15 results on '"Söylemez, Engin"'
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2. CFD analysis for predicting cooling time of a domestic refrigerator with thermoelectric cooling system
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Söylemez, Engin, Alpman, Emre, Onat, Ayhan, and Hartomacıoğlu, Selim
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- 2021
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3. Energy and Conventional Exergy Analysis of an Integrated Transcritical CO2 (R-744) Refrigeration System
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Söylemez, Engin, primary
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- 2024
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4. Numerical (CFD) and experimental analysis of hybrid household refrigerator including thermoelectric and vapour compression cooling systems
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Söylemez, Engin, Alpman, Emre, Onat, Ayhan, Yükselentürk, Yalçin, and Hartomacıoğlu, Selim
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- 2019
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5. Experimental analysis of hybrid household refrigerators including thermoelectric and vapour compression cooling systems
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Söylemez, Engin, Alpman, Emre, and Onat, Ayhan
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- 2018
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6. Energy and Conventional Exergy Analysis of an Integrated Transcritical CO 2 (R-744) Refrigeration System.
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Söylemez, Engin
- Subjects
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EXERGY , *VAPOR compression cycle , *HOT water heating , *CARBON dioxide , *ELECTRIC power , *HEATING load , *REFRIGERATION & refrigerating machinery , *TRIGENERATION (Energy) - Abstract
This study analyses the performance of an integrated transcritical CO2 (R-744) refrigeration system operating in winter conditions within a supermarket in Trento, north Italy. This system fulfils multiple functions, providing the heating (for domestic hot water and space heating), cooling, and freezing capabilities for the supermarket. Energy analysis reveals that the average value of the total coefficient of performance, total COP, over the entire study period is calculated at 2.47. Notably, the medium-temperature (MT) compressor rack exhibits the highest power consumption, especially in sub −5 °C conditions. The auxiliary (AUX) compressor rack and the gas cooler (GC) fan contribute significantly to the electrical power usage. The air conditioning (AC) heating load is consistently high, averaging 41.6 kW, while the domestic hot water (DHW) heating load remains stable at approximately 5 kW. The refrigeration demands include an average MT cooling load of 25.86 kW and a low-temperature (LT) freezing load of 10–15 kW, with an average of 13.76 kW. The current study also delves into exergy analysis, disclosing an overall system exergy efficiency of 22.4%. The AUX compressor rack is identified as the primary exergy destructor, followed by the GC, AC coils, MT compressor rack, and the ejector. The LT compressor rack has the highest exergy efficiency, followed by the MT and LT expansion valves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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7. Performance analysis of a CO2-ice heat pump
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Söylemez, Engin, Erb, KEvin, Schubert, Maike, Gerber, Raphael, Carbonell, Daniel, Hazarika, Mihir Mouchum, and Hafner, Armin
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Heat pump ,Energy efficiency ,Refrigeration ,Carbon Dioxide ,Evaporators ,Compressors ,COP - Abstract
This study aims to analyze the performance of a CO2 heat pump system with an ice-slurry function, including a supercooler, a tri-partite gas cooler, and an ejector. The prototype was developed as part of the TRI-HP project. The performance tests were conducted under different operating conditions in three different modes in the laboratory. The modes are space heating (SH), domestic hot water (DHW), and parallel mode (PA), in which a simultaneous supply of DHW and SH is provided. A numerical model was also developed and verified with the test results. The results show that the developed heat pump can operate under different operating conditions successfully. It can supply hot water up to 45 °C and 70 °C for SH and DHW, respectively. The system's heating coefficient of performance (COPH) varies between 3 to 6.5 depending on operating conditions.
