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Human needs wide range of nutrients for growth, development and to lead an active and healthy life. Green leafy vegetables are rich sources of carotenoids (Vitamin 'A') as well as appreciable amounts of minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, manganese and copper. In view of less utilization of some of tradition leafy vegetables by people of Banaskantha district and paucity of scientific information on nutritive value, it is proposed to assess nutritive value of less familiar, six underutilised green leafy vegetables viz., dodi, poi, kanjaro, khatedo, radish and sarsiya for proximate composition. Healthy, six green leaves were randomly collected in fresh conditions from farmer’s fields of surrounding villages and subjected to analysis of different nutrients. At the end of the study it was found that Dodi (Leptadenia reticulate) and kanjaro (Digera arvensis) have high percentage of crude protein, ash and crude fibre as compared to other underutilized vegetables and hence can be used routinely as a part of diet to fulfil the nutrient requirement of peoples of Banaskantha region.

The field experiment was conducted to evaluated varietal response of urea foliar sprays on growth and yield of leafy amaranthus, there were two varieties (Cv.Suvarna and Cv.Phule Kartiki) with three concentration of urea sprayings along with water spray and control. Thus in all ten treatment combinations were replicated thrice in FRBD in winter season at Oilseeds Research Station, Jalgaon of Maharashtra State. Among the varieties studied, maximum yield of 148.93 q/ha was recorded by Cv.Suvarna than the Cv.Phule Kartiki (124.35q). Among the urea spraying treatments, the treatment of spraying 0.75 % urea was found more beneficial than the rest of spray treatments studied and the control it recorded yield of 152.66 q/ha. Among the interactions, the superior treatment combination was Cv.Suvarna + 0.75 % urea spraying and it resulted highest yield of 166.44q/ha of leaf amaranthus.

Caesalpinia pulcherrima is also commonly known as peacock flower, belongs to the family Caesalpiniaceae. Reported biological activities of the plant Caesalpinia pulcherrima L.are antimicrobial, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antibacterial, antiwrinkle. The present study was undertaken to isolate, characterise and evaluate the in-vitro anti-asthmatic activity of the whole plant of Caesalpinia pulcherrima L using goat tracheal chain method. Presence of phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids were observed in whole plant of Caesalpinia pulcherrima L. The main components identified were 8-methoxybonducellin, 6-methoxypulcherrimin, myricitroside and isobonducellin. The structure of the isolated compounds was elucidated on the basis of FTIR spectrum and GC-MS spectrum as well as by comparison with available data in the literature. It was observed that ethanolic extract (300 μg, 400 μg) of Caesalpinia pulcherrima showed significant dose dependent antiasthmatic activity in goat tracheal chain model. While chloroform extract (300 μg, 400 μg) and petroleum ether (300 μg , 400 μg) showed satisfactory activity. Thus results reported in the present work shows evidence that the ethanol extract of C. pulcherrima shows potent anti-asthmatic activity.

Understanding biological activity requires the detection of crucial proteins. The identification of significant genes throughout the entire genome is advantageous for a number of reasons, including the categorization of critical genes for health and sickness, the rational creation of drugs, etc. Statistical methods have been suggested for predicting essential or requisite proteins/gene/GO terms, employed in protein networks. The computational approaches focusing on the topological characteristics or centrality approaches ignore the biologically relevant intrinsicfeatures of essential proteins. Hence, considering the biological aspects like expression data, subcellular information, annotation data, and orthologous relationships can improve accuracy. So, in this research, bi-clustering algorithm is used to detect the essential Gene Ontology (GO) terms in molecular, cellular and biological processes by evaluating the protein associations and encoding the associations with ontology terms and pathways. The proposed method encodes each protein in terms of Mutual Information (MI) score, GO annotation and vector-based GO encoded matrix is generated and the essential proteins are extracted. The validation of the proposed method is verified using different statistical measures on the datasets.

In the present experimental investigations, a novel reagent 2, 4-dimethyl -3H- 1, 5 benzodiazepine (DBA) has been developed for the extractive estimation of rhodium (III) from given sample and by use of extractive spectrophotometric analysis. In the Laboratory, the fresh reagent was prepared and its characterization has been done with the help of mass spectrophotometer and IR, NMR, elemental analysis. The developed analytical reagent (DBA) when reacts with rhodium (III) produces red complex, this complex can be extracted by using n-butanol as a selected solvent, maintained at constant pH 8.9. The Beers law is followed in the concentration of 1-10 μg L-1 of rhodium (III), the optimum values of maximum absorption, molar extinction coefficient and sandell’s sensitivity to the red complex, observed to be 510 nm, 4863 Lit mol-1cm-2 and 0.01102μg cm-2.The proposed analytical reagent is found to be best, simple and superiorfor extraction of rhodium (III) metals from syntheticsamples at optimized conditions.

