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Submitted by Maria Cândida de Godoy Gasparoto (maria.candida@unesp.br) on 2021-08-20T13:44:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gasparoto et al 2021 First Look - Repositório.pdf: 2550316 bytes, checksum: 24271d4e581fde04f2da07713c13d3e7 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Luana Priscila Costa (luana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2021-09-15T19:12:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gasparoto_mc_preprint_regi_prevalent.pdf: 2550316 bytes, checksum: 24271d4e581fde04f2da07713c13d3e7 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-09-15T19:12:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gasparoto_mc_preprint_regi_prevalent.pdf: 2550316 bytes, checksum: 24271d4e581fde04f2da07713c13d3e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021-08-19 Outra Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) In Brazil, citrus huanglongbing (HLB) is associated with ‘Candidatus Liberibacter americanus’ (CLam) and ‘Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas). However, there are few studies about HLB epidemiology when both Liberibacter spp. and its insect vector, the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP, Diaphorina citri), are present. The objective of this work was to compare the transmission of HLB by ACP when both CLam and CLas are present as primary inoculum. Two experiments were performed under screenhouse conditions from April 2008 to January 2012 (experiment 1) and from February 2011 to December 2015 (experiment 2). The experiments were carried out with sweet orange plants infected with CLam or CLas as inoculum source surrounded by sweet orange healthy plants. One hundred Liberibacter-free adult psyllids were monthly confined to the source of inoculum plants for 7 days with subsequent free movement inside the screenhouse. Fortnightly, nymphs and adults of psyllids were monitored. Psyllid and leaf samples were collected periodically for Liberibacter detection by PCR or qPCR. CLas was detected more frequently than CLam in both psyllid and leaf samples. No mixed infections were detected in the psyllids. A clear prevalence of CLas over CLam was observed in both experiments. The final HLB incidences were 16.7 and 14.5% of Liberibacter-positive test plants, and CLas was detected in 92.3 and 93.1% of these infected plants. Mixed infection was observed only in 3.8% of infected test plants in experiment 1. These results endorse the shift in the prevalence of CLam to CLas observed in citrus orchards of São Paulo, Brazil. Postprint Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (Unesp) Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura (Fundecitrus) Universidade de São Paulo (Usp) FAPESP: 2007/55013-9 FAPESP: 2007/52040-5 FUNDECITRUS: 043012 Citrus Research Development Foundation: NAS7

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T20:00:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-06-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Postbloom fruit drop (PFD) of citrus is caused by the Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides species complexes. The disease is important when frequent rainfall occurs during the flowering period of citrus trees. In Brazil, until 2012, PFD was mainly controlled by preventive applications of the methyl-benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) carbendazim and demethylation-inhibitor (DMI) fungicides such as difenoconazole. Since then, mixtures containing the DMI tebuconazole and the quinone-outside inhibitor (QoI) trifloxystrobin have been commonly used. Fungicides are often applied preventively, sometimes even when conditions are not conducive for PFD development. Excessive fungicide applications may favor the selection of resistant populations of Colletotrichum spp. In this study, we assessed the fungicide sensitivity of C. acutatum isolates collected during the two distinct periods of PFD management in Brazil: before and after the trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole mixture became widely employed. The sensitivity of 254 C. acutatum isolates to carbendazim and difenoconazole and of 164 isolates to tebuconazole and trifloxystrobin was assessed. Mycelial growth inhibition of these isolates was evaluated for all the fungicides using either serial dilution of fungicide rates or the spiral gradient dilution method. In addition, inhibition of conidial germination was also assessed for trifloxystrobin. Analysis of partial beta-tub, cytb, and cyp51b gene sequences did not reveal any mutations related to resistance to MBCs, QoIs, and DMIs, respectively. In mycelia] growth assays, mean EC50 values were 0.14, 0.11, and 0.21 mu g/ml for difenoconazole, tebuconazole, and trifloxystrobin, respectively. The conidial germination inhibition by trifloxystrobin was similar among the tested isolates, and the mean EC50 value was 0.002 mu g/ml. All isolates had similar mean mycelial growth inhibition for carbendazim, regardless of the fungicide concentrations. Therefore, based on similar EC50 values and molecular analyses, no shift in the sensitivity of isolates has been observed to the fungicides commonly used in different citrus-producing areas in Brazil. Univ Sao Paulo, Escola Super Agr Luiz Queiroz, BR-13418900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil Univ Florida, Gulf Coast Res & Educ Ctr, Wimauma, FL 33598 USA Sao Paulo State Univ, Campus Expt Registro, Registro, SP, Brazil Fundo Defesa Citricultura Res & Dev, BR-14807040 Araraquara, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Campus Expt Registro, Registro, SP, Brazil CNPq: 2015/06007-2

