow at 0.3 apical (Fig. 5 C); first sternite without a central transverse ridge; tergites III���IV with posterior margin straight not exposing membrane. Propodeum predominantly light brown with anterior carinae dark brown (Figs 4 A, 5 A). Metasoma orange brown, tergites yellow at 0.3 apical (Fig. 1 E). Description. Male. Body length 9���14 mm. Fore wing length 7���10 mm. Head. In dorsal view about 1.9 ���2.0 �� as wide as long; clypeus in anterior view, basally flat, with a broad shallow impression either side of slightly convex central apical region, with apical margin centrally strongly convex, about 1.8 �� as broad as high; clypeo-facial suture and central apical region with scattered and long setae; malar space 0.40���0.45 �� as long as basal width of mandible; frons flat, shiny, with very fine setiferous punctures; vertex and gena smooth and shiny with very fine setiferous punctures; gena in dorsal view short, rounded and weakly constricted behind eyes, about 0.4 �� as long as eye; lower part of gena moderately broad; interocellar area elevated; posterior ocellus separated from eye by 1.0 �� its own maximum diameter; distance between posterior ocelli 1.2���1.6 �� the maximum diameter of posterior ocellus; occipital carina complete, reaching hypostomal carina far from base of mandible at same distance of width of mandible base; hypostomal carina from base of mandible to the union with occipital carina moderately raised; antenna with 40���45 flagellomeres elongated, apical flagellomere subtriangular with apex truncate, bearing a small flat sensillum. Mesosoma. Pronotum smooth and shiny with upper lateral corner with dense fine setiferous punctures, lower part, glabrous; in dorsal view, with two lateromedian pits centrally; epomia absent; mesoscutum finely and very densely punctate, with notauli absent, with a very short transverse crest at anterior end; scutellum densely punctate, slightly convex, almost flat, without lateral carinae; mesopleuron smooth and shiny, lower part and upper anterior part with fine and moderately dense punctures; upper end of epicnemial carina curved towards anterior margin slightly below the centre of hind margin of pronotum; metapleuron (Fig. 5 A) smooth and shiny, upper posterior part with very fine and moderately dense setiferous punctures, setae short; propodeum (Figs 4 A, 5 A) smooth and shiny with sparse setiferous punctures behind posterior transverse carina, denser laterally, setae long; pleural carina absent anteriorly, so that area spiracularis is open externally, present posteriorly, weaker in section enclosing area lateralis or replaced by a furrow; in dorsal view, with area superomedia strongly delineated, hexagonal, short, wider posteriorly than anteriorly, 1.2���1.6 �� as broad as long; area basalis oval, 1.2���1.5 �� as broad as long; area dentipara confluent with area posteroexterna; area petiolaris obliterated by a long section of median longitudinal carinae; lateral longitudinal carina complete, area externa hexagonal, fully enclosed, 0.9���1.2 �� as broad as long; area lateralis transverse, ventrally quite shorter than dorsally. Mid leg with tibia not inflated, with scattered small bristles on outer surface, second tarsomere 3.3���3.7 �� as long as broad and about same length of the following two tarsomeres; hind coxa about 3.1���3.3 �� as long as deep; hind tibia with scattered bristles. Fore wing with areolet transverse, 0.37���0.39 �� as broad as length of distal abscissa of M, with 3 rs-m subequal to 2 rs-m; vein Cu-a opposite to vein Rs & M or slightly basad; abscissa of Cu 1 between 1 m-cu and Cu 1 a slightly longer as Cu 1 b. Hind wing with vein Cu-a longer than abscissa of M+Cu between M and Cu 1. Metasoma. Tergite I, 2.4���2.8 �� as long as posteriorly broad, without lateromedian and lateral carinae (Fig. 5 C); sternite I reaching 0.5 of length of tergite, without a central transverse ridge; tergite II, 1.0��� 1.5 �� as long as posteriorly broad, with fine and very dense