Summer groundnut is one of the most important oilseed legume crop grown in India having high yield than its kharif season crop. The field study at oilseed research station Jalgaon, revealed recommendation to the farmers of Maharashtra for enhancement of yield of summer groundnut through foliar application of water soluble fertilizers after three year study. The field study was carried for the three consecutive year 2018, 2019, 2020 summer season at Jalgaon location with 11 different treatment in Randomized Block Design. It is found that treatment T11 i.e. application of 75%RDF +2.0 % WSF at 45,60 and 75 DAS(18.75 kg N/ha+ 37.50 kg P2O5/ha) is found significantly superior to increase the No. of pod /plant (24.04), dry pod yield (3030Kh/ha), kernel yield (2209.27 kg/ha), haulm yield(5344 kg/ha), net monetary returns(Rs./ha.1,17,765) and B:C ratio (2.96) of summer groundnut over rest of the treatment. While the treatment T 9(75%RDF+2.0 % WSF at 45 and 60 DAS) and treatment T10(75%RDF +1.5 % WSF at 45, 60 and 75 DAS) found at par with it for same as No. of branches/plant (10.26,9.52), No. of pods/plant(21.83,22.79), Dry pod yield kg/ha (2772kg/ha,2653kg/ha), Haulm yield kg/ha (5110,4905) Net monetary returns(Rs/ha)(99,916,102398) with the B:C ratio (2.61,2.71)respectively. So comparatively the recommendation is accepted in Joint Agrosco at VNAU Parbhani in 2021 that with the monetary returns and B:C ratio with haulm yield and dry pod yield the treatment T9(75% RDF +2.0% WSF at 45 and 60 DAS) with saving the cost of cultivation having best performance.

In the present study changes in midgut epithelium of 5th day of 5th instar silkworm race CSR2 infected with a gram-positive bacteria Styphalococcus aureus and plant extract treated group and control group were studied. Large numbers of newly developed cells appeared in the bacteria infected part of the midgut epithelium. After inoculation, and along with their development, the bacteria old columnar cells were discharged into the midgut lumen during development. On the other hand, in the uninfected portion of the midgut only a few cells developed, and no columnar cells were discharged. Similarly, the marked replacement of midgut epithelial cells during larval development were also observed in larvae treated by plant extract. In the larvae infected with S.aureus, the columnar cells lost their regenerative ability, and because of the exfoliation of infected columnar cells, the midgut epithelium consisted mainly of uninfected goblet cells at a late stage of infection. The degree of epithelial regeneration varied with the silkworm strain and the dosage of the bacteria.

A field experiment was conducted to study the different sources of silicon (Si) on plant growth and yield. The experiment was laid in randomized complete design (RCBD) with four treatments and four replications. The experiment results revealed that There was an increase in plant height and the number of tillers plant-1 with the application of different sources of Si over RDF (T1). At harvest RHB @ 4 t ha-1 recorded significantly higher plant height (106.05±1.23 cm) and the number of tillers hill-1 (15.25±2.75). Yield attributes like number of panicles hill-1 (13.23±0.49), Panicle length 23.43±0.29 cm), test weight (23.55±0.05 g), straw (7.15±0.59 t ha-1), grain (3.60±0.16 t ha-1) and total biomass yield (10. 75±1.01 t ha-1) was recorded in treatment receiving SA @ 4 mL L-1 (T3). Whereas, higher Si content and uptake in both straw and grain was significantly higher in the recorded in the with the application of the RHB @ 4 t ha-1. Thus, combined application of external Si sources and along with recommended dose of fertilizers found to increase the growth, yield and Si uptake in aerobic rice.