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:40:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-05-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Some benefits of silicon (Si) fertilization have been reported in sugarcane plants, but information about the effects of Si on brown rust (Puccinia melanocephala) remain scarce, even though this plant disease is widespread in several areas around the world. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether Si potentiates the production of antimicrobial metabolites in sugarcane plants in response to infection by P. melanocephala. Experiments with a sugarcane cultivar (SP70–1143) susceptible to brown rust were conducted in pots (3 L) under greenhouse conditions using a randomized complete block design with four treatments: with and without Si (equivalent to 0 and 800 kg ha−1 of Si, denominated -Si and + Si, respectively), sprayed with water or inoculated with a suspension of P. melanocephala urediniospores. Liquid potassium silicate was applied in soil as a source of Si. Si fertilization increased soil Si and Si concentration in plants, which correspondingly decreased brown rust severity and sporulation of P. melanocephala in leaves. Silicon fertilization increased the concentration of sucrose and cis-aconitic acid and reduced the concentration of chlorogenic acid (trans-3-caffeoylquinic acid) in sugarcane leaves inoculated with the pathogen. In vitro germination of P. melanocephala was reduced in contact with all metabolites isolated by UHPLC-DAD (chlorogenic acid and C-glycosylated flavones) from the sugarcane leaves. This work helps to elucidate the potential prophylactic role of Si in the interaction between P. melanocephala and sugarcane. Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios (APTA), P.O. Box 28 Instituto de Química Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Rua Prof. Francisco Degni, 55 Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia ESALQ/Universidade de São Paulo (USP), P.O. Box 9 Departamento de Ciências Biológicas ESALQ/Universidade de São Paulo (USP), P.O. Box 9 Embrapa Instrumentação, Rua XV de Novembro, 1452 Instituto de Química Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Rua Prof. Francisco Degni, 55 FAPESP: 2008/10795-2 FAPESP: 2018/05843-0

Postbloom fruit drop (PDF) is an important citrus disease that causes up to 100% yield losses during years in which conditions are favourable for the occurrence of epidemics. The conidia of Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides, causal agents of PFD, are predominantly dispersed by rain splash. At the beginning of epidemics, the distribution of diseased plants is random and the disease progress rate is very high, which is unusual for pathogens spread by rain splash. As the pathogen produces abundant conidia on diseased petals, pollinating insects may contribute to disease dispersal. This study investigated honeybees (Apis mellifera) as dispersal agents of C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides among citrus plants. Two experiments were carried out in a screenhouse in which citrus plants were protected (or not) in insect-proof cages. The source of inoculum was placed on one side of the screenhouse, and a honeybee hive was placed on the opposite side. All uncaged plants showed symptoms of the disease, and none of the caged plants exhibited PFD symptoms. The monomolecular model showed a good fit to disease progress in both experiments. Conidium-like structures of Colletotrichum spp. were identified attached to the bodies of the honeybees by scanning electron microscopy. These results have revealed that honeybees disperse Colletotrichum among citrus plants. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Rhizopus rot, caused by Rhizopus stolonifer, is a major postharvest disease of stone fruits. The disease is related to the occurrence of mechanical and physical damage; however, observations at a Brazilian wholesale market suggest that direct penetration can occur. Therefore, the penetration mechanisms of R. stolonifer in stone fruits were evaluated. To identify the production of enzymes that help with direct penetration by the pathogen, esterase activity, both in mycelial discs and in spore suspensions of the fungus in water and in modified Van Etten nutrient solution, was measured. Assays were also conducted to evaluate the growth of R. stolonifer on glucose or cutin as a sole carbon source. The pathogen grew on both media, and higher esterase activity was observed in the cutin medium. Wounded and unwounded peaches and nectarines were inoculated with R. stolonifer spore suspensions in water or in modified Van Etten nutrient solution. Wounded fruit inoculated with either of the R. stolonifer spore suspensions developed rhizopus rot, whereas unwounded fruit developed the rot only in the presence of spores in the modified Van Etten nutrient solution. Scanning electron and light microscopic examination showed the fungus can directly penetrate the nectarine cuticle. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate, a serine hydrolase inhibitor, prevented rot development in peaches. The results provide valuable evidence for the ability of R. stolonifer to directly penetrate unwounded stone fruits, probably due to the production of esterase enzymes.

