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We review how the international modelling community, encompassing integrated assessment models, global and regional Earth system and climate models, and impact models, has worked together over the past few decades to advance understanding of Earth system change and its impacts on society and the environment and thereby support international climate policy. We go on to recommend a number of priority research areas for the coming decade, a timescale that encompasses a number of newly starting international modelling activities, as well as the IPCC Seventh Assessment Report (AR7) and the second UNFCCC Global Stocktake. Progress in these priority areas will significantly advance our understanding of Earth system change and its impacts, increasing the quality and utility of science support to climate policy. We emphasize the need for continued improvement in our understanding of, and ability to simulate, the coupled Earth system and the impacts of Earth system change. There is an urgent need to investigate plausible pathways and emission scenarios that realize the Paris climate targets – for example, pathways that overshoot 1.5 or 2 °C global warming, before returning to these levels at some later date. Earth system models need to be capable of thoroughly assessing such warming overshoots – in particular, the efficacy of mitigation measures, such as negative CO2 emissions, in reducing atmospheric CO2 and driving global cooling. An improved assessment of the long-term consequences of stabilizing climate at 1.5 or 2 °C above pre-industrial temperatures is also required. We recommend Earth system models run overshoot scenarios in CO2-emission mode to more fully represent coupled climate–carbon-cycle feedbacks and, wherever possible, interactively simulate other key Earth system phenomena at risk of rapid change during overshoot. Regional downscaling and impact models should use forcing data from these simulations, so impact and regional climate projections cover a more complete range of potential responses to a warming overshoot. An accurate simulation of the observed, historical record remains a fundamental requirement of models, as does accurate simulation of key metrics, such as the effective climate sensitivity and the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions. For adaptation, a key demand is improved guidance on potential changes in climate extremes and the modes of variability these extremes develop within. Such improvements will most likely be realized through a combination of increased model resolution, improvement of key model parameterizations, and enhanced representation of important Earth system processes, combined with targeted use of new artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques. We propose a deeper collaboration across such efforts over the coming decade. With respect to sampling future uncertainty, increased collaboration between approaches that emphasize large model ensembles and those focussed on statistical emulation is required. We recommend an increased focus on high-impact–low-likelihood (HILL) outcomes – in particular, the risk and consequences of exceeding critical tipping points during a warming overshoot and the potential impacts arising from this. For a comprehensive assessment of the impacts of Earth system change, including impacts arising directly as a result of climate mitigation actions, it is important that spatially detailed, disaggregated information used to generate future scenarios in integrated assessment models be available for use in impact models. Conversely, there is a need to develop methods that enable potential societal responses to projected Earth system change to be incorporated into scenario development. The new models, simulations, data, and scientific advances proposed in this article will not be possible without long-term development and maintenance of a robust, globally connected infrastructure ecosystem. This system must be easily accessible and useable by modelling communities across the world, allowing the global research community to be fully engaged in developing and delivering new scientific knowledge to support international climate policy.

Abstract During the second long shutdown period of the CERN accelerator complex (LS2, 2019-2021), several upgrade activities took place at the n_TOF facility. The most important have been the replacement of the spallation target with a next generation nitrogen-cooled lead target. Additionally, a new experimental area, at a very short distance from the target assembly (the NEAR Station) was established. In this paper, the core commissioning actions of the new installations are described. The improvement in the n_TOF infrastructure was accompanied by several detector development projects. All these upgrade actions are discussed, focusing mostly on the future perspectives of the n_TOF facility. Furthermore, some indicative current and future measurements are briefly reported.

Abstract The PADME experiment at the DAΦNE Beam-Test Facility (BTF) of the INFN Laboratory of Frascati is designed to search for invisible decays of dark sector particles produced in electron-positron annihilation events with a positron beam and a thin fixed target, by measuring the missing mass of single-photon final states. The presence of backgrounds originating from beam halo particles can significantly reduce the sensitivity of the experiment. To thoroughly understand the origin of the beam background contribution, a detailed Geant4-based Monte Carlo simulation has been developed, containing a full description of the detector together with the beam line and its optical elements. This simulation allows the full interactions of each particle to be described, both during beam line transport and during detection, a possibility which represents an innovative way to obtain reliable background predictions.

Abstract The quantum interference between the decays of entangled neutral kaons is studied in the process ϕ → KSKL → π + π − π + π − , which exhibits the characteristic Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlations that prevent both kaons to decay into π + π − at the same time. This constitutes a very powerful tool for testing at the utmost precision the quantum coherence of the entangled kaon pair state, and to search for tiny decoherence and CPT $$ \mathcal{CPT} $$ violation effects, which may be justified in a quantum gravity framework. The analysed data sample was collected with the KLOE detector at DAΦNE, the Frascati ϕ-factory, and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of about 1.7 fb −1, i.e. to about 1.7 × 109 ϕ → KSKL decays produced. From the fit of the observed ∆t distribution, being ∆t the difference of the kaon decay times, the decoherence and CPT $$ \mathcal{CPT} $$ violation parameters of various phenomenological models are measured with a largely improved accuracy with respect to previous analyses. The results are consistent with no deviation from quantum mechanics and CPT $$ \mathcal{CPT} $$ symmetry, while for some parameters the precision reaches the interesting level at which — in the most optimistic scenarios — quantum gravity effects might show up. They provide the most stringent limits up to date on the considered models.

Abstract We present a measurement of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa unitarity triangle angle ϕ 3 (also known as γ) using a model-independent Dalitz plot analysis of B + → D ( K S 0 $$ {K}_S^0 $$ h + h − )h +, where D is either a D 0 or D ¯ $$ \overline{D} $$ 0 meson and h is either a π or K. This is the first measurement that simultaneously uses Belle and Belle II data, combining samples corresponding to integrated luminosities of 711 fb −1 and 128 fb −1, respectively. All data were accumulated from energy-asymmetric e + e − collisions at a centre-of-mass energy corresponding to the mass of the Υ(4S) resonance. We measure ϕ 3 = (78.4 ± 11.4 ± 0.5 ± 1.0)°, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is the experimental systematic uncertainty and the third is from the uncertainties on external measurements of the D-decay strong-phase parameters.

The distribution of data contributed to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) is via the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF). The ESGF is a network of internationally distributed sites that together work as a federated data archive. Data records from climate modelling institutes are published to the ESGF and then shared around the world. It is anticipated that CMIP6 will produce approximately 20 PB of data to be published and distributed via the ESGF. In addition to this large volume of data a number of value-added CMIP6 services are required to interact with the ESGF; for example the citation and errata services both interact with the ESGF but are not a core part of its infrastructure. With a number of interacting services and a large volume of data anticipated for CMIP6, the CMIP Data Node Operations Team (CDNOT) was formed. The CDNOT coordinated and implemented a series of CMIP6 preparation data challenges to test all the interacting components in the ESGF CMIP6 software ecosystem. This ensured that when CMIP6 data were released they could be reliably distributed.

Abstract Based on an integrated luminosity of 1.61 fb −1 e + e − collision data collected with the KLOE detector at DAΦNE, the Frascati ϕ-factory, a search for the P- and CP-violating decay η → π + π − has been performed. Radiative ϕ → ηγ decay is exploited to access the η mesons. No signal is observed in the π + π − invariant mass spectrum, and the upper limit on the branching fraction at 90% confidence level is determined to be ℬ(η → π + π − ) < 4.9 × 10 −6, which is approximately three times smaller than the previous KLOE result. From the combination of these two measurements we get ℬ(η → π + π − ) < 4.4 × 10 −6 at 90% confidence level.

The paper deals with an interdisciplinary research activity aiming at developing a digital and integrated tool able to collect several data concerning the cultural heritage, and to manage and communicate them to a wide community. The small church of San Menna, located in the hamlet with same name in the municipality of Lucoli not so far from L’Aquila city, was the object of the research. The church has been chosen for its historical significance, its architectural peculiarity and for the valuable artworks that it preserves. Based on a photogrammetric model of the church, also used for the remote analysis of cultural asset (planimetric and evolutionary hypotheses, three-dimensional stratigraphic analysis, etc.) a virtual word usable in Virtual Reality (VR) has been developed. The VR setting allows the accessibility of a digital semantic model with information that can be activated with special interactive hotspots (images, texts and audio), which are able to provide an immersive and all-encompassing experience to the tourist. The potentialities of the same tool in the context of diagnosis and conservation process related to cultural heritage in seismic areas, such as those of the Abruzzi Apennines, have also been investigated through the integration of forms concerning the significant features of the artistic assets surveyed in the construction.

Based on a sample of 300 million KS mesons produced in ϕ→KLKS decays recorded by the KLOE experiment at the DAΦNE e+e− collider we have measured the branching fraction for the decay KS→πμν. The KS mesons are identified by the interaction of KL mesons in the detector. The KS→πμν decays are selected by a boosted decision tree built with kinematic variables and by a time-of-flight measurement. Signal efficiencies are evaluated with data control samples of KL→πμν decays. A fit to the reconstructed muon mass distribution finds 7223±180 signal events. Normalising to the KS→π+π− decay events the result for the branching fraction is B(KS→πμν)=(4.56±0.11stat±0.17syst)×10−4. It is the first measurement of this decay mode and the result allows an independent determination of |Vus| and a test of the lepton-flavour universality. Keywords: e+e− collisions, K0 meson, Semileptonic decay

We searched for the μ+μ− decay of a light vector gauge boson, also known as dark photon, in the e+e−→μ+μ−γISR process by means of the Initial State Radiation (ISR) method. We used 1.93 fb−1 of data collected by the KLOE experiment at the DAΦNE ϕ-factory. No structures have been observed over the irreducible μ+μ− background. A 90% CL limit on the ratio ε2=α′/α between the dark coupling constant and the fine structure constant of 3×10−6–2×10−7 has been set in the dark photon mass region between 519 MeV and 973 MeV. This new limit has been combined with the published result obtained investigating the hypothesis of the dark photon decaying into hadrons in e+e−→π+π−γISR events. The combined 90% CL limit increases the sensitivity especially in the ρ–ω interference region and excludes ε2 greater than (13−2)×10−7. For dark photon masses greater than 600 MeV the combined limit is lower than 8 ×10−7 resulting more stringent than present constraints from other experiments. Keywords: e+e− Collisions, Dark forces, Gauge vector boson, Upper limits

Abstract Using 1.63 fb−1 of integrated luminosity collected by the KLOE experiment about 7 × 104 K S → π ± e ∓ ν decays have been reconstructed. The measured value of the charge asymmetry for this decay is A S = (−4.9 ± 5.7stat ± 2.6syst) × 10−3, which is almost twice more precise than the previous KLOE result. The combination of these two measurements gives A S = (−3.8 ± 5.0stat ± 2.6syst) × 10−3 and, together with the asymmetry of the K L semileptonic decay, provides significant tests of the CPT symmetry. The obtained results are in agreement with CPT invariance.

We present the analysis of K− absorption processes on He4 leading to Λπ− final states, measured with the KLOE spectrometer at the DAΦNE e+e− collider and extract, for the first time, the modulus of the non-resonant K−n →Λπ− direct production amplitude about 33 MeV below the K‾N threshold. This analysis also allows to disentangle the K− nuclear absorption at-rest from the in-flight capture, for K− momenta of about 120 MeV. The data are interpreted with the help of a phenomenological model, and the modulus of the non-resonant K−n →Λπ− amplitude for K− absorption at-rest is found to be |AK−n→Λπ−|=(0.334±0.018stat−0.058+0.034syst)fm. Keywords: Strong interaction, Strangeness nuclear physics, Antikaon interactions in nuclear matter

This study presents new urban and rural annual wage series for the South of Italy before the unification. The use of annual wages overcomes the intrinsic biases of daily wages and mirrors the effective living standards of unskilled workers making regional comparisons more reliable. The comparisons with existing analogous series for the centre and the north of the country show a divide at the time of Italy's unification in line with the majoritarian view expressed in earlier studies. However, unexpected convergence trends emerge at the urban level, mostly before 1840. Instead, rural areas consistently displayed divergence that has been worsening since 1850. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The three precision measurements of the cross section σ(e + e − → π + π −γ(γ)) using initial state radiation by the KLOE collaboration provide an important input for the prediction of the hadronic contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. These measurements are correlated for both statistical and systematic uncertainties and, therefore, the simultaneous use of these measurements requires covariance matrices that fully describe the correlations. We present the construction of these covariance matrices and use them to determine a combined KLOE measurement for σ(e + e − → π + π −γ(γ)). We find, from this combination, a two-pion contribution to the muon magnetic anomaly in the energy range 0.10 < s < 0.95 GeV2 of a μ π + π − = 489.8 ± 1.7 stat ± 4.8 s y s × 10 − 10 $$ {a}_{\mu}^{\pi^{+}{\pi}^{-}}=\left(489.8\pm {1.7}_{\mathrm{stat}}\pm {4.8}_{\mathrm{sys}}\right)\times {10}^{-10} $$ . Data vectors and covariance matrices are available at http://www.lnf.infn.it/kloe/ppg/ ppg_2017/ppg_2017.html .

We have measured the running of the effective QED coupling constant α(s) in the time-like region 0.6

Reliable and timely information on the environmental conditions at sea is key to the safety of professional and recreational users as well as to the optimal execution of their activities. The possibility of users obtaining environmental information in due time and with adequate accuracy in the marine and coastal environment is defined as sea situational awareness (SSA). Without adequate information on the environmental meteorological and oceanographic conditions, users have a limited capacity to respond, which has led to loss of lives and to large environmental disasters with enormous consequent damage to the economy, society and ecosystems. Within the framework of the TESSA project, new SSA services for the Mediterranean Sea have been developed. In this paper we present SeaConditions, which is a web and mobile application for the provision of meteorological and oceanographic observation and forecasting products. Model forecasts and satellite products from operational services, such as ECMWF and CMEMS, can be visualized in SeaConditions. In addition, layers of information related to bathymetry, sea level and ocean-colour data (chl a and water transparency) are displayed. Ocean forecasts at high spatial resolutions are included in the version of SeaConditions presented here. SeaConditions provides a user-friendly experience with a fluid zoom capability, facilitating the appropriate display of data with different levels of detail. SeaConditions is a single point of access to interactive maps from different geophysical fields, providing high-quality information based on advanced oceanographic models. The SeaConditions services are available through both web and mobile applications. The web application is available at www.sea-conditions.com and is accessible and compatible with present-day browsers. Interoperability with GIS software is implemented. User feedback has been collected and taken into account in order to improve the service. The SeaConditions iOS and Android apps have been downloaded by more than 105 000 users to date (May 2016), and more than 100 000 users have visited the web version.

The essay traces the circumstances of the construction of S. Atanasio, the church of the Greeks in Rome, which was built at the behest of pope Gregory XIII Boncompagni by the architect Giacomo della Porta. Although founded with the intention of representing the universalist policies of Gregory XIII, S. Atanasio assumed its definitive identity often in contrast to the wishes of its cardinal protectors and of the pontiff himself. The singular architectural design and the interior decoration are reinterpreted here in light of new documents in which Greek-Byzantine liturgy and culture are essential reference points for the community that formed in the Greek college and for the solutions adopted in an attempt to reconcile the Greek and Latin rites.

An efficient, secure and interoperable data platform solution has been developed in the TESSA project to provide fast navigation and access to the data stored in the data archive, as well as a standard-based metadata management support. The platform mainly targets scientific users and the situational sea awareness high-level services such as the decision support systems (DSS). These datasets are accessible through the following three main components: the Data Access Service (DAS), the Metadata Service and the Complex Data Analysis Module (CDAM). The DAS allows access to data stored in the archive by providing interfaces for different protocols and services for downloading, variables selection, data subsetting or map generation. Metadata Service is the heart of the information system of the TESSA products and completes the overall infrastructure for data and metadata management. This component enables data search and discovery and addresses interoperability by exploiting widely adopted standards for geospatial data. Finally, the CDAM represents the back-end of the TESSA DSS by performing on-demand complex data analysis tasks.

The existence of a new force beyond the Standard Model is compelling because it could explain several striking astrophysical observations which fail standard interpretations. We searched for the light vector mediator of this dark force, the U boson, with the KLOE detector at the DAΦNE e+e− collider. Using an integrated luminosity of 1.54 fb−1, we studied the process e+e−→Uγ, with U→e+e−, using radiative return to search for a resonant peak in the dielectron invariant-mass distribution. We did not find evidence for a signal, and set a 90% CL upper limit on the mixing strength between the Standard Model photon and the dark photon, ε2, at 10−6–10−4 in the 5–520 MeV/c2 mass range.

We searched for evidence of a Higgsstrahlung process in a secluded sector, leading to a final state with a dark photon U and a dark Higgs boson h′, with the KLOE detector at DAΦNE. We investigated the case of h′ lighter than U, with U decaying into a muon pair and h′ producing a missing energy signature. We found no evidence of the process and set upper limits to its parameters in the range 2mμ

We have studied the vector to pseudoscalar conversion decay ϕ→ηe+e−, with η→π0π0π0, with the KLOE detector at DAΦNE. The data set of 1.7 fb−1 of e+e− collisions at s∼Mϕ contains a clear conversion decay signal of ∼31,000 events from which we measured a value of BR(ϕ→ηe+e−)=(1.075±0.007±0.038)×10−4. The same sample is used to determine the transition form factor by a fit to the e+e− invariant mass spectrum, obtaining bϕη=(1.28±0.10−0.08+0.09) GeV−2, that improves by a factor of five the precision of the previous measurement and is in good agreement with VMD expectations. Keywords: e+e− collisions, Conversion decay, Transition form factor

The absolute branching ratio of the K+→π+π−π+(γ) decay, inclusive of final-state radiation, has been measured using ∼17 million tagged K+ mesons collected with the KLOE detector at DAΦNE, the Frascati ϕ-factory. The result is:BR(K+→π+π−π+(γ))=0.05565±0.00031stat±0.00025syst a factor ≃ 5 more precise with respect to the previous result. This work completes the program of precision measurements of the dominant kaon branching ratios at KLOE. Keywords: e+e− experiments, Kaon decays

We have searched for a light vector boson U, the possible carrier of a “dark force”, with the KLOE detector at the DAΦNE e+e− collider, motivated by astrophysical evidence for the presence of dark matter in the Universe. Using e+e− collisions collected with an integrated luminosity of 239.3 pb−1, we look for a dimuon mass peak in the reaction e+e−→μ+μ−γ, corresponding to the decay U→μ+μ−. We find no evidence for a U vector boson signal. We set a 90% CL upper limit for the mixing parameter squared between the photon and the U boson of 1.6×10−5 to 8.6×10−7 for the mass region 520

CLINICAL CASE A 43-year-old Romanian woman was referred with the clinical suspicion of gastric lymphoma; she had complained from two months nausea, vomiting and weight loss (7 kg); 3 esophagogastroduodenoscopic examinations had evidenced reduced distensibility of stomach body and antrum, ulcered and congestive mucosa, the histopathological examinations revealed a non specific inflammation. There was no response to therapy with omeprazolo. A computer-assisted tomoghraphy scan of the thorax and abdomen, obtained after the oral and intravenous administration of contrast material, showed diffuse thickening of the gastric wall, lymphadenopathies were seen in the retrocrural space, lesser curvature, and paraaortic region. It was performed another upper endoscopy with “deep” biopsy specimen, comprehensive of spirochetal immunohistochemistry, that was diagnostic for gastric syphilis. DISCUSSION Even though gastritis is a rare clinical manifestations of the secondary stage of syphilis, it must be considered in the differential diagnosis of erosive gastritis unresponsive to medical therapy, especially in young patients; screening tests like VDRL (routinely used until few years ago in internal medicine divisions) may be useful to identify those patients needing a further diagnostic evaluation.