pubescence; tergites III���IV with posterior margin straight not exposing membrane. Coloration (Fig. 1 E). A predominantly light brown species. Head mostly yellow, with blackish brown marks in gena above occipital carina, a transverse band through the ocelli, and sometimes a longitudinal dark stripe centrally at occiput; scape and pedicel yellow ventrally, light brown dorsally; flagellum entirely dark brown. Mesosoma with three longitudinal orange brown marks on mesoscutum; scutoscutellar groove black; peripheries of mesoscutum with brown marks; mesopleuron with a dark brown longitudinal stripe under subtegular prominence, posteriorly and centrally with orange marks; anterior carinae of propodeum from posterior transverse carina, except abscissae closing area superomedia, dark brown. Metasoma orange brown; tergites progressively yellow at 0.3 apical. Front and mid legs yellow anteriorly. Hind leg orange with tarsus infuscate. Wings hyaline; fore wing slightly infuscate at distal half of marginal cell and anterior half of submarginal cell. Female. Unknown. Etymology. The name is related to Tekal village, where the holotype was collected. Phenology. Figure 7. Taxonomic remarks. In comparison with the other Mexican species, L. tekalina is very close to L. schausi but can be distinguished from it by the following characters in combination: L. tekalina. Tergite I orange-brown, yellow at 0.3 apical (Fig 5 C). Area superomedia strongly delineated, hexagonal, relatively small, wider posteriorly than anteriorly, 1.2���1.6 �� as broad as long; area petiolaris obliterated by a long section of median longitudinal carinae (Fig. 4 A). Fore wing hyaline, slightly infuscate at distal half of marginal cell and anterior half of submarginal cell (Fig. 1 E). L. schausi. Tergite I yellow basally and distally, orange medially, with a dorsal longitudinal black stripe (Figs 5 E-F). Area superomedia delineated anteriorly, though often rather weakly so laterally, subquadrate and quite large, area petiolaris delineated, small (Figs 4 C-D). Fore wing hyaline, with a black spot at distal 0.3 of marginal cell and distal half of submarginal cell (Fig. 1 G). This species can be distinguished from the species with unknown males, L. acerba, L. lachryma, L. morda, L. osai, L. pluvia, L. polemica and L. striata among other characters by the structure of propodeum. Material examined. Holotype male (CER-UADY currently loaned in CEUA), Mexico, Yucat��n, El Cuyo, Tekal, 18.III���01.IV. 2009, Selva, TM 12, leg. Gonz��lez. Paratypes: Mexico, Yucat��n, El Cuyo, Cementerio, 21.I��� 04.II. 2009, Matorral, TM 6, leg. Gonz��lez, 1 ♂ (CEUA); same locality, 04��� 18.II. 2009, Matorral, TM 6, leg. Gonz��lez, 2 ♂ (1 ♂ CEUA, 1 ♂ ZMUT); same locality, 18.III���01.IV. 2009, Matorral, TM 5, leg. Gonz��lez, 1 ♂ (CER-UADY); same locality and date, Matorral, TM 6, leg. Gonz��lez, 4 ♂ (CEUA); same locality, 01��� 15.IV. 2009, Matorral, TM 6, leg. Gonz��lez, 3 ♂ (1 ♂ CEUA, 2 ♂ CER-UADY); El Cuyo, Tekal, 18.III���01.IV. 2009, Selva, TM 12, leg. Gonz��lez, 1 ♂ (CER-UADY)., Published as part of Gonz��lez-Moreno, Alejandra, Bordera, Santiago & S����ksj��rvi, Ilari Eerikki, 2015, Description of three new species of Labena Cresson from Mexico (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Labeninae), with notes on tropical species richness, pp. 573-586 in Zootaxa 3948 (3) on pages 581-583, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3948.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/239206