A survey conducted in SP state in 2005 and another in 2007 found that black spot (Guignardia psidii) incidence on guava reached 58 %. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of temperature and wetness duration on the development of black spot symptoms in detached guava naturally infected under controlled conditions. Guava fruit cv. Kumagai from a production field with a history of occurrence of the disease were subjected to different temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C) with wetness periods of 6 and 24 h. Analyses of variance and nonlinear regression were employed to evaluate the combined effects of temperature and wetness duration on the disease incidence, the final disease severity, the rate of disease progression and incubation period. Black spot symptoms were observed at all temperatures, except at 10 and 35 °C. The first symptoms of black spot in guavas were observed 2 days after incubation at 25 and 30 °C with wetness duration of 6 h. All variables reached their maximum values close to 30 °C, regardless of wetness duration. This temperature combined with 24 h of wetness duration resulted in black spot incidence of 100 %, disease severity of 3.02 cm, progress rate of 6.9 mm/day and incubation period of 6 days, 10 days after incubation. The postharvest storage of fruits at 10 °C and other control methods based on low or high temperature can delay the black spot incidence on ‘Kumagai’ guavas and prolong the fruit shelf life.

The objectives of this work were (i) to determine the influence of temperature on infection of citrus by ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ and ‘Candidatus Liberibacter americanus’, the two bacterial species associated with citrus huanglongbing (HLB) in Brazil, and (ii) to determine the influence of temperature on citrus colonization by ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’, which has taken over from ‘Ca. L. americanus’ as the predominant species in Brazil since 2008. Two experiments were carried out with graft-inoculated Valencia oranges on Rangpur lime rootstocks. Immediately after inoculation the plants were maintained for 423 days in growth chambers under the following night ⁄day temperature conditions: 17 ⁄22, 22 ⁄27 or 27 ⁄32� C, with a dark ⁄light photoperiod of 8 ⁄16 h. Infection and colonization of plants were determined using quantitative PCR (qPCR). ‘Candidatus Liberibacter americanus’ did not infect the plants maintained at 27 ⁄32� C; however, infection by ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ occurred at all studied temperatures. Two months after inoculation, ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ was distributed throughout the inoculated plants, with mean Ct values in the range of 30‐31 for leaves and 25‐28 for roots. Over time, ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ reached the highest titres in mature leaves (mean Ct value = 26AE7) of citrus plants maintained at 22 ⁄27� C. ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ colonization of citrus plants was negatively affected by the daily temperature regime of 27 ⁄32� C( meanCt value in mature leaves = 33AE6).

Citrus Variegated Chlorosis (CVC) caused by Xylella fastidiosa is one of the most important diseases for Brazilian citriculture. The CVC is a vascular disease with a long incubation period and symptoms similar to other disorders, and this factors difficult the CVC quantification in the field. Two methods of CVC assessment were compared in this study. The first method was based on a descriptive rating scale with four ratings, commonly used for the disease quantification. The second one was based on the incidence of symptomatic branches. The quantification of CVC through these two methods was carried out in a 10-year-old 'Natal' sweet orange orchard. The descriptive scale considered the symptoms of the entire plant. The disease incidence was evaluated in 36 branches in each plant. The assessments were conducted by three raters in 144 plants in July 2006 and July 2007 as well as in March and November 2008. The descriptive scale did not allow an accurate assessment and resulted in a moderate strength of agreement among the raters. On the other hand, the incidence quantification of CVC through the symptomatic branches showed high repeatability among the raters. We suggest the use of incidence of symptomatic branches as variable for CVC quantification. National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)