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- 2023
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8. Simplified heat pump modelling in TRNSYS and validation
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Neugebauer, Martin, Söylemez, Engin, and Pean, Thibault
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Heat pumps ,TRNSYS ,Modelling - Abstract
The EU project TRI-HP is aiming at developing trigeneration integrated solutions that provide heating, cooling and electricity by means of PV-coupled natural refrigerant heat pumps using multiple renewable energy sources. Within the TRI-HP project, three kinds of heat pumps have been developed. One is the so-called dual source/sink heat pump, featuring two potential heat sources and sinks using propane as a refrigerant (R290-dual). These two sources are brine from a ground probe eld and ambient air. The other two heat pumps use a water source that can be supercooled to produce ice slurry but employ different refrigerants: one uses propane (R290-ice), while the other uses CO2 (R744-ice) with a transcritical cycle. R290-ice and R744-ice use solar thermal collectors as heat sources for the evaporator in a concept known as solar-ice. This deliverable presents the fitting of simple quadratic model functions to experimental and simulated data of the three types of heat pumps investigated in the current project. These model functions allow a runtime efcient integration of these heat pump types into transient system simulations. The simplified heat pump models have been integrated into TRNSYS using pyrosis 1 and will be used to study the energetic and cost efficiency of these heat pump systems coupled with photovoltaics around Europe.
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- 2023
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9. Heat exchanger modelling
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Söylemez, Engin, Carbonell, Daniel, and Anton, Xabier Pena
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dual source/sink ,Supercooler ,Natural refrigerant ,Tri-partite gas cooler ,Heat exchangers ,Heat recovery ,CO2, R-744 ,Modelling - Abstract
TRI-HP EU project aims to develop trigeneration integrated solutions that combine heating, cooling and electricity generation based on heat pumps running with natural refrigerants and using multiple renewable energy sources. Most of the developments of the project are focussed on the whole refrigerant cycle of the heat pumps as well as on the heat exchangers used. Three innovative heat exchangers have been designed, manufactured, and tested as stand-alone devices and implemented in heat pumps with nominal capacities of 10 kW within the current project.The experimental results of the supercoolers have been published in [1] where all experimental data used here is accessible as open data. One of the heat exchangers developed is based on brazed heat exchangers where icephobic coatings have been applied to achieve high levels of supercooling in very compact heat exchangers typically used in residential heat pumps. Several coatings were applied into plate heat exchangers, the so-called supercoolers, and were compared to each other. The best coatings were applied in the evaporators of the heat pumps that were able to supercool water in real dynamic conditions. In the present deliverable, a numerical model to predict the behaviour of supercoolers is presented and validated with experimental data. Results show that the model presented here is able to capture the main characteristics of the supercoolers assessed.The experimental results of the dual source/sink heat exchanger have been published in [2]. A second innovative heat exchanger is a dual source/sink unit able to use brine/water as well as air as heat sources and sinks for heating and cooling, respectively. The idea is to be able to use ground sources as well as ambient air as heat sources and sinks. This heat exchanger is key in the development of a dual source/sink heat pump which has been manufactured and tested. This hybrid heat pump is fully reversible, and as such, the dual heat exchanger needs to operate as an evaporator as well as a condenser. The design and sizing of this heat exchanger were based on a numerical model developed in Modelica. The numerical model, as well as its validation in heating and cooling models using both sources, is provided. The third innovative heat exchanger is specially dedicated to transcritical CO2 heat pumps. A tri-partite gas cooler has been developed to provide space heating (SH) and domestic hot water (DHW) simultaneously in a compact unit. The tri-partite gas cooler consists of three brazed heat exchangers connected in a particular form. The first gas cooler is used to preheat DHW, the second one is used to provide SH, and the third one is to reheat DHW. The three gas coolers are connected in series on the CO2 site such that the hottest part of the CO2 side is connected to the third gas cooler. The CO2 is then cooled from the gas cooler third to the one.experimental results of the tri-partite gas coolers have been published in [3].