En un trabajo previo se estudiaron tres depósitos piroclásticos, considerados como paleosuelos, del área volcánica del Monte Yulture (Potenza, Italia) para deducir su grado de meteorización. En el presente trabajo se estudia el comportamiento de algunos elementos traza (Ce, La, Ba, Ni, Cr, Y, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb) en esos depósitos para intentar obtener una imagen geoquímica más completa. Se ha estudiado la distribución de elementos traza en la roca total y después de un ataque con pirosulfato-Na (residuo + solución). Ba y Sr parecen estar controlados por los cristales del residuo (piroxenos, feldespatos, anfíboles y accesorios); La, Ce, Y y Nb se concentran más en la solución, es decir en los componentes vítreos, alofana, geles Fe-SiAl, biotita carbonatos y analcima; Y, Cr y Ni no muestran ninguna tendencia a concentrarse en una fracción concreta. Hay que resaltar que La, Ce, Y, Y, Cr y Ni aumentan con la profundidad en la unidad inferior, junto con el contenido en geles y en alofana. Este comportamiento puede ser debido a fluctuaciones del nivel freático, como se deduce por la presencia de un nivel calcáreo en la unidad superior. Se concluye que los estados precoces de meteorización no afectan prácticamente a la distribución de los elementos traza, y que las interpretaciones sobre los cambios químico sufridos por las rocas piroclásticas deben hacerse sólo después de un detallado análisis.

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is synthesized from cholesterol by activity of P450scc and P450c17, enzymes that we previously characterized in the developing nervous system. We describe the localization of P450c17 in the differentiated field of the ventral spinal cord in different motor-neuron subtypes. We show that, during organogenesis, P450c17 activity is regulated along the antero/posterior axis of the spinal cord concomitantly with the gradient of neurogenesis. To examine whether DHEA may modulate this process, we measured proliferation and differentiation of ventral neural precursors in primary and explant cultures. Our results showed that DHEA induce the expression of class II protein Nkx6.1, motor-neuron precursor Olig-2, and definitive motor-neuron marker Isl1/2. DHEA also promoted proliferation of ventrally committed precursors in isolated spinal-cord precursor cultures and in whole spinal-cord explants. Both the proliferative and inductive effects of DHEA were dependent on sonic hedgehog signaling. The possibilities that the effects observed with DHEA were due to its metabolism into androgens or to activation of NMDA receptor were excluded. These results support the hypothesis that the tight regulation of DHEA biosynthesis may be a biologic clock restricting the period of ventral neuronal precursor proliferation, thus controlling the number of pre-committed neurons in the developing neural tube.

Lipoxin A 4 (LXA 4 ) and scrum amyloid A (SAA) are endogenous negative and positive modulators of inflammation, respectively. Both molecules bind the shared lipoxin A 4 receptor (ALX) and elicit opposing effects on the production of inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. The aim of these studies is to examine the divergence of the intracellular signaling pathways triggered by lipid LXA 4 (1 nM) and protein SAA (200 nM) ligands of ALX. Phospholipase D (PLD) is a phosphohydrolase enzyme that catalyzes the generation of phosphatidic acid (PA) from membrane phospholipids. Our results showed that in fibroblast-like synoviocytes, activation of PLD occurred only in response to LXA 4 , and not SAA. PA (30 μM) mimicked LXA 4 and demonstrated inhibition of IL-8 production induced by SAA or interleukin-1β. In sharp contrast to LXA 4 , SAA confirmed the stimulation of IL-8 release as determined previously. Taken together, these findings suggest that two physiologic ligands sharing the common ALX receptor, LXA 4 and SAA, differentially regulate the level of PLD activation and differentially modulate IL-8. These results may have important implications for understanding the regulation of inflammatory responses under physiologic and pathological conditions.