The aim of this work was the characterisation of the environmental and superficial mycoflora of equipment and facilities of two citrus packing houses in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, in 2004 and 2005. One of the packing houses packed fruit for the export market (municipality of Matao), the other for the domestic market (municipality of Engenheiro Coelho). The study also identified the presence of isolates of Penicillium spp. resistant to thiabendazole and imazalil fungicides in packing houses. The environmental mycoflora was sampled according to the gravimetric method, using Petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar medium opened for 2 min. The superficial mycoflora on equipment and facilities was sampled with Rodac plates. The mycoflora in the environment and on surfaces of the packing houses in Matao were 12.3 and 52.3 cfu/plate, respectively, while these populations for the Engenheiro Coelho packing house were 46.3 and 68.2 cfu/plate, respectively. Cladosporium and Penicillium were the most prevalent genera of fungi. The contamination levels of clean zones in the packing houses (washing of fruits, packing table, boxes and containers) was not substantially lower than the contamination in dirty zones (reception of fruits and first selection). The percentage of P. digitatum isolates in Matao that was resistant to thiabendazole and imazalil was 25.9 and 1.5 in the environment and 30.1 and 16.0 on packing house surfaces, respectively. In Engenheiro Coelho, percentage of resistance to these fungicides was 51.9 and 0.1 in the environment and 39.2 and 0.9 on packing house surfaces, respectively.

O mofo-branco, causado por Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, e uma doenca importante na cultura do tomateiro. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de extratos de plantas, residuos animais e subprodutos industriais no desenvolvimento micelial e na producao de esclerodios do fungo "in vitro". Os tratamentos testados foram diferentes concentracoes de licor pirolenhoso, oleo de nim, glutamato monossodico, biossolido e composto orgânico [(borra de cafe (50%) cinza de carvao (10%), residuo de milho (25%), esterco de aves (12,5%) e farinha de aves (2,5%)], alem de duas testemunhas, sem adicao de produtos ao meio e com adicao do fungicida procimidone. O fungo submetido aos diferentes tratamentos foi incubado a temperatura de 22oC e luminosidade constante de 260 lux. Foram avaliadas o crescimento micelial, a producao de esclerodios e a viabilidade dos mesmos aos 7 e 17 dias apos a repicagem do fungo para meio de neon. O composto orgânico a 30 % mostrou-se eficiente na inibicao do crescimento micelial e na producao de esclerodios. Este tratamento, assim como o oleo de nim a 0,5%, foi analisado com relacao a sua influencia na microbiota no solo por meio de uma analise de respirometria, que indicou que ambos os tratamentos foram degradados rapidamente, nao causando assim maleficios a mesma.

A ocorrência das doenças foliares de final de ciclo em soja (Glycine max) causadas pelos fungos Septoria glycines e Cercospora kikuchii é facilmente observada no campo. Entretanto, são necessárias informações precisas sobre a quantificação de danos e perdas na produtividade. A falta de um método padrão de quantificação visual para essas doenças pode levar a estimativas imprecisas da severidade das mesmas, induzindo a conclusões erradas. Com o objetivo de elaborar uma escala diagramática para quantificar a severidade dessas doenças, foram coletadas em campo, folhas apresentando diferentes níveis de severidade. A área de cada folha e sua correspondente severidade foram determinadas e, obedecendo-se a "Lei do estímulo de Weber-Fechner", foi elaborada uma escala com os níveis de severidade de doença: 2,4; 15,2; 25,9; 40,5 e 66,6%. A validação foi realizada por nove avaliadores, sem experiência na avaliação das doenças de final de ciclo, os quais estimaram a severidade de 30 folhas de soja com sintomas destas doenças. A precisão das avaliações variou de acordo com o avaliador (0,84