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- 2023
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10. Refined heat pump design and results of final testing
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Söylemez, Engin, Schubert, Maike, Gurruchaga, Ignacio, Peña, Xabier, Alonso, Laura, Gerber, Raphael, and Carbonell, Daniel
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Heat pumps ,dual source/sink ,R290 (propane) ,R744 (CO2) ,ice slurry - Abstract
TRI-HP EU project aims to develop trigeneration integrated solutions that combine heating, cooling and electricity generation, based on heat pumps running with natural refrigerants and using multiple renewable energy sources. Three heat pump prototypes (propane-ice, propane-dual, CO2-ice)were already analyzed in the first testing campaign. The prototypes of the proposed heat pumps were modified for the second test campaign based on the results of the first test campaign. For the enhancement of the propane-ice heat pump, the compressor and evaporator were changed. Changing the compressor brought a 5 % increase in system efficiency (COP). One expansion valve was utilized rather than two valves for simplicity, lower cost, and higher reliability. Moreover, the extraction fan operates only in case of an emergency. Although this solution slightly reduces the safety level, it increases the COP by up to 3 %. From the comparative analysis between the first and second test campaigns, it has been observed that the propane-ice heat pump COP has increased by an average of 11.3 % compared to the first prototype, for the nominal operation temperature range for SH (30/35 °C) and DHW (52/60 °C}). Finally, the casing of the prototype was changed from a high frame to a wide frame for smooth production and a lower footprint. In terms of advancing the second prototype of the propane DSHP, a DSHXwith small external tubes dimension was utilised in order to reduce the refrigerant charge amount. Only one supply port was implemented to eliminate the risk of refrigerant bypass. The exhaust distributor of the DSHXwas lower than the supply distributor. It was moved to a higher position than the supply one to lower the pressure drop and increase the evaporating temperature. The frame of the second prototype was also changed to simplify the commissioning. As far as the CO2heat pump is concerned, new and more ejectors were utilised to enlarge the application range and improve the system's performance. Evaporator control was enhanced by controlling refrigerant outlet quality along with the refrigerant pressure difference method to increase the system efficiency. The internal heat exchanger was switched with a new plate configuration. This report describes the second experimental campaign after the modification/upgrading of the heat pump prototypes. The experimental results are analysed and compared when possible with the first experimental campaign results. The main performance indicators for the three heat pumps are reported.
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- 2022
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11. The Performance Analysis of an Integrated CO2 Refrigeration System with Multi-Ejectors Installed in a Supermarket
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Söylemez, Engin, primary, Hafner, Armin, additional, Schlemminger, Christian, additional, Kriezi, Ekaterini E., additional, and Khorshidi, Vahid, additional
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- 2022
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12. Performance of integrated R744-packs part 1: compressor mass flow estimation based on data-driven models using analytical methods and actual field measurements
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Khorshidi, Vahid, Kriezi, Ekaterini E., Schlemminger, Christian, Hafner, Armin, and Söylemez, Engin
- Abstract
Rising concerns for climate change impacts along with the new legislation aimed at lowering emissions indicates the inevitable transition in the cooling/heating industry towards a more energy-efficient solution with minimal environmental impact. Integrated refrigeration, air condition and heat recovery solutions by CO2 (R744) packs are efficient solutions to high energy demanding building (supermarkets and hotels). Proven performance enhancement of Multi Ejector SolutionTM makes the R744 systems more energy efficient, especially in warm climates, compared to the most conventional synthetic refrigerant systems in food retail applications. Pilot installation in the frame of MultiPACK, an EU funded project (Horizon 2020), provided a wide range of data, offering the possibility of evaluating the real performance of each ejector group: high pressure (HP), low pressure (LP) and liquid ejector (LE), by running the system in different operating modes. Analysis of the data indicated performance improvement of a system with ejector, on average a 35% lower energy consumption compared to baseline parallel compression R744 system without ejectors. Availability of mass flow measurement, 5 Coriolis mass flow meters on this pilot, enabled the possibility of comparison of mass flow rate estimation based on data acquisition from compressors with actual measurement. Methods utilized include: Energy balance, volumetric displacement, manufacturer polynomials, and data-driven method. The comparison reveals the importance of compressor suction and discharge parameters for obtaining reliable results based on energy balance, volumetric displacement, manufacturer polynomials methods. The current study shows data-driven method performs well after enough training time with error bounded to 3% and 10 % on low and medium temperature level compressors, respectively.
