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Summary Collective targets set by private, government, and non-government organizations to achieve global “zero net deforestation” by 2020 have been missed. Here, we explore the limitations of zero deforestation (ZD) targets and commitments. We review the origins of the ZD concept and explore conceptual and practical challenges with attaining ZD. Conceptual challenges include problems with defining “forest,” social equity, and agricultural expansion leaking to non-forest ecosystems. Practical challenges include implementing ZD in highly complex supply chains. We reflect on the framing of ZD and discuss principles to support post-2020 conservation targets and commitments. We emphasize the importance of defining relationships between global goals and targets, national targets, and commitments. We call for research to understand the impacts of ZD commitments on local stakeholders in diverse contexts, including highly forested landscapes. Reframing ZD will not solve deforestation, but reflecting on its limitations could support more effective and equitable tropical forest conservation beyond 2020.

As viral genomic imprints in host genomes, endogenous viral elements (EVEs) shed light on the deep evolutionary history of viruses, ancestral host ranges, and ancient viral-host interactions. In addition, they may provide crucial information for calibrating viral evolutionary timescales. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive in silico screening of a large dataset of available mammalian genomes for EVEs deriving from members of the viral family Flaviviridae, an important group of viruses including well-known human pathogens. We identified two novel pestivirus-like EVEs in the reference genome of the Indochinese shrew (Crocidura indochinensis). Homologs of these novel EVEs were subsequently detected in vivo by molecular detection and sequencing in 27 shrew species, including 26 species representing a wide distribution within the Crocidurinae subfamily and one in the Soricinae subfamily. Based on this wide distribution, we estimate that the integration event occurred before the last common ancestor of the subfamily, about 10.8 million years ago, attesting to an ancient origin of pestiviruses and Flaviviridae in general. Moreover, we provide the first description of Flaviviridae-derived EVEs in mammals even though the family encompasses numerous mammal-infecting members, including major human pathogens such as Zika, dengue, or hepatitis C viruses. This also suggests that shrews were past and perhaps also current natural reservoirs of pestiviruses. Taken together, our results expand the current known Pestivirus host range and provide novel insight into the ancient evolutionary history of pestiviruses and the Flaviviridae family in general.

Only recently Anti-Covid-19 strategies have been applied through specific vaccines, that are a decisive support to modify the evolution of the disease and to reduce the contagion curve. Along vaccination campaigns, the necessity to guarantee rapidity and effectiveness is a critical challenge for all health organizations; their operative capability is applied to carry out govern plans, to ensure safety of the procedures, to adopt good clinical practices, to help with adhesion to vaccine administration and to monitor adverse effects.The "Centro Clinico Morgagni" is a private accredited diagnosis and treatment Centre with high specialty departments and several hospital beds. The challenge for its administration was to complete the vaccination of all the staff, so a COVID19 crisis unit was established to assure the control of all activities in the center throughout the pandemic. The goal was to complete the vaccination plan following the guidelines with no risks or harm.An original organizational model, based on different planning methodologies was developed, its task was to define a standard procedure and to give operational instructions based on ISO 9001 for monitoring the entire vaccination process. Also, the model had to define every responsibility role and it had to follow Joint Commission International's methodologies as far as error barriers, drug conservation risks, drug transport and drug administration were concerned.Furthermore, in agreement with the HACCP system, critical control points were highlighted during all the process. The results have been processed in the form of quick references and illustrative panels based on relevant process aspects, which were given to the staff involved in the operations as reference tools for prompt consultation.The vaccination operations at the Centro Clinico Morgagni took place quickly in only four days: 800 staff units were vaccinated - first and second doses with Covid19 mRNA BNT162b2 (Cominraty) - in three different vaccination centers without highlighting significant events that did not comply with the guidelines, nor deviations from the established goals. More precisely, starting from 277 bottles corresponding to six doses each, only 0.2% was wasted, while ADR monitoring reported a prevalence of adverse effects in females (78%) compared to males (22%). Adhesion for vaccination of qualified personnel, thanks to the activities of the Medical College set up for this purpose, reached 100% of the candidate staff through repeated personalized interviews with only one opposition, compared to the 30 communicated at the beginning.It was necessary to ensure the efficiency of the entire process and the model was tested positively. This model can also provide a security control of all the vaccinated personnel; its schematization allows an easy application and flexibility, thus making it an organizational tool that could be reproduced and transferred to other contexts.