Labena littoralis González-Moreno & Bordera, sp. nov. (Figs 1 A, 1 C, 2 A, 2 C, 2 E, 3 A, 3 C, 3 E, 3 G, 6) Diagnosis. Labena littoralis can be distinguished from all New world species by the following characters in combination: metapleuron without longitudinal striae (Figs 2 C, 3 C); flagellum, in dorsal view, orange, basally and apically dark brown to black; fore wing hyaline, yellowish tinged, without a subapical black spot (Figs 1 A, 1 C); sternite I without a central transverse ridge; propodeum yellow with most part of carinae black (Figs 2 A, 2 C, 3 A, 3 C). Metasomal tergites from third to the apex, dark brown to black anteriorly, yellow banded posteriorly, in males tending to be light brown centrally (Fig. 3 G). Propodeum of female (Fig. 2 A) with area basalis very transverse, 2.7 × as broad as long; area superomedia hexagonal, not strongly narrowed posteriorly; area petiolaris not defined by median lateral carinae so confluent with area posteroexterna and dentipara; area externa longer than broad; area lateralis conspicuously shorter than broad, very transverse (Fig. 2 C). Tergite I of female about 2.2 × as long as posteriorly broad (Fig. 2 E). Tergite I of male sub-parallel sided (Fig. 3 E). Tergites III-IV with posterior margin deeply concave and membranous (Fig. 3 G). Description. Female. Body length (excluding ovipositor) 15 mm. Fore wing length 12 mm. Head. In dorsal view, about 2.1 × as wide as long; clypeus in anterior view, basally flat, with a broad shallow impression either side of slightly convex central apical region, with apical margin centrally strongly convex, about 1.8 as broad as high; clypeo-facial suture with scattered and long setae; malar space 0.3 × as long as basal width of mandible; frons flat, shiny, with very fine setiferous punctures; vertex and gena smooth and shiny with very fine setiferous punctures; gena, in dorsal view, short, abruptly constricted behind eyes, about 0.3 × as long as eye; lower part of gena very broad; interocellar area elevated; posterior ocellus separated from eye by 1.6 × its own maximum diameter; distance between posterior ocelli about 1.6 × maximum diameter of posterior ocellus; occipital carina complete, reaching hypostomal carina far from base of mandible, at a distance of 0.8 × the width of mandible base; hypostomal carina from base of mandible to the union with occipital carina strongly raised; antenna with 43 flagellomeres; subbasal flagellomeres more or less elongate, subapical ones subquadrate, apical flagellomere subtriangular with apex bearing a small flat sensillum. Mesosoma. Pronotum smooth and shiny with upper lateral corner with dense fine setiferous punctures and lower part, glabrous; in dorsal view, with two lateromedian pits centrally; epomia absent; mesoscutum finely and densely punctate, with notauli absent, virtually without transverse crest at anterior end; scutellum densely punctate, slightly convex, without lateral carinae; mesopleuron smooth and shiny, with upper end of epicnemial carina curved towards anterior margin slightly below the centre of hind margin of pronotum; metapleuron smooth and shiny, posteriorly with very fine and sparse setiferous punctures, setae long (Fig. 2 C); propodeum (Figs 2 A, 2 C) smooth and shiny with very dense setiferous punctures anteriorly to posterior transverse carina, except in area superomedia centrally; pleural carina absent anteriorly, so that area spiracularis is open externally, present posteriorly and enclosing area lateralis; in dorsal view, with area superomedia hexagonal clearly delineated anteriorly, posteriorly less strongly defined, but always separated from area petiolaris, about 1.3 × as broad as long; area basalis transverse, 2.7 × as broad as long; area dentipara confluent with area posteroexterna and area petiolaris; lateral longitudinal carina complete, area externa slightly elongate, fully enclosed, about 0.9 × as broad as long; area lateralis transverse, ventrally quite shorter than dorsally. Mid leg with tibia inflated in distal 0.7, with scattered bristles on outer surface, second tarsomere about 0.9 × as long as broad and as same length of the following two tarsomeres; hind coxa about 1.8 × as long as deep; hind tibia with scattered bristles. Fore wing with areolet transverse, 0.44 × as broad as length of distal abscissa of M, with 3 rs-m subequal to 2 rs-m; vein Cu-a opposite to vein Rs & M; abscissa of Cu 1 between 1 m-cu and Cu 1 a as long as Cu 1 b. Hind wing with vein Cu-a