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- 2021
13. The Performance Analysis of an Integrated CO 2 Refrigeration System with Multi-Ejectors Installed in a Supermarket.
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Söylemez, Engin, Hafner, Armin, Schlemminger, Christian, Kriezi, Ekaterini E., and Khorshidi, Vahid
- Subjects
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CARBON dioxide , *SUPERMARKETS , *REFRIGERATION & refrigerating machinery - Abstract
The field data from an integrated CO2 refrigeration system installed in a supermarket located north of the capital of Lisbon was analyzed. The goal was to demonstrate the effect and performance of multi-ejectors on a refrigeration system operating in a warm climate. The measurement results for the system with and without activating ejectors were compared. It was observed that the system with a multi-ejector operation had considerable performance superiority. The ejectors improved the cooling capacity of the medium temperature stage of the system by 17.4%. The system with active ejectors had 7.5% less total power consumption compared to the ejector off mode of the same system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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14. Termoelektrik ve buhar sıkıştırmalı soğutma sistemlerinden oluşan hibrid ev tipi buzdolabının dizaynı, geliştirilmesi ve analizi
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Söylemez, Engin, Alpman, Emre, Onat, Ayhan, Makine Mühendisliği (İngilizce) Anabilim Dalı, and Makine Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı
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Termoelektrik ,Makine mühendisliği ,Thermoelectric cooling ,Mechanical Engineering ,Refrigeration and refrigerating machinery ,Termoelektrik soğutma ,Makine Mühendisliği ,Thermoelectricity ,Soğutma ve soğutma makineleri ,Mechanical engineering - Abstract
TERMOELEKTRİK VE BUHAR SIKIŞTIRMALI SOĞUTMA SİSTEMLERİNDEN OLUŞAN HİBRİD EV TİPİ BUZDOLABININ DİZAYNI, GELİŞTİRİLMESİ VE ANALİZİTermoelektrik (TE) ve buhar sıkıştırmalı soğutma sistemlerinden oluşan hibrit ev tipi buzdolapları deneysel ve nümerik olarak incelenmiştir. Bunun için, ticari olarak uygun termoelektrik soğutucular ticari buzdoplarının taze gıda ve chill bölmelerine uygulanmıştır. Analizler termoelektrik soğutma teknolojilerinin uygulama fırsatlarını arttırmak için termoelektrik soğutucuların faydalarına odaklanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın iki aşaması bulunmaktadır. İlk aşamada, çalışmanın amaçları belirlenmiş ve takip eden hazırlıklar yapıldı: termoelektrik soğutucuların belirlenmesi için 0 °C(chill) ve taze gıda bölmeleri için soğutma yükü hesapları yapılmıştır. Daha sonra, iki referans (seri) ev tipi buzdolabının yanı sıra iki de farklı hibrit ev tipi buzdolabı üretilmiş ve deneysel olarak incelenmiştir. Daha fazla değerlendirme için, bilgisayar destekli akışkan dinamiği analizi (CFD) verileri için gerekli ölçümler yapılmıştır. İkinci safhada ise, en iyi test sonuçlarına sahip hibrit ev tipi buzdolabı sonraki değerlendirmeler için seçilmiştir. Hibrit buzdolabının nümerik analizleri sonrası, CFD modeli geliştirilmiş ve bu modelle önerilen konfigürasyonların analizleri de yapılmıştır. CFD analizinin amacı daha düzgün hava akış ve sıcaklık dağılımı elde etmede termoelektrik soğutucu için en uygun yeri belirlemektir. CFD tahminleri dikkate alınarak, en az sıcaklıktabakalaşmasına sahip konfigürasyon temel alınarak iki yeni hibrit buzdolabı yapılmıştır. CFD tahminleri test sonuçlarıyla daha sonra teyit edilmiştir.Bu çalışmanın sonucu önemli çıktılar içermektedir. Enerji tüketiminin azaltılmasında sağlanan iyileştirmelere rağmen, hibrit buzdolaplarının enerji tüketimi, seri buzdolaplarına kıyasla hala üç kat daha yüksektir. Bu, termoelektrik soğutma teknolojisinin, ölçümlerin işaret ettiği gibi, buhar sıkıştırmalı teknolojiye alternatif olması için Performans Katsayısı’nda (COP) iyileştirmelere ihtiyaç