Mandibular fractures are the third most prevalent maxillo-facial traumatic events. Surgical approaches to the condyle are a debated topic. This study describes a mini-invasive technique for condylar fracture reduction. The patient of this study suffered multiple traumatic injuries including a carotid artery dissecting aneurysm, which contraindicated the standard open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) technique. The novel minimally invasive technique involves intraoral access and fracture fragment realignment using a periosteal elevator, a molar occlusal splint, and intermaxillary fixation after intraoperative radiologic imaging confirmation of condyle reposition. The approach avoids skin incisions and tissue dissection, with good aesthetic outcomes and facial nerve preservation. This technique proved to be safe and simple to be less demanding for the patient, with a shorter recovery time than experienced with other techniques. The results suggest this technique is a good option for the surgical treatment of condylar neck fractures showing favorable rim morphology with primary stability after reduction.

Tropical deforestation in global agricultural commodity supply chains is a “wicked” problem. Attempted solutions to wicked conservation problems like tropical deforestation often involve idealised, technical mechanisms. For example, company commitments to “zero deforestation” have become a mainstay of global forest conservation efforts. To be resolved, however, wicked conservation problems require strategically-developed, context-specific mixes of mechanisms. Drawing on interdisciplinary literature from the policy sciences, energy and land-use policy, and conservation, we examine why the contextual complexity of wicked conservation problems demands mixes of mechanisms. We present an operational model of conservation that incorporates the mechanism mix concept. We then explore how the dynamism and uncertainty of wicked problems means mixes of mechanisms must be continually reconfigured. Drawing the concepts of contextual complexity, dynamism and uncertainty together, we propose a conceptual model – the “M3 Model” – which aids understanding of how mechanism mixes can be reconfigured to sustain progress towards a desired outcome. The M3 model has four practical implications, which we discuss with reference to supply chain initiatives to reduce deforestation. First, it makes the need to address multiple interacting variables explicit, countering the tendency to seek panaceas. Second, it emphasises the importance of analysing mechanisms’ contributions to problem amelioration, instead of their shortcomings as idealised solutions. Third, it highlights the possibility of failure, reorienting conservation practice towards learning. Fourth, it emphasises polycentric governance, reinforcing the need for distributed mechanism deployment across stakeholder groups. Our synthesis provides tools to support a holistic, systemic approach to tackling wicked conservation problems.

We analyzed the dispersion of the co-seismic fracturing due to the December 26, 2018 event at Mt. Etna (Italy) along the deformation belt matching the seismogenic source at depth. Our study, based on measurement of 390 ground fractures, reconstructed the variability of the geometry and the changes in the rank (length and displacement) of the ground breaks, through different compound lava fields. The study evidenced that the narrow capable dextral fault zone emerges where ancient lavas crop out or are draped by a thin layer of younger lava flows. Conversely, within recent compound lava fields, consisting of multiple superimposed flow units, the main mechanical anisotropy within the near-surface layers inhibited the along-dip fault propagation. The vertical restriction of the fault propagation produced a spread ground deformation, responding to the motion along the blind main fault. Our results provide a significant example how the laterally changing near-surface stratigraphy of an active volcano edifice can influence the ground effects due to the co-seismic displacement along strike-slip active fault. This evidence could represent new insights to be considered in predicting the susceptibility zone around active transcurrent faults in volcanic settings, prone to instabilities for future seismic events.

Despite abundant literature from beyond the conservation sector on learning from failure, few studies examine conservation professionals, their teams, and their organizations. Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to investigate the drivers of conservation professionals' intentions to engage in learning from failure behaviors, we found that conservation professionals who intend to participate in learning from failure activities are influenced by perceptions of social norms. Higher levels of psychological safety were found to strengthen the positive relationship between self-efficacy and intentions to engage in learning from failure behaviors with a higher degree of interpersonal risk, whereas lower levels of psychological safety undermined high levels of self-efficacy. Organizations seeking to empower those who are confident they can learn from failure must recognize the key role that psychological safety plays in supporting such individuals, implement team training to foster psychological safety, and ensure leaders promote, by their own example, learning from failure as an opportunity to more effectively, cost-efficiently, and equitably deliver conservation outcomes.

Being and Nothingness is a complex and dense work, and yet Jean-Paul Sartre invites the readers, to work out the adventure of his book along with him. All philosophical works are written by adults who tend to forget what it was like when they were children. It is natural, and Sartre is no exception, at least in his early philosophical works. The two volumes of Sartre's Critique of Dialectical Reason are devoted to showing how our individual lives work out their meanings in the complex material world in which we live. Regardless of how the forces of history work upon us, there are still personal and family dramas. Indeed, the longest and most exhaustive study by Sartre is about a middle-class French family, the Flauberts. All of Sartre's philosophy details how the meaning of each life reveals the meaning of existence for all humanity.