The development of a large number of postharvest diseases is closely associated with fruit ripeness. Environmental conditions may affect both the pathogen development and the fruit ripening rate. The aim of this study was to determine the most favorable temperature and wetness duration to the development of anthracnose in guava fruits. Cultivars 'Kumagai' (white pulp) and 'Pedro Sato' (red pulp) were inoculated with a conidial suspension of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. acutatum and incubated at constant temperature ranging from 10 to 35ºC and wetness duration of 6 and 24 hours. Disease severity and incidence were evaluated at every two days during 12 days. No infection occurred at 10 and 35ºC, regardless of the wetness duration. The optimum conditions for fruit infection were 26 and 27ºC for 'Kumagai' and 25 and 26ºC for 'Pedro Sato', adopting 24 hours of wetness. In general, the disease development in 'Kumagai' cultivar was more affected by the wetness period, compared to 'Pedro Sato'. Disease severity for 'Kumagai' fruits was maximal between 25 and 30ºC , depending on the Colletotrichum species. Regarding 'Pedro Sato', the mean diameter of lesions was greater in fruits stored at 20, 25 and 30ºC , compared to 'Kumagai' cultivar, depending on the wetness period and the species. The incubation period (between 6 and 7 days) and the latent period (between 8 and 10 days) were minimal at 30ºC. The data generated in this study will be useful either for the development of a disease warning system or for the increase in the shelf life of guavas in the postharvest. O desenvolvimento de muitas doenças pós-colheita está intimamente associado ao amadurecimento dos frutos. As condições ambientais podem afetar tanto o desenvolvimento do patógeno quanto a taxa de amadurecimento dos frutos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as condições de temperatura e duração do período de molhamento mais favoráveis ao desenvolvimento da antracnose em frutos de goiaba. Frutos de goiaba das cultivares Kumagai (polpa branca) e Pedro Sato (polpa vermelha) destacadas foram inoculadas com suspensão de conídios de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides e C. acutatum e incubados sob temperaturas constantes variando entre 10 e 35ºC e molhamento contínuo de 6 e 24 horas. A severidade e incidência da doença foram avaliadas a cada dois dias durante 12 dias. Não houve infecção nas temperaturas de 10 e 35ºC, independentemente do período de molhamento. As condições ótimas para a infecção do fruto foram sob temperatura de 26 e 27ºC, para 'Kumagai' e de 25 e 26ºC, para 'Pedro Sato', com 24 horas de molhamento. De um modo geral, o desenvolvimento da doença na cultivar Kumagai foi mais afetado pela duração do período de molhamento, comparada com a 'Pedro Sato'. A severidade máxima da doença em frutos ocorreu entre 25 e 30ºC, dependendo da espécie de Colletotrichum, para 'Kumagai'. Para 'Pedro Sato' o diâmetro médio das lesões foi maior em frutos armazenados a 20, 25 e 30ºC do que na cultivar Kumagai, dependendo do período de molhamento e espécie. O período de incubação (6 e 7 dias) e o período de latência (8 e 10 dias) foram mínimos à 30ºC. Estas informações geradas nesse trabalho serão úteis tanto para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de aviso fitossanitário quanto para aumentar o tempo de vida de goiabas após a colheita.

The time after harvest is characterized by physiological changes in the fruit that favor the occurrence of postharvest diseases, which are often observed only after sale. As a result, the damage resulting from the action of quiescent pathogens can be underestimated. From November to April of the years 2009/2010 and 2010/2011, a survey was conducted to quantify the postharvest diseases in 'Kumagai' and 'Pedro Sato' guavas at two large wholesale markets in Brazil. The incidence of postharvest diseases differed significantly between the two cultivars evaluated. The most frequent postharvest diseases for 'Kumagai' guavas were anthracnose, black spot and fusicoccum rot, ranging in incidence from 23.6 and 31.6%. For 'Pedro Sato' guavas, the most frequent postharvest disease was anthracnose, with an incidence of approximately 72.3%.

Brown rot, caused by Monilinia spp. , is one of the most important peach (Prunuspersica (L.) Batsch) diseases and the main cause of postharvest losses. Currently, alternative methods for postharvest disease control, such as the use of volatiles, are under investigation. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of hexanal on the in vitro development of Monilinia fructicola and M. laxa and on monocyclic components of brown rot on peaches. To evaluate the effect on pathogen development in vitro, a single dose of 215 µL of liquid hexanal was placed on glass jars in closed plastic containers (4.3 L) at the moment of fungi transfer, 24 or 48 h after transferring to Petri dishes. After hexanal application, the Petri dishes were kept inside the containers that were closed for 24 h at 20 ºC. Mycelial growth was measured seven days after hexanal removal. For in vivo assays, inoculated fruits were kept in closed plastic containers, and hexanal was applied at the moment of fruit inoculation or 24 hours thereafter. The monocyclic components infection frequency, expressed as brown rot incidence, lesion diameter and lesion sporulation, were assessed daily for seven days. Overall, hexanal was more effective in inhibiting mycelial growth when applied at the moment of pathogen transfer. Hexanal did not prevent pathogen infection, but reduced lesion diameter and completely inhibited spore production on the fruit for both treatments. Hexanal provides a promising alternative for chemical control and can be used in postharvest handling systems.

This paper presents a prototype of equipment used to detect faults in conductor cables employed in power transmission lines. It is able to do visual inspection of the external condition of the conductors and to detect internal faults in its magnetic material core (ACSR cables). The equipment is composed by a mobile unit — a robot — which moves on the line conductor, and by a control unit — a notebook — communicating with each other through radio-frequency transceivers. The equipment design takes electromagnetic (EMI) and radio-frequency (RFI) interference into account, allowing it to be used in live lines, in no energized lines and in ground wires. To verify the equipment's behavior under different situations, several tests have been performed: in laboratory under both no-energized and energized conditions, and in a real live power transmission line. The results obtained are presented.

Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar os danos pós-colheita e as características físico-químicas de frutos de laranjas ‘Pêra’ e ‘Lima’ e de tangor ‘Murcott’ comercializados na Ceagesp SP, bem como caracterizar a micoflora ambiental nos pontos de revenda de citros da Ceagesp, em 2006. Frutos cítricos foram coletados de atacadistas e armazenados durante 14 dias a 25ºC e 85-90% de UR. A incidência de injúrias foi avaliada visualmente a cada três dias. As variáveis físico-químicas analisadas foram acidez titulável e teor de sólidos solúveis. A micoflora ambiental foi amostrada mediante o método gravimétrico, com placas de Petri, contendo meio batata-dextrose-ágar+pentabiótico, abertas por dois minutos. A incidência de podridões em laranjas ‘Pêra’ e ‘Lima’ e tangor ‘Murcott’ atingiu valores médios de 12,8; 14,9 e 25,8%, respectivamente, ao final do armazenamento, sendo o bolor verde a principal doença pós-colheita. Associações entre os parâmetros físico-químicos de maturação e a incidência de podridões foram, em geral, não significativas. A população fúngica ambiental variou significativamente entre os meses amostrados, com média de 25,3 ufc/placa e os gêneros Penicillium e Cladosporium foram os mais abundantes. Observou-se correlação positiva (r=0,96) entre a freqüência de P. digitatum encontrada no ambiente dos atacadistas e o bolor verde em laranja ‘Pêra’ comercializada. Entretanto, para laranja ‘Lima’ e tangor ‘Murcott’ tal correlação não foi verificada. The purposes of this work were to characterize postharvest injuries and to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of ‘Pêra’ and ‘Lima’ oranges and ‘Murcott’ tangor at Ceagesp market, as well as to characterize the environmental mycoflora in retail points at Ceagesp in 2006. Fruits collected at retail points were stored for 14 days at 25ºC and 85-90% RH. The incidence of injuries was visually evaluated every three days. The physicochemical characteristics analyzed were titratable acidity and soluble solids amount. The environmental mycoflora was sampled according to the gravimetric method, using Petri dishes containing potato-dextrose-agar medium+pentabiotic opened for two minutes. The average rot incidences in ‘Pêra’ and ‘Lima’ oranges and ‘Murcott’ tangor were 12.8, 14.9 and 25.8%, respectively, at the end of the storage period, and green mold was the main postharvest disease. Associations between physicochemical parameters and rot incidence was, in general, not significant. The environmental fungal population varied significantly between the sampling months in retail points with an average of 25.3 cfu/plate. Penicillium and Cladosporium were the most recorded genera of fungi. Positive correlation (r=0.96) was observed between frequency of P. digitatum found in the environment of retail points and the green mold in on-sale fruits of ‘Pêra’ orange. However, for ‘Lima’ orange and ‘Murcott’ tangor such a correlation was not verified.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito in vitro e in vivo dos sanificantes cloreto de benzalcônio (Fegatex®), biomassa cítrica (Ecolife40®) e ozônio no controle da podridão parda (Monilinia fructicola) e da podridão mole (Rhizopus stolonifer) em pêssegos das cultivares Aurora, Dourado e Flor da Prince. Cloreto de benzalcônio e biomassa cítrica, aplicados in vitro, ambos na concentração de 1000 mL L-1, inibiram totalmente o crescimento radial (micelial) de M. fructicola, porém nenhum deles foi eficiente no controle de R. stolonifer. Cloreto de benzalcônio aplicado de forma preventiva, na concentração de 3000 mL L-1, reduziu a podridão parda em frutos inoculados sem ferimentos. Quando aplicado de forma curativa em frutos não feridos esse produto foi eficiente em todas as concentrações testadas. Nenhum produto aplicado nos frutos de forma curativa foi eficiente no controle da podridão parda, quando a inoculação do fungo foi realizada através de ferimentos. Nenhum dos produtos foi eficiente no controle da podridão mole. O ozônio (0,1 mL L-1) não foi eficiente no controle das podridões parda e mole. The purpose of this work was to study the in vitro and in vivo effects of the sanitizing products benzalkonium chloride (Fegatex®), citric biomass (Ecolife40®) and ozone gas on the control of brown rot (Monilinia fructicola) and soft rot (Rhizopus stolonifer) in peaches cultivars "Aurora", "Dourado" and "Flor da Prince". Benzalkonium chloride and citric biomass, both at 1000 mL L-1, completely inhibited the radial (mycelial) growth of M. fructicola, although none of them controlled R. stolonifer in vitro. The preventive use of benzalkonium chloride at 3000 mL L-1 reduced brown rot in non-injured peaches. Benzalkonium chloride applied as curative in non-injured peaches was effective against M. fructicola at all concentrations. None of the products tested curatively was effective in preventing the development of brown rot when the fungus was inoculated over fruit injuries. None of the products was effective in controlling soft rot. Ozone gas at 0,1 mL L-1 was not effective in controlling brown or soft rots in peaches.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da irradiação UV-C no controle in vitro de Monilinia fructicola e Rhizopus stolonifer e no controle das doenças causadas por estes fungos em pêssegos inoculados com ferimento. No experimento in vitro, avaliou-se o crescimento micelial dos fungos em meio BDA após a exposição nas doses de UV-C de 0, 0,26, 0,52, 1,04, 3,13, 5,22, 10,44, 15,66, e 31,32 kJ.m-2 num equipamento com quatro lâmpadas com taxa de fluência de 1,74 mW.cm-2. Nos experimentos in vivo, os frutos foram tratados com irradiação UV-C de forma protetora e curativa. No tratamento protetor, os frutos foram expostos a 1,04 kJ.m-2 por 1 min. e foram inoculados imediatamente após e 16, 24 e 40 h após. No tratamento curativo, os frutos foram inoculados, incubados e irradiados com doses de UV-C de 0, 1,04, 5,22, 10,44, 15,66 e 31,32 kJ.m². Avaliou-se a incidência das doenças e a severidade da podridão parda. No experimento in vitro, apenas as doses aplicadas durante 1 e 10 min. de exposição reduziram o crescimento micelial de M. fructicola enquanto que a aplicação da luz UV-C entre 10-15 minutos reduziu o crescimento micelial de R. stolonifer e a dose aplicada durante 30 minutos inibiu completamente o crescimento micelial deste fungo. Não houve efeito protetor da luz UV-C no controle das doenças. Não houve controle curativo da podridão parda. A irradiação UV-C foi eficiente no controle curativo da podridão mole e o tempo de exposição de 10 min. foi o que apresentou melhor resultado. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of UV-C irradiation in vitro to control M. fructicola and R. stolonifer and the diseases caused by them in peach fruits. Mycelial growth was evaluated after exposure of the pathogens on PDA medium to different UV-C irradiation concentrations of 0, 0.26, 0.52, 1.04, 3.13, 5.22, 10.44, 15.66 and 31.32 kJ.m-2. The UV cabinet was equipped with four lamps with the fluency rate of 1.74 mW.cm-2. Peach fruits were treated with UV-C irradiation in a protective and curative way. In the protector treatment, fruits were exposed to 1.04 kJ.m-2 for 1 min. and were inoculated immediately and after 16, 24 and 40 hours. In the curative treatment, peach fruits were inoculated, incubated and irradiated with 0, 1.04, 5.22, 10.44, 15.66 and 31.32 kJ.m-2 UV-C concentrations. Disease incidence and severity of brown rot were evaluated. In vitro, only the concentrations applied during 1 and 10 min. of exposure reduced the mycelial growth of M. fructicola, while the application of UV-C for 10-15 minutes reduced the mycelial growth of R. stolonifer and the concentration applied for 30 minutes completely inhibited the mycelial growth of this pathogen. There was no effect caused by UV-C light in the protective control, or by UV-C light in the curative control of brown rot. The irradiation of fruits with UV-C was effective in the curative control of soft rot, and the best results were observed with an exposure time of 10 minutes.