One of the most critical parts of any crop breeding effort is the identification of potent parents with specific yield-contributing features. In Rabi 2018-19, the Pulses improvement project, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidhyapeeth (MPKV), Rahuri, Maharashtra, India, performed a study with thirty-three chickpea genotypes (along with three checks) in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two replications. Each plot was made up of a single 4-meter-long row with a 30 × 10 centimetre spacing. Seed yield per plant exhibited a high significant positive correlation with the number of pods per plant, plant spread, plant height, and the number of secondary branches per plant, according to correlation studies. 100 seed weight showed high significant positive correlation with plant height and significant negative correlation with no of seeds per pod. Path coefficient analysis exposed that days to 50% flowering, no of primary branches per plant, no of secondary branches per plant, plant height and no of pods per plant had positive direct effect on seed yield per plant. Days to maturity, plant spread, no of seeds per pod and 100 seed weight showed negative direct effect on seed yield per plant (Table 3). The number of pods per plant, the number of secondary branches per plant, and the height of the plant all demonstrated a positive and significant relationship with seed yield per plant, as well as having direct positive effects. As a result, these characters could be considered for improving chickpea yield.

The present study was conducted to determine the correlation coefficients among the seed yield and yield contributing characters in 65 genotypes of sesame. The seed yield per plant recorded significant and positive association with capsule length (cm), plant height (cm), number of capsules, number of seeds per capsules, 1000- seed weight (g) and oil content (%) at both phenotypic and genotypic levels. As per correlations analysis, it is concluded that, the selection for these characters can be helpful for improving the yield potential of sesame.

Analysis of protein interaction is important for detailing the cell physiology and predicting disease conditions and drug optimizations. The detection of the crucial proteins in Protein Protein Interaction (PPI) networks is made easier by the accession of these interaction data. The revelation of essential protein nodes in PPI networks is possible using a variety of centrality methods. The hub nodes are decisive in a biological structure because these nodes adjoin profoundly and operate as regulatory hub. The majority of techniques, however, focus on the topological characteristics of PPI. For determining essential proteins, topology and gene annotation are rarely combined. Graph-theoretic methods are used to infer this biological framework in PPI networks. The protein, their interconnections, and the subnetworks are the main subjects of the topological study. In this study, we examine the standard centrality metrics. In order to identify the PPI's prominent nodes and the influence of topological features on centrality metrics, we carefully examined each node's centrality aspect. In this research, we consider Mammalian Protein Database (MIPS) and Biological General Repository for Interaction Networks (BioGRID) datasets and the empirical analysis of individual centrality measures are performed on PPI networks The experimental interpretation shows the behavior of centrality measures on the datasets.

The rapid growth of the World Wide Web (www) is demanding for an automated assistance for Web page classification and categorization. In most existing Web page classification tasks, Web pages are classified into topical categories based on their content regardless of the possible relationships among them. In this paper, a comprehensive survey on classification of Web pages is presented. The features for creating tag information, classifiers and datasets used for experimentation are also discussed. It also gives comparative analysis of all Web page classification techniques. The challenges/Issues involved in developing Web page classification are also discussed. This would help researchers to take up new work on Web page classification and address most of the important challenges/issues.

Machine Translation is the process of converting one natural language into another through the use of computer-assisted translation. The fundamental goal is to bridge the linguistic gap that exists between two distinct languages speaking people, communities, or countries. India is a multilingual country, with different territorial languages spoken in different parts of the country. However, not all Indians are polyglots. There are 18 constitutional languages and ten widely used scripts in the world. The majority of the Indians, particularly the peasants in distant areas, do not understand, read, or write English, making the use of an efficient language translator necessary and desirable. Machine translation systems that translate content from one language to another will contribute to the advancement of the enlightened civilization of Indians, regardless of their native tongue. Despite the fact that Marathi is the most widely spoken language in the state of Maharashtra, Ahirani is also extensively spoken. Taking advantage of the fact that English is a universal language and that Ahirani is the language spoken by the vast majority of Khandeshi people, we present a proposal for an English to Ahirani machine translation system using Recurrent neural networks (RNN).

Betelvine (Piper betle) is heart-shaped deep green leaves perennial plant an important cash crop of India for livelihood security in rural area particularly small as well as marginal betel growers of “baree community” in Maharashtra. The anthracnose leaf spot is the major constraint in production and market value of betel leaf production. A study was undertaken during two consecutive years (2019, 2020) the significant results were obtained in eight fungicides with respective commercial concentration tested against the Colletotrichum piparis leaf spot disease in betel vine. All treatment in the year 2019-20, 2020-21 are found statistically significant in reaction for mean % disease intensity and no. of leaves harvested (yield).For the year 2019-20 and 2020-21, mean % disease intensity the lowest was found in treatment T3 (Chlorothalonil@2.5 m/lit) i.e.4.83 and 4.93 respectively while they showing highest % disease control i.e. 49.68%and 43.59%.In year 2019 in respect of no. of leaves harvested (Yield) the treatment T 4 (Trichoderma spp. @ 5gm./lit.) giving significantly superior yield of leaves (1052) over rest of all the treatment. The treatment T3 (Chlorothalonil@2.5 m/lit.) with yield 952.00 found at par with it. In year 2020 the no. of leaves harvested (Yield) the treatment T 4 (Trichoderma spp. @ 5gm./lit.) giving significantly superior yield of leaves (1075) over rest of all the treatment. The treatment T3 (Chlorothalonil@2.5 m/lit.) with yield 963.00 and treatment T2 (Copper oxychloride +2 Chloro,2Bromo,1,3 diol (Bromopol))@ 2.5 g+0.5 g/lit. respectively with leaf yield 913.67 found at par with it.

The line x tester analysis involving ninety hybrids, thirty three parents (three lines and thirty testers) and three checks including national check GHB558, commercial checks Kaveri super boss and 86 M 38 were used to assess the magnitude of heterosis with respect to grain and dry fodder yield and its component traits in pearl millet under rainfed conditions during kharif, 2019 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Vijayapur. Twentysix hybrids exhibited significant positive standard heterosis over check GHB 558, twelve hybrids over check Kaveri super boss and three hybrids over best check 86 M 38 for grain yield per hectare. Whereas, thirteen hybrids over GHB558, none of hybrids over Kaveri super boss and 86 M 38 exhibited significant positive standard heterosis for dry fodder yield per hectare. Two hybrids viz., ICMA 94555 x IP 17465 and ICMA 94555 x IP 14522were superior for both grain and dry fodder yield.

Combining ability analysis is essentially required to isolate exceptional resource material for heterosis breeding programme. In this experiment combining ability of important agronomic and quality traits were estimated in 6 tomato parents and 30 crosses between them, in order to identify better parents with high combining ability and new recombinants with high yield and superior quality. The comparative heterosis analysis was also done using a commercially demanding variety Abhinav, as a standard check. The results indicated the involvement of both additive and non additive genetic effects in the expression of traits under study, however, preponderance of non-additive gene action was observed. The parents AVTO-2 and NTL-50 were the best performer for comprehensive parameters including yield and the cross combination AVTO-2 x JTL-08-15 was the best high-yielding combiner. The information and the genetic material generated in this study can be used in the future tomato hybrid breeding programme to develop new superior varieties

The quality of surface and ground water resources is deteriorating with time due to numerous natural and anthropogenic sources of pollution. As surface and ground water is major source of drinking water in rural area in the study area, made essential to monitor its quality regularly. Water Quality Index (WQI) show a significant role and a useful tool for evaluating the overall quality of water aimed for drinking purpose. This method converts the complex and large data on water quality trends to a single value which can be easily understandable to the common public, local governing bodies and policymakers. In the present research work an attempt was made to check suitability of surface and ground water for drinking purpose using Water Quality Index method. The water quality was estimated by analyzing selected physico-chemical parameters which play significant role in determining water quality such as pH, Alkalinity, Electrical Conductivity, Fluoride, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate, Potassium, Total Hardness, E. Coli, Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids, Dissolved Oxygen and Biochemical Oxygen Demand. Total 32 surface and 35 ground water samples were collected from different selected locations in the study area during pre and post-monsoon seasons respectively. The overall results revealed that almost all the surface water sources from the Bhokardan area, Jalna District, India was found unsuitable for drinking purposes. The application of WQI method to evaluate sequential variations in surface as well as ground water quality was therefore found suitable and effective tool for monitoring and proper management of drinking water resources.

Apanteles creatonoti Viereck (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) is potential bicontrol agent of insect pests such as Spilosoma obliqua (Walker), Amsacta moorei Butler, Amsacta albistriga Walker and Thiocidas postica Wlk. Host specificity plays a very crucial role in enhancing biocontrol programs of a pest. Hence, host specificity and host preference of A. creatonoti have been studied. S. obliqua, A. moorei, A.albistriga, T. postica, Spodoptera litura Fab. and Exelastis atomsa Walsingham have been tried as hosts. Out of which A. moorei was found to be most suitable host for maximum progeny production. While, E.atomosa larvae were rejected for parasitism. The order of preference for parasitism was A. moorei > A. albistriga > T. postica > S. obliqua > S. litura. Key words: Apanteles creatonoti, Host preference, biocontrol potential.

REFERENCES Mango Mangifera indica Linnaeus is king of the fruits and has nutritional and medicinal value and widely cultivated in Maharashtra. However, the crop is attached by about 11 species of Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The important genera refer to Sternochetus, Myllocerus, Apoderus, Rhynchaenus, Alcidodes, Amblyrrhinus and Camptorrhinus. Sternochetus and Rhynchaenus were found damaging fruits and rest of genera has damaged the tender leaves, buds and shoots of mango. S. mangiferae have been studied with respect to biology, ecology, damage and control. S. mangiferae infested fruits of hybrid varieties of mango. The order of preference shown by the species refer to Neelum > Hapus > Ratnagiri > Deogadh > Totapuri > Indigenous. The pest feed on pulp, and cotyledons in seed and bore the fruit at ripen stage. Control measures suggested S. mangiferae Ploughing and digging fields under mango tree will expose diapousing weevils to natural mortality factors. Dipping fruits into 530C hot water for 1 to 2 hours kill the pest stages in mango. Other weevils were control by spraying 0.2% phosphamidon and 0.03% monocrotophos. Key words- Weevils, Mango, Biology, Ecology, Control REFERENCES Atwal A. S. Some ecological problems relating to insect pests of mango. Gardening, 3(10), 75-76 (1961). Atwal A. S. Insect pests of mango and their control. Punjab Hort. J.; 3(2-4), 235-258 (1961). Ayyar Ramakrishna T. V. Weevil fauna of South India with special reference to economic species. Imperial Agriculture Research Institute Pusa Bull.12, 121 (1922). Butani D. K. Save your mango crops from insect pests. Indian Horti.,6 (2), 6-7 & 19, New Delhi (29) (1962). Butani D.K. Insect and Fruits. Khosia & Pragati printers. New Delhi pp. 9 -39 (1979). David B. Vasantharaj and P.C. SundraBahu. Preliminary investigation on the varietal incidence and control of mango nut weevil Crytoeehynchus mangiferae (Fab.). Madras agric. J., 48(2): 54-67 (1964). Gandhi S. R. The mango in India. Farm Bull.6, ICAR, New Delhi (21) 1955. Gangolly S. R., Ranjit Singh, S. L. Katyal and Daljit Singh. The mango, 530 pp. ICAR, New Delhi (11,23) (1957). Khairmode P.V., T.V. Sathe and A.S. Desai. Biology, Ecology and control weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) on banana from Kolhapur region, India.Biolife, 3 (1), 16 – 20 (2015). Mc Bride O. C. and A.C. Mason. The effect of the subfreezing temperatures on the mango weevil J.econ. Ent.,27, 902. (1934) Sathe T.V. Agrochemical and pest management. Daya publication House, New Delhi pp- 1-217 (2003). Sathe T.V. Recent trends in biological pest control. Daya publication House. Astral Int. pvt.Ltd. New Delhi pp 1-204 (2014). Sathe T. V. and Chougule T. M. Hymenopterous biopesticides and their preliminary biocontrol potential from western Maharashtra including Ghats. Biolife, 2 (4), 1254-1261 (2014). Sathe T. V., P. M. Bhoje, A. S. Desai and Divya Jadhav. Pests of mango Mangifera indica L. at storage and their control. Indian J. Appl. Res.,4(7), 1-4 (2014a). Sathe T.V., B.V. Jadhav, A.S.Desai, Nilam Shendage, Chandani Kamble and A.D. Jadhav. Ecology, ethology and control of green sting bug Plautia affinis Dallas (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on mulberry Morus alba L. varieties V-1 M-5 from Kolhapur. Biolofe, 2 (4), 1332-1338 (2014b). Sathe T.V., Anna Gophane and Nilam Shendage. Colour attractively and occurrence of some cell sap sucking pests on crop plants. Biolife, 3(2), 540- 546. (2015). Singh S.M. Rhynchaenus mangiferae a serious mango pest in Uttar Pradesh. Curr.Sci. 23(8), 270-271 (1945). Subramanyam, C.K. A note on the life history of Cryptorrhynehus mangiferae Fab. Madras Agric. Dept Yibk, 1925, 29 – 36.Govt. of Madras, Madras (22) (1926). Sundra Bahu P.C. Studied on the varietal incidence of the mangonut weevil, Sternochetus mangiferae Fab. South India Hort., 177 (1 & 2), 34 – 40 (1969). Voute A. D. Crytorrhynchus gravis F. and die Ursachen seiner massenvermehrung in Java. Arch Neeri. Zool.,2,112 (1935). Wadhi S. R. Investigation to develop quarantine disinfesfestation procedure for mangostone weevil, Sternochetus mangiferae (Fab.) and the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel. Entmologist Newsletter, 3(11), 67 (1972). Wadhi S. R. and Sharma D. N. Bromide residues in pulp of mango fruits subjected to hot aqueous ethylene dibromide dips. Acta. Horticulture, 24, 239 (1972)

Asava and Arishta are alcoholic medicaments prepared by allowing the herbal juices or their decoctions to undergo fermentation with the addition of sugar. Standardization of ayurvedic formulation is important so as to assess the standard of medication. Within the present study standardization of asava from fruit tree Carica papaya, known to be effective in Dengue fever, Cancer cell growth inhibition, Antimalarial has been performed. Asava formulation was prepared by the normal method of Ayurveda. The formulation has been standardized by modern scientific control procedures for the finished products. Standardization of asava was achieved by organoleptic study, physicochemical parameters like PH, denseness, total solid content, amount, alcohol content, index of refraction, total reducing sugars, and stability study. The results have revealed that the physicochemical parameters were within the bounds and also the values may be wont to establish and formulate procedures for standardization and quality controlling of those ayurvedic formulations.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary ricinoleic acid from castor oil on the milk yield, composition, fatty acid profile and haemato-biochemical profile in lactating Kankrej cows. Twenty lactating Kankrej cows were assigned to the following groups: control (CON), basal diet without any additive and treatment (RAS), basal diet with 2 g/animal/day of ricinoleic acid from castor oil. Dietary ricinoleic acid had no (P>0.05) effect on dry matter intake and feed efficiency. Milk yield (milk, 4% fat corrected milk and energy corrected milk) were not affected (P>0.05) by the feeding of ricinoleic acid. The milk composition showed no significant differences between the groups. A significantly (P0.05) in haemato-biochemical profile between the CON and RAS groups. It was concluded that supplementation of 2 g/animal/day ricinoleic acid from castor oil had no effect on milk yield, milk composition and haemato-biochemical profile. However, it increased the milk fat percentages of unsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and decreased milk saturated fatty acids, without any adverse effect on the health status of the cows.

A Phylogenetic tree construction to know to the relationship of the ancestral association of species. The genome sequences, outlining the transmission of functional and genetic classification. Analysing the quantitative conduct of phylogenetics in the conservation of biodiversity and the successful heuristics of obtaining an accurate distribution of trees plays a predominant role. The study to know higher accuracy from efficient algorithm to deducing phylogenetic relationship among Sugarcane (Saccharum) species. A sample of 431 Saccharum genome sequences was drawn from NCBI dataset. Efficient algorithms like Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method and Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) method were considered to construct the phylogenetic tree. The maximum likelihood with Tamura Nei model, Kimura 2-parameter model and achieves the highest precision, while MLE with Maximum likelihood with Jukes-Cantor model achieves the least. The computational biology of statistically results is justifiable and compares the functional relationship between various models in which error percentage has been reduced. The same algorithms perform on individual species under different models such as maximum likelihood with Kimura 2-parameter model and Tamura Nei model more efficient than others to differentiate the species genomic sequences and group them to correct taxon.

In the present article, vertically aligned, hexagonal ZnO nanorods (ZNRs) were deposited on fluoride doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrate using hydrothermal route. The as-synthesized ZnO thin film was subsequently annealed at 300 °C and characterized with various characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV–Vis-NIR spectroscopy. The hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure of ZnO thin film was confirmed by XRD pattern and the ZNRs were revealed from the SEM micrographs. The average diameter of ZNRs is 133 nm. Further, we have studied its dye sensitized solar cell performance by using Eosin-Y dye.

Silica aerogel can be produced by using ambient pressure drying (APD) or supercritical drying depending on the required properties and kind of application. Processing time for ambient pressure dried silica aerogels are longer due to the time consuming steps such as hydrolysis and solvent exchange. Considerable decrease in time has been reported by a few research groups by employing shaking during the solvent exchange. We are reporting further reduction in processing time of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)-based silica aerogel by carrying out the hydrolysis process at elevated temperature. The aerogel obtained in least processing time showed low density (0.066 kg/m3), low thermal conductivity (0.043 W/mK), high specific surface area, and porosity. This shows that elevated temperature hydrolysis does not hamper the desired properties of the product.