longer than abscissa of M+Cu between M and Cu 1. Metasoma. Tergite I, about 2.2 × as long as posteriorly broad, without lateromedian and lateral carinae (Fig. 2 E); sternite I short, reaching 0.4 of length of tergite, without a central transverse ridge; tergite II, 0.8 × as long as posteriorly broad, with fine and very dense pubescence; ovipositor sheath 1.8 × as long as hind tibia (Fig. 1 A), strongly laterally compressed, the apex of the lower valve with fine file-like teeth, and with a small scabrous area basal to these teeth. Coloration (Fig. 1 A). A predominantly yellow species. Head with black marks on gena along occipital carina, a transverse band through the ocelli, and longitudinal stripe centrally at occiput; scape and pedicel dorsally dark brown; flagellum basally dark brown, dorsally progressively orange until flagellomere 22, from flagellomere 23 to apex dark brown, ventrally more widely orange; mesosoma with three longitudinal black marks on mesoscutum confluent with prescutellar groove; black marks on peripheries of mesoscutum, part of tegula, posterior band on scutellum, transverse furrow at base of propodeum, and all anterior carinae of propodeum from posterior transverse carina, except abscissae closing area superomedia posteriorly; dorsal and anterior periphery on mesopleuron, upper division on metapleuron; tergite I of metasoma infuscate subapically; tergite II basally with bilobed infuscate mark, following tergites with anterior 0.6 or more, black. Legs with a light brown stripe on posterior side of front and mid femora and base of tibiae; hind coxae, trochanters, femora and tibiae; hind tarsi infuscate. Ovipositor sheath light brown, dark brown at apex. Fore wing hyaline, yellowish tinged, without a subapical black spot. Male. Similar as female except in the following characters: Body length 8–11 mm. Fore wing length 6–8 mm. Head 1.8 –2.0 × as broad as long; clypeus 1.7–1.8 × as broad as high; malar space 0.19–0.23 × as long as basal width of mandible; gena slightly rounded and constricted behind eyes, 0.27–0.35 × as long as eye, lower part of gena moderately broad; posterior ocellus separated from eye by 1.4–1.7 × its own maximum diameter; distance between posterior ocelli 1.5 –2.0 × maximum diameter of posterior ocellus; occipital carina reaching hypostomal carina far from base of mandible at a distance of 0.75–0.77 × the width of mandible base; antenna with 40–45 elongate flagellomeres. Area superomedia pentagonal clearly delineated, 1.0– 1.1 × as broad as long; area petiolaris obliterated by median longitudinal carina; area basalis cuadrangular, 1.25 × as broad as long (Fig. 3 A); area dentipara separated from area posteroexterna; area externa 0.86–0.89 × as broad as long (Fig. 3 A). Mid leg with tibia not inflated, second tarsomere elongate, 6.0 × as long as broad, 1.0– 1.1 × as long as following two tarsomeres; hind coxa about 3.8–4.5 × as long as deep. Fore wing with areolet, 0.30–0.38 × as broad as length of distal abscissa of M. Tergite I, 3.4–3.9 × as long as posteriorly broad, sub-parallel sided (Fig. 3 E); sternite I, reaching 0.5 of length of tergite; tergite II, 1.9 –2.0 × as long as posteriorly broad, with fine and moderately dense pubescence; tergites III– IV with posterior margin deeply concave and membranous (Fig. 3 G). Coloration (Fig. 1 C). As female but pedicel orange; flagellum orange with former and apical 4–6 flagellomeres dark brown to black; all carinae of propodeum (Figs 3 A, 3 C) dark brown to black, except posterior abscissa of lateral longitudinal carina separating area posteroexterna from area coxalis, posterior carina enclosing area superomedia and longitudinal carina obliterating area petiolaris; tergite II dark brown to black in anterior half; front and mid legs entirely yellow; hind leg mostly light brown, tibia infuscate at distal part, tarsomeres dark brown. Variation. Some males have a black spot at central part of mesopleuron and first tergite not infuscate and/or black marks of tergites tending to be brown, posteriorly. Specimen from French Guyana has antenna dark brown ventrally, and tergites from V to apex entirely dark brown. Etymology. The name refers to the littoral area of Yucatán, where the holotype was collected. Phenology. Figure 6. Taxonomic remarks. In comparison with the other Mexican species, L. littoralis is very close to L marginata but can be distinguished from it by the following characters in combination: L. littoralis: Propodeum (Figs 2 A, 2 C, 3 A, 3 C) with area basalis very transverse, in female 2.7 × as broad as long, in male, 1.25 × as broad as long; area petiolaris not defined by median lateral carinae, confluent with area posteroexterna and dentipara; area externa longer than broad; area lateralis conspicuously shorter than broad, very transverse. Tergite I of metasoma about 2.2 × as long as posteriorly broad in female (Fig. 2 E); in male, 3.4–3.9 × as long as posteriorly broad, sub-parallel sided (Fig. 3 E). Male with flagellum orange, dorsally at base and apically dark brown to black (Fig. 1 C). Tergites III–IV with posterior margin deeply concave and membranous (Fig. 3 G). L. marginata (Figs 1 B, 1 D): Propodeum (Figs 2 B, 2 D, 3 B, 3 D) with area basalis not more than twice as broad as long, usually longer than broad in males; area petiolaris defined by median lateral carinae or obliterated; area externa conspicuously broader than long; area lateralis almost as long as wide, slightly transverse. Tergite I of metasoma 1.7–1.8 × as long as posteriorly broad in female (Fig. 2 F); in male, 2.9-3.1 × as long as posteriorly broad, with divergent sides from base to apex (Fig. 3 F). Male with flagellum entirely orange. Tergites III–IV with posterior margin straight, not with exposing membrane (Fig. 3 H). Material examined. Holotype female (CER-UADY currently loaned in CEUA), Mexico, Yucatán, Rio Lagartos, Nucleo, 23.XII. 2008 – 07.I. 2009, Sabana, TM 7, leg. González. Paratypes: Mexico, Yucatán, El Cuyo, Cementerio, 18.III–01.IV. 2009, Matorral, TM 6, leg. González, 1 ♂ (CER-UADY); same locality, 22.X– 10.XI. 2008, Matorral, TM 6, leg. González, 2 ♂ (CER-UADY); El Cuyo, Punta Mecoh, 22.X– 10.XI. 2008, Matorral, TM 3, leg. González, 1 ♂ (CEUA); same locality and date, TM 4, leg. González, 4 ♂ (CER-UADY); same locality, 26.XI– 10.XII. 2008, Matorral, TM 4, leg. González, 1 ♂ (CEUA); same locality, 23.XII. 2008 – 7.I. 2009, Matorral, TM 4, leg. González, 1 ♂ (ZMUT); same locality, 21.I– 4.II. 2009, Matorral, TM 4, leg. González, 1 ♂ (CER-UADY); El Cuyo, Sacboh, 4–18.III. 2008, Selva, TM 2, leg. González, 1 ♂ (CEUA); same locality, 21.I– 4.II. 2009, Selva, TM 2, leg. González, 1 ♂ (CER-UADY); El Cuyo, Tekal, 18.III– 1.IV. 2009, Selva, TM 12, leg. González, 1 ♂ (CEUA); Rio Lagartos, Nucleo, 26.XI– 10.XII. 2008, Sabana TM 8, leg González, 1 ♂ (CEUA); same locality, 10–23.XII. 2008, Sabana, TM 8, leg. González, 2 ♂ (CEUA); same locality and date, TM 7, leg. González, 2 ♂ (CER-UADY); same locality, 23.XII. 2008 – 07.I. 2009, Sabana, TM 8, leg. González, 3 ♂ (CEUA); same locality, 21.I– 4.II. 2009, Sabana TM 7, leg González, 2 ♂ (CER-UADY); same locality, 4–8.II. 2009, Sabana TM 8, leg. González, 5 ♂ (CEUA); same locality and date, TM 7, leg. González, 1 ♂ (CER-UADY); same locality, 18.II– 4.III. 2009, Sabana TM 7, leg. González, 1 ♂ (CEUA); same locality, 27.V– 10.VI. 2009, Sabana, TM 8, leg. González, 1 ♂ (CER-UADY); Rio Lagartos, Poste, 10.XI– 26.XI. 2008, Sabana, TM 9, leg. González, 1 ♂ (CEUA); same locality, 26.XI– 10.XII. 2008, Sabana, TM 9, leg. González, 1 ♂ (CER-UADY); same locality and date, TM 10, leg. González, 1 ♂ (CEUA); same locality, 10–23.XII. 2008, Sabana, TM 9, leg. González, 2 ♂ (CEUA); 23.XII. 2008 – 07.I. 2009, Sabana, TM 9, leg González, 2 ♂ (CEUA); 7–21.I. 2009, Sabana, TM 8, leg. González, 1 ♂ (ZMUT); same locality and date, TM 9, leg. González, 3 ♂ (2 ♂ CEUA, 1 ♂ ZMUT). Non type material: French Guyana, RN Trinité, 26–28.V. 2012, sweeping, SEAG coll., 1 ♂ (ZMUT).

Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea) are among the most common vectors of zoonotic pathogens worldwide. While research on tick-borne pathogens is abundant, few studies have thoroughly investigated small-scale spatial differences in their occurrence. Here, we used long-term cloth-dragging data of Ixodes ricinus and its associated, known and putative pathogens (Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., Borrelia miyamotoi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Rickettsia spp., Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, Bartonella spp., Babesia spp., and tick-borne encephalitis virus, TBEV) from a small, well-studied island in southwestern Finland to analyze potential temporal and spatial differences in pathogen prevalence and diversity between and within different biotopes. We found robust evidence indicating significant dissimilarities in B. burgdorferi s.l., A. phagocytophilum, Rickettsia, and Ca. N. mikurensis prevalence, even between proximal study areas on the island. Moreover, during the 6 years of the ongoing study, we witnessed the possible emergence of TBEV and Ca. N. mikurensis on the island. Finally, the stable occurrence of a protozoan pathogen that has not been previously reported in Finland, Babesia venatorum, was observed on the island. Our study underlines the importance of detailed, long-term tick surveys for public health. We propose that by more precisely identifying different environmental factors associated with the emergence and upkeep of enzootic pathogen populations through rigorous longitudinal surveys, we may be able to create more accurate models for both current and future pathogen distributions.

Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea) are among the most common vectors of zoonotic pathogens worldwide. While research on tick-borne pathogens is abundant, few studies have thoroughly investigated small-scale spatial differences in their occurrence. Here, we used long-term cloth-dragging data of Ixodes ricinus and its associated, known and putative pathogens (Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., Borrelia miyamotoi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Rickettsia spp., Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, Bartonella spp., Babesia spp., and tick-borne encephalitis virus, TBEV) from a small, well-studied island in southwestern Finland to analyze potential temporal and spatial differences in pathogen prevalence and diversity between and within different biotopes. We found robust evidence indicating significant dissimilarities in B. burgdorferi s.l., A. phagocytophilum, Rickettsia, and Ca. N. mikurensis prevalence, even between proximal study areas on the island. Moreover, during the 6 years of the ongoing study, we witnessed the possible emergence of TBEV and Ca. N. mikurensis on the island. Finally, the stable occurrence of a protozoan pathogen that has not been previously reported in Finland, Babesia venatorum, was observed on the island. Our study underlines the importance of detailed, long-term tick surveys for public health. We propose that by more precisely identifying different environmental factors associated with the emergence and upkeep of enzootic pathogen populations through rigorous longitudinal surveys, we may be able to create more accurate models for both current and future pathogen distributions.

O grupo de gêneros Polysphincta é um clado dentro da tribo Ephialtini (Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) cujas vespas parasitoides utilizam adultos e sub-adultos de aranhas construtoras de teia orbiculares como hospedeiros. A filogenia mais recente do grupo, utilizando dados morfológicos, havia dividido o grupo em sete clados, sendo o clado F composto pelos gêneros ‘Polysphincta’ + (Ticapimpla + (Hymenoepimecis + Acrotaphus)), ou seja, Polysphincta parafilético e Ticapimpla, Hymenoepimecis e Acrotaphus monofiléticos. O objetivo aqui foi estudar a taxonomia dos gêneros do clado F a fim de organizar e contribuir com estudos futuros dos Pimplinae neotropicais. Para isso, a tese foi dividida em cinco partes: 1) A revisão taxonômica do gênero Acrotaphus Townes. Foram descritas 16 novas espécies (A. amajari sp. n., A. amazonicus sp. n., A. bodoquenaensis sp. n., A. cuzconus sp. n., A. dolichopus sp. n., A. homeofranklini sp. n., A. jackiechani sp. n., A. kourou sp. n., A. micrus sp. n., A. monotaenius sp. n., A. nambilloensis sp. n., A. pseudoamazonicus sp. n., A. pseudomexicanus sp. n., A. sobczaki sp. n., A. venezuelanus sp. n. e A. zampieronae sp. n.). Em adição, A. mexicanus (Cameron) foi redescrita, novos caracteres foram adicionados, no qual foi realizado a descrição da genitália do macho pela primeira vez. Além disso, foi providenciado uma chave de identificação, diagnoses e imagens digitais para todas as espécies do gênero. 