As doenças pós-colheita representam um sério obstáculo à citricultura, uma vez que comprometem a qualidade e quantidade dos frutos colhidos. Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar as injúrias pós-colheita de frutos de laranja 'Pêra', 'Lima' e 'Natal' e de tangor 'Murcott', destinados ao mercado interno, após diferentes etapas do beneficiamento em "packinghouse". Foram coletados cem frutos na chegada ao "packinghouse", na banca de embalagem e no palete, após embalamento em caixas de madeira. Os frutos foram individualizados e submetidos à câmara úmida por 24 horas, permanecendo por mais 20 dias a 25ºC e 85% de umidade relativa. A incidência de podridões foi avaliada visualmente após a retirada da câmara úmida e a cada três dias. Os patógenos fúngicos encontrados tiveram a patogenicidade confirmada através da inoculação em frutos sadios. Não houve diferença significativa na incidência de doenças pós-colheita nas diferentes fases do processamento nas variedades Lima e Natal. Na variedade Pêra e no tangor 'Murcott', a incidência de doenças foi menor nas amostras coletadas na chegada ao "packinghouse". O bolor verde (Penicillium digitatum) foi a principal doença encontrada nos diferentes frutos cítricos. Outras doenças importantes foram a antracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), as podridões pedunculares (Lasiodiplodia theobromae e Phomopsis citri) e a podridão azeda (Geotrichum candidum). Post-harvest diseases represent a serious problem for citriculture, reducing fruit quality and crop yield. This work aimed to characterize the post-harvest injuries of oranges 'Pêra', 'Lima' and 'Natal' and tangor 'Murcott', during handling in the packinghouse. Samples of one hundred fruits were collected on arrival at the packinghouse, before culling and in the pallet, after hand packing into wood boxes. The fruits were individualized and submitted to humid chambers for 24 hours. Fruits were incubated for 20 days at 25ºC and 85% of relative humidity. The incidence of diseases was assessed visually after the removal of the humid chamber and every three days. Fungal pathogenicity was confirmed by fungal inoculation in healthy fruits. Post-harvest disease incidence was similar in different phases of handling system for varieties Lima and Natal. For Pêra and tangor 'Murcott' disease incidence was lower on arrival at the packinghouse compared to other handling phases. Green mold was the most frequent disease in all varieties. Other important diseases were anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), stem-end rots (Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Phomopsis citri), and sour rot (Geotrichum candidum).