duyduğunu vurgular. Termoelektrik soğutucuların COP'si testlerde 0.3 ila 0.5 W/W arasındaydı. Alternatif olabilmesi için, termoelektrik soğutucuların COP değerleri yaklaşık 2 W/W olmalıdır.Bununla birlikte, hibrit ev tipi buzdolapları, soğutma kapasitesi testlerinde kanıtlandığı üzere, sıcak gıdaların soğutulmasını hızlandırmak açısından muazzam bir potansiyele sahiptir. Yani, sıcak gıda maddeleri, gıdaların güvenli bir şekilde korunabileceği hedef sıcaklık bölgelerine kadar dakikalar içinde soğutulabilir. Ayrıca, buzdolaplarının bölmesinde çok düzgün sıcaklık dağılımı ve daha az sıcaklık dalgalanmaları termoelektrik soğutucular tarafından sağlanabilir. Bu, sıcaklık farklılıklarına çok duyarlı olan bozulmaya karşı hassas gıdaların bozulmadan daha uzun bir süre tutulması için çok önemlidir. TE teknolojisindeki gelişmeler ve yenilikler önemli ölçüde artmaktadır ve bu nedenle TE soğutma teknolojilerinin verimliliği artacaktır. Bu durum ev tipi buzdolaplarına uygulanan buhar sıkıştırmalı soğutma teknolojisine güçlü bir alternatif olmalarına yardımcı olacaktır. Bu kesinlikle biraz zaman alacak olsa da, ev tipi buzdolaplarında son kullanıcıların bazı özel ihtiyaçları için TE soğutucuları kullanmak mümkün olacaktır. --------------------THE DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYSIS OF A HYBRID HOUSEHOLD REFRIGERATOR COMBINING THERMOELECTRIC AND VAPOUR COMPRESSION COOLING SYSTEMSHybrid household refrigerators which combine vapour compression (VC) and thermoelectric (TE) cooling technologies were experimentally and numerically investigated. In order to realise this investigation, commercially available thermoelectric coolers (TEC) were applied to the fresh food (FFC) and chill (CC) compartments ofcommercial refrigerators. Analysis focused on the benefits of TECs to increase opportunities for the application of the thermoelectric cooling technologies. There were two phases of this work. In the first phase, the objectives of the work were set, and the following preparations were made: the reference refrigerators were selected and the target compartments, CC and FFC, for the implementation of the TECs were determined. The cooling loads for them were calculated to determine the suitable TECs. Another necessary test equipment was also collected. Then, two different hybrid household refrigerators were built along with two reference household refrigerators(serial refrigerators) and they were investigated experimentally. For further evaluations, necessary measurements were made to collect data for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis. In the second phase, the hybrid household refrigerator (HHR) with better test results was selected for further evaluations. After numerical analysis of hybrid refrigerator, CFD model was developed and then proposed configurations were also analysed. The purpose of the CFD analysis was to determine the optimum location for the TEC to achieve more uniform air flow and temperature fields. Regarding the predictions, two new hybrid refrigerators were built based on the configurations which have less temperature stratification. CFD predictions were validated with the experimental results, later on. The conclusion of this work has pivotal outputs as follows. Although enhancements achieved in reducing energy consumption, HHRs’ energy consumption is still three times higher compared to serial refrigerators. This highlights that TE cooling technology needs improvements in Coefficient of Performance (COP) to become an alternative to VC technology as measurements indicated. The COP of TECs were between 0.3 to 0.5 W/W. To become an alternative, TEC’s COP values must be around 2 W/W. Nevertheless, HHRs have an enormous potential in terms of speeding up the warm foodstuffs’ cooling as proved in cooling capacity tests. That is, the warm foodstuffs can be cooled down in minutes to the target temperature regions in where foods can be safely preserved. Moreover, highly uniform temperature distribution