2) Uma análise cladística do gênero Acrotaphus Townes foi realizada usando 46 caracteres morfológicos e 35 táxons terminais (nove no grupo externo e 26 no grupo interno). Acrotaphus foi corroborado como monofilético (Zaglyptus + (Polysphincta + (Ticapimpla + (Hymenoepimecis + Acrotaphus)))), tendo como grupo irmão o gênero Hymenoepimecis Viereck. Além disso, a topologia interna do gênero foi proposta pela primeira vez, resultando em oito clados, com o maior número de espécies em seus ramos terminais nos clados G e H. Em adição, foram adicionados e testados pela primeira vez caracteres da cápsula genital dos machos. 3) O grupo de espécies Polysphincta dizardi Gauld foi revisado. Seis espécies novas foram descritas: P. cosnipata sp. n., P. inca sp. n., P. macroepomia sp. n., P. organensis sp. n., P. pichincha sp. n. e P. teresa sp. n.. Em adição, foram providenciadas diagnoses, chave taxonômica e imagens digitais para todas as espécies. 4) Um estudo taxonômico do gênero Hymenoepimecis Viereck do Equador, Guiana Francesa, Nicarágua e Peru foi realizado. Sete novas espécies foram descritas: H. andina sp. n., H. castilloi sp. n., H. dolichocarinata sp. n., H. ecuatoriana sp. n., H. longilobus sp. n., H. pucallpina sp. n. e H. rafaeli sp. n.. Em adição, novos registros geográficos, imagens digitais e uma chave de identificação para todas as espécies do gênero foram providenciadas. 5) O estudo taxonômico do gênero Ticapimpla Gauld foi realizado. Os machos de T. carinata e T. matamatae foram descritos e registrados pela primeira vez para a Guiana Francesa, como também foram registradas, pela primeira vez, as espécies T. amazonica, T. carinata, T. matamatae e T. soinii para o Brasil. Em adição, foram adicionadas diagnoses e imagens digitais dessas espécies. The Polysphincta genus-group is a clade within the tribe Ephialtini (Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) characterized by parasitoid wasps that utilize adult and sub-adult spiders as host. The most recent phylogeny of the group, using morphological data, divided the group into seven clades, the clade F consisting of ‘Polysphincta’ + (Ticapimpla + (Hymenoepimecis + Acrotaphus)), being Polysphincta paraphiletic and Ticapimpla, Hymenoepimecis and Acrotaphus monophyletic. This study aimed to study the taxonomy of genera of clade F in order to organized and contribute to future studies of neotropical Pimplinae. For this the thesis was divided in five parts: 1) the genus Acrotaphus Townes was reviewed. Sixteen new species were described (A. amajari sp. n., A. amazonicus sp. n., A. bodoquenaensis sp. n., A. cuzconus sp. n., A. dolichopus sp. n., A. homeofranklini sp. n., A. jackiechani sp. n., A. kourou sp. n., A. micrus sp. n., A. monotaenius sp. n., A. nambilloensis sp. n., A. pseudoamazonicus sp. n., A. pseudomexicanus sp. n., A. sobczaki sp. n., A. venezuelanus sp. n. and A. zampieronae sp. n.). In addition, A. mexicanus (Cameron) was redescribed, new characters were added, such as the description of the male’s genitalia for the first time. Also, an identification key, diagnoses and digital images for all species of the genus were provided. 2) A cladistic analysis of genus Acrotaphus Townes was performed using 46 morphological characteres and 35 terminal taxa (nine outgroup and 26 ingroup). Acrotaphus was corroborated as monophyletic, having your sister group the genus Hymenoepimecis Viereck (Zaglyptus + (Polysphincta + (Ticapimpla + (Hymenoepimecis + Acrotaphus)))). Besides, the internal topology of the genus was here first proposed, resulting in eight clades, with the largest number of species in its terminal branches in the clades G and H. In addition, characters from the male genital capsule were added and tested for the first time. 3) Polysphincta dizardi Gauld species-group was reviewed. Six new species were described: P. cosnipata sp. n., P. inca sp. n., P. macroepomia sp. n., P. organensis sp. n., P. pichincha sp. n. and P. teresa sp. n.. Also, diagnosis, taxonomic key and digital images for all species were provided. 4) A taxonomic study of genus Hymenoepimecis Viereck from Ecuador, French Guiana, Nicaragua and Peru was realized. Seven new species were described: H. andina sp. n., H. castilloi sp. n., H. dolichocarinata sp. n., H. ecuatoriana sp. n., H. longilobus sp. n., H. pucallpina sp. n. and H. rafaeli sp. n.. Besides, new geographical records, digital images and an identification key for all species of genus were provided. 5) A taxonomic study of genus Ticapimpla Gauld was realized. The males T. carinata Palacio et al. and T. matamatae Palacio et al. were associated and described, the genus was recorded for the first time to French Guiana, the species T. amazonica Palacio et al., T. carinata, T. matamatae and T. soinii Palacio et al. were recorded for the first time to Brazil. Besides, diagnosis and digital images of these species were added.