— Processes based on immobilized enzymes have been studied extensively in the last few decades and today are also applied to the safeguard of environmental parameters. In this work, zeolite composite flat membranes with different chemical composition, transition metal, and microporous structures were prepared using in situ and secondary growth crystallization synthesis methods in/on stainless steel porous disks. All zeolite materials were been used in catalase adsorption to analyze the zeolite behavior andthe effect of chemical composition and structure on interaction with the enzyme. This study shows that the electrostatic type of interaction seems to be of the utmost importance in influencing immobilization, while the zeolite Brönsted acidity of the support is the subordinate parameter, which differentiates the adsorption performances of different zeolite structures (that distinct for chemical composition of the framework). Moreover, it permits to conclude that transition metal-containing membranes adsorb a higher percentage of the enzyme with respect to no-exchanged membranes and that, for all materials synthesized, the amount of catalase adsorbed onto the zeolite crystals and membranes increases with the temperature.

In this work, three different pure inorganic zeolite membranes and three hybrid PLA-containing Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs) were fabricated and compared with each other in virtue of their ability to interact with cells for in vitro test applications. Additionally, we report their performances in cell experiments of novel olive oil-containing cosmetics by using two cell lines with (MCF-10A) epithelial and (MCF-7) epithelial-like cancer characteristics. Our in vitro results revealed that all zeolite scaffolds permit to obtain higher cell densities compared to pure polymeric scaffolds. We also describe that epithelial cells preferentially adhere on pure membranes according to decreasing order: Linde type L>Fe-S-1>Fe-ZSM-5. Moreover, we evidenced an opposite behavior of cancer cells that prefer to adhere and growth on MMM scaffolds. This study shows that the anticancer characteristics of novel cosmetics of natural origin can be easily determined and emphasized using zeolite membranes.

This review stands in the larger framework of functional materials by focussing on heterostructures of rare-earth nickelates, described by the chemical formula RNiO

Failure carries undeniable stigma and is difficult to confront for individuals, teams, and organizations. Disciplines such as commercial and military aviation, medicine, and business have long histories of grappling with it, beginning with the recognition that failure is inevitable in every human endeavor. While conservation may arguably be more complex, conservation professionals can draw upon the research and experience of these other disciplines to institutionalize activities and attitudes that foster learning from failures, whether they are minor setbacks or major disasters. Understanding the role of individual cognitive biases, team psychological safety, and organizational willingness to support critical self-examination all contribute to creating a cultural shift in conservation to one that is open to the learning opportunity that failure provides. This new approach to managing failure is a necessary next step in the evolution of conservation effectiveness. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Conservation professionals need to know what has worked and what has not when designing, implementing, evaluating and refining conservation projects. Project failure reporting is an important, but largely unexploited, source of learning that capitalizes on the learning opportunity of failure provided through the experience of navigating research-implementation ‘spaces’. Learning from others through reading available literature is one way to supplement learning gained through direct experience. Learning vicariously is especially effective when presenting failure as opposed to success experiences. We reviewed the peer-reviewed conservation science literature to identify the extent and characteristics of failed project reporting, focusing our analysis upon social dimensions as opposed to biological causes, which have been comparatively well addressed. We quantified the degree to which articles reported activities commonly applied to learn from failure in business, medicine, the military and commercial aviation. These included activities for identifying, analyzing, correcting and sharing project failures. We used qualitative thematic analysis to identify the social causes of project failure. Reports of failed project experiences are rare and lack standardization. Human dimensions of project failure, such as stakeholder relationships, are more commonly reported than other causes of failure. The peer-reviewed literature has the potential to become a useful repository of lessons learned from failed projects. However, practical challenges such as identifying individuals' cognitive biases, cultivating psychological safety in teams, mainstreaming systemic team learning behaviors, addressing varied leadership styles, and confronting fear of failure in organizational culture must be overcome if conservation professionals are to effectively navigate research-implementation ‘spaces’.

Appropriate 'in vivo' models are crucial for studying breast cancer biology and evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic agents. Thus we engineered a novel transgenic mouse line expressing the human Ki-Ras bearing an activating mutation (Ki-Ras

In this work we give a detailed description of some quantities related to the ECR phenomenon in a typical ion source. In particular, we describe the ECR surface area, the volume associated with the resonance space, and their dependence with respect to the frequency of the electromagnetic wave feeding the source. These are useful in the study of the experimental results observed in the ion sources with respect to the frequency of the incoming electromagnetic wave. Moreover, promising techniques for the increasing of the source performances consider the frequency tuning of the supplied electromagnetic wave, as well as the use of broadband microwave radiation for the apparatus feeding. The theoretical modelling used to describe these techniques by a statistical approach requires the efficiency of the ECR process and its dependence on frequency to be taken into account. In this context, the knowledge and formalization of the quantities described here can be very important.