A podridão do colo do maracujazeiro (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa), causada por Nectria haematococca e Phytophthora spp., é um dos principais problemas da cultura no Brasil, sendo responsável pelo decréscimo da produtividade e constantes migrações da cultura. O controle da doença é basicamente preventivo, visando a não introdução dos patógenos na área. O presente trabalho visou 1) avaliar métodos de inoculação de N. haematococca e a suscetibilidade do maracujazeiro amarelo ao patógeno em diferentes idades; 2) a ocorrência de "damping-off"; 3) o comportamento de diferentes espécies do gênero Passiflora e de genótipos de P. edulis f. flavicarpa ao patógeno; e 4) realizar testes de controle químico. Inoculações no colo de maracujazeiro amarelo proporcionaram maiores níveis de doença comparadas às inoculações no sistema radicular. Os resultados sugerem que N. haematococca seja um patógeno que penetra por ferimentos. A mortalidade foi maior quando a inoculação foi realizada em plantas mais jovens e quando N. haematococca e Phytophthora nicotianae estavam associados. Dentre as 17 espécies do gênero Passiflora avaliadas para resistência a N. haematococca, P. nitida, P. laurifolia e P. alata foram as menos lesionadas. Os genótipos de P. edulis f. flavicarpa mais resistentes ao patógeno foram os procedentes de Morretes (PR), Sapucaí (SP) e a cultivar Maguari. Os fungicidas prochloraz, thiabendazole, thiram+thiabendazole, carbendazim, triflumizole e captan exerceram controle erradicante em solo infestado com N. haematococca. Os fungicidas prochloraz e carbendazim evitaram a morte de plantas em tratamento curativo, com os melhores resultados quando aplicados dois dias após a inoculação, comparado a sete dias. The collar rot of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa), caused by Nectria haematococca and Phytophthora spp., is one of the main problems of the passion fruit producing areas in Brazil, and is responsible for yield decrease and constant migrations of the culture. The control of the disease is basically preventive, and directed to avoiding the introduction of the pathogen in the area. The objectives of this research were: 1) to evaluate methods of inoculation of N. haematococca and the suscetibility of yellow passion fruit at different ages; 2) to evaluate "damping-off"; 3) to evaluate the behavior of different species of genera Passsiflora and different genotyps of P. edulis f. flavicarpa to the pathogen; and 4) to carry out tests of chemical control. Inoculations in the collar zone of plants provided higher levels of disease compared to inoculations in the radicular system. These results suggest that N. haematococca penetrