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Nickel is an important element used in many industrial applications. It can be used as alloying element as well as in many coating applications. Thin film of nickel coatings play an important role to protect surface of metals and also prevent from degradation and friction of metallic surfaces. Protective coatings based on nickel thin films not only protect from environmental effects but also can enhance the mechanical properties of coated surfaces applied to any metallic surface. In this research work nickel based thin film are coated on steel substrate to enhanced electrical, mechanical, magnetic and chemical properties. Finite element simulation of Nano indentation technique is an appropriate method to characterize mechanical properties of thin films. In this present work, a thin layer of nickel on steel substrate has been analyzed by finite element modeling of Nano indentation technique. Various mechanical properties like hardness, elastic strength, shear and normal stresses can be measured but in this research work most important properties are studied. It was found that nickel based thin film coating has adverse effect on steel surface and as a result mechanical properties have been improved that can be verified from simulation of Nano indentation results.

To investigate the effects of direct incorporation of wheat straw (WS) and its biochar (WB) into loess soil a short-term laboratory incubation experiment was conducted. The purpose was to observe the comparative effects of (WS) and (WB) on carbon mineralization, CO2 emission trends, cumulative production and Carbon C sequestration (Cseq). The (WS) and (WB) were applied four rates each at (0, 5, 10, 15 g/kg soil). The results revealed that wheat straw significantly increased CO2emission rates and cumulative contrary to that biocharproduced from the wheat straw decreased CO2 emissions. Moreover, only 1.3% of added Biochar C was respired where as 36% of added wheat straw C was decomposed. Wheat straw had high amount of labile C that enhanced greenhouse gas (GHG-C) and decreased Cseq. In contrast, (WB) had recalcitrant C that is why decreased (GHG-C) and increased Cseq. Therefore, it can be concluded that (WB) was very stable C source and could be better strategy to mitigate GHG-C emissions and sequester C in soils for long-term sustainability

Present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of monsoon rains and topography on plant communities of desert ecosystem of District Khairpur. The study was conducted at three desert sites differing in topography i.e. Kotdiji sand dunes, Ubhan Shah flat dunes and Sorah inter dunes, designated as site A, B and C respectively using quadrate method. The data of plant communities were recorded twice in a year during study period i.e. pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons and compared. The 35 plant species formed five plant communities at three sites. At site A Aerva - Calligonum-Leptadenia, formed pre-monsoon community and Aerva - Leptadenia–Salvadora formed post monsoon community. At site B, Aerva-Calligonum-Leptadenia and AervaLeptadenia-Citrullus formed pre and post monsoon communities respectively. While at site C, Calotropis-Alhagi, were dominant at pre and post monsoon. L. pyrotechnica showed significant correlation with C. colosynthesis and S. oleoides.

Here authors report in, a brief introduction about solar collectors and their efficiency. An overview of types of solar collector with respect to concentrated and non-concentrated solar collectors, In this research we have covered recent applications based on solar technology like; water heater, cookers, dryers, solar ponds, air-conditioning, chimneys and power plants. Recent resurgence towards flatplat solar collectors has shown that their efficiency can be increased by controlling certain parameters such as different fluids from which are made of. These fluids included water, 0.2 wt% Al2O3, 0.4 wt% Al2O3, 0.4 wt% Al2O3 with surfactant, 0.2 wt% MWCNT, 0.4 wt% MWCNT, and 0.4 wt% MWCNT with surfactant and finally effect of pH (3.5, 6.5, and 9.5) was also highlighted. The best fluid was found to be used MWCNT. Keywords

Daily huge amount of oil and gas (O&G) is consumed around the world which is mainly transported and distributed through pipelines. The integrity and safety of these pipelines is of primary interest for Oil & Gas companies, consultants, Government agencies, and other stakeholders due to adverse consequences and heavy financial losses in case of operational failure. HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Study) is a widely used technique for the identification of process hazards in the design and operation of a facility. The main objective of this work is to analyze the hazards of existing gas & oil transportation plant located in a rural area of Pakistan. A detailed study was conducted by a team of 4-5 professional Engineers and identified the hazards by using specific guide words afterward, proper safety measure was suggested. The whole study was carried out in 6-9 months. After detailed HAZOP study in gas processing unit about 14 risks were identified. Out of which only 01 risk is unacceptable and 03 are undesirable that should be mitigated to risk rank 3, the others are acceptable with controls. Based on which about 13 safety measures were recommended and most of them about 53% include regular or periodic checkups and maintenance. This article presents the cause and work stream of HAZOP and gives real case study for the utilization of HAZOP in gas processing fields. This study reveals the deviation occurs in the incoming gas flow pipeline which causes the plant to shut down and increases the downtime in production.

Crop residues being organic in nature are rich source of organic carbon; essential nutrients need to be recycled for nutrient cycling sustaining soil quality & health and reduced environmental pollution. An experiment was carried out for preparation of banana crop residue based compost enriched with other organic sources and its nutrient analysis. Three recipes of the banana residues for compost making, designed in randomized complete block design (RCBD) were made in piles separately prepared i.e. consisting banana leaves (BL) with sugar cane press mud (SPM), goat manure (GM) and poultry manure (PM). The compost prepared was subjected to laboratory analysis for electrical conductivity, pH, organic matter, organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, and C/N ratio. The results indicated that the maximum EC (6.12) was recorded for C2 and minimum EC (5.67) was recorded for C1. The results revealed that banana crop residue enriched with other organic sources hastened the composting process and significantly increased the organic matter (OM) (55.6%), organic carbon (36.35%), total nitrogen (TN) (2.77%), P (1.75%) K value (3.05%). Further, results revealed that C1= (Banana leaves with sugar cane press mud) compost blend was optimum and best, because this blend has rich nutrient contents. It was concluded that higher OM%, OC%, TN, P, K were observed for C1= Banana crop residues enriched with sugar cane press mud.

Helicobacter pylori is the major causative agent of gastric cancer and peptic ulcer worldwide, but more common in developing countries. The prevalence studies are very important in determining disease burden and devising eradication measures based on the data on rates of infection and affected age groups. Thus, the overarching goal of the current study was to study the prevalence of H. pylori in population of Hyderabad city. Blood samples were collected and the serum was separated using gel tubes. Detection of H. pylori IgG antibody was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A total of 2835 samples (1,525 males and 1,310 females) were enrolled for detection of H. pylori antibodies during January 2015 to December 2015. Individuals yielding anti- H. pylori IgG positive with ELISA assay, were reported as positive, while the absence of antibodies were reported as negative for H. pylori infection. The seroprevalence of H. pylori infection was recorded as 24.87% (n = 705 out of 2835). Among the positive samples, males were 13.58% (n=385) and females were 11.29% (n=320). The positivity of H. pylori antibodies was found higher (23.67%) in both male and female patients whose age was between 10 and 50 years. The lowest seropositivity was recorded in the age group under 10 years (0.21%) and in the age group of 60 years and above (0.39%). In summary, the findings of present studies demonstrate a high seroprevalence of H. pylori in Hyderabad. Moreover, no gender based differences were found and the prevalence appeared lower in younger age of under 10 years.