and less temperature fluctuations in the compartment of the refrigerators can be provided by the TECs. This is crucial for keeping the perishable foods, which are very sensible to temperature differences, for a longer time without deterioration.The developments and innovations in TE technology are significantly increasing and therefore the efficiency of TE cooling technologies will likely increase which help them to be a strong alternative to VC cooling technology applied to household refrigerators. Although this will certainly take some time, it will possible to use TECs for somespecific needs of end-users in household refrigerators.
- Published
- 2018
15. Greenhouse Gas Emission and Energy Production from a Ground-Mounted Solar Park
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Langås, Anja Irene, Sæternes, Solveig Hegstad, Tveit, Helene Sæle, and Söylemez, Engin
- Abstract
I lys av klimaendringene er det behov for en rask omstilling og overgang fra fossile energikilder til fornybar energi som solenergi. I en verden hvor bærekraftig utvikling er essensielt, blir det viktig å adressere den totale klima- og miljøpåvirkningen av solparker. Miljøpåvirkningen knyttet til bakkemonterte solparker bestemmes hovedsakelig av dens lokasjon, naturverdier og arealbruk, samt solpanelene. Som et resultat av dette vil det være nødvendig å ta disse faktorene i betraktning ved utforming og installasjon av bærekraftige bakkemonterte solparker i fremtiden. Hensikten med denne bacheloroppgaven er å finne optimal avstand mellom solpanelene i en solpark i forhold til klimagassutslipp og energiproduksjon. Det blir hovedsakelig sett på produksjon og utslipp fra seks ulike caser fordelt på tre ulike typer arealbruksendringer. Disse arealbruksendringene er lavbonitetsskog, høybonitetsskog og konstruert område som blir gjort om til et utbygd område for en bakkemontert solpark. En LCA analyse ble gjennomført for å finne utslippene gjennom livsløpet til et solpanel. Det ble sett på globalt oppvarmingspotensial i forbindelse med produksjon, transport, montering og resirkulering av panelet. Utslippene i forbindelse med arealbruksendringer ble beregnet med utgangspunkt i et verktøy i Microsoft Office Excel utviklet av Miljødirektoratet. For å simulere energiproduksjonen ble solparken simulert i programmet PVsyst for de ulike casene med forskjellige type areal og avstander mellom panelene. For å finne optimalt design for solparken ble det regnet ut et forholdstall med resultater fra totalt klimagassutslipp og energiproduksjon for ulike case. Resultatene fra LCA analysen viser at utslippet gjennom livsløpet til et panel er 582.61 kg CO2-ekv. Totalt sett stod produksjonen av panelene for den største andelen av klimagassutslippene. Årsaken til dette er at produksjonen består av flere energikrevende prosesser i Kina som er kjent for å benytte fossile energikilder. Beregningene av arealbruksendringene gav et totalt utslipp for 30 år på lavbonitetskog, høybonitetskog og konstruert område på henholdsvis 12 648.7 tonn CO2-ekv, 13 546.3 tonn CO2-ekv og 0 tonn CO2-ekv. Simuleringene i PVsyst viser at konstruert område med en avstand på 8 meter mellom panelene gir høyest produksjon, hvor det totalt blir det sendt 34 050 MWh årlig til strømnettet. Årsaken til dette er at denne simuleringen har høyest albedoverdier og flere paneler installert i solparken, til tross for høyt skyggetap. For alle simuleringene er det også tydelig at tosidige solpaneler øker energiproduksjonen ettersom de kan samle inn solinnstråling fra begge sider. I tillegg viser resultatene at lave temperaturer i vintermånedene gir redusert tap i systemet for denne perioden og økte ytelsen til PV systemet. Forholdstallet mellom utslipp og produksjon er best for casen med avstand 15 meter og konstruert område, med en verdi på 35.3034 kg CO2-eq/MWh. For arealtypen lavbonitet- og høybonitet skog gir en avstand på 9 meter det laveste forholdstallet på henholdsvis 52.1935 kg CO2-eq/MWh og 53.2148 kg CO2-eq/MWh. Den minst klimavennlige casen er ved høybonitetsskog hvor det er 15 meters avstand mellom panelene. Dette indikerer at det vil være mest miljøvennlig å installere fremtidens solparker på konstruert mark eller allerede utbygde områder med tanke på klimagassutslipp og energiproduksjon. In light of climate change, there is a need for a transition from fossil energy sources to renewable energy such as solar energy. In a world where sustainable development is essential, it becomes more important to address the total climate and environmental impacts of solar energy. The environmental consequences related to ground-mounted solar parks are mainly determined by their location, natural values and land-use, as well as the solar panels. As a result, it will be necessary to take these factors into consideration when designing and installing sustainable ground-mounted solar parks in the future. The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to find the optimal distance between the solar panels in a solar park with regard to greenhouse gas emissions and energy production. The main focus is on six different cases with a pitch of 8 and 15 meters for three different types of land-use changes. The land-use changes are low site productivity forest, high site productivity forest and constructed area that are turned into an area for a ground-mounted solar park. An LCA was conducted in order to estimate the greenhouse gas emission from the life cycle of the solar panels. The global warming potential was calculated for the production, transport, mounting and recycling of the PV panel. The carbon footprint from land-use change was determined based on a tool in Microsoft Office Excel from the Norwegian Environment Agency. To simulate the energy production, the solar park was simulated in PVsyst software for the various cases with different area types and pitches. In order to find the optimal design for the solar park, a ratio was calculated with results from total greenhouse gas emissions and energy production for the different cases. The results from the LCA analysis indicate that the total greenhouse gas emission during the life cycle for one panel is 582.61 kg CO2-eq. The production phase of the panels accounted for the largest share of emissions. This is because the production phase consists of several energy-intensive processes in China where fossil energy sources are commonly used. The total emissions for land-use change over 30 years were 12 648.7 ton CO2-eq, 13 546.3 ton CO2-eq, and 0 ton CO2-eq for low site productivity forest, high site productivity forest and constructed area respectively. The simulation results in PVsyst indicate that the solar park installed on constructed area with a pitch of 8 meters injects most energy to the grid, with a yearly contribution of 34 050 MWh. This is because this case has the highest albedo values and more panels that can produce energy, despite more shading loss. From all the simulations, it was evident that bifacial PV panels increased the energy production as they can collect solar irradiance from both sides. In addition, lower temperatures during the winter reduced losses in the system and increased the performance of the PV system. When looking at the ratio between emissions and production for the six cases, the best case is constructed area with a pitch of 15 meters. This case had the lowest ratio of 35.3034 kg CO2-eq/MWh. For the area types of low site productivity and high site productivity forest, a distance of 9 meters gives the lowest ratio of 52.1935 kg CO2-eq/MWh and 53.2148 kg CO2-eq/MWh respectively. The worst case is for high site productivity forest with a pitch of 15 meters. From an environmental and sustainable perspective, this indicates that it is preferable to install future solar parks in constructed or already developed areas to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
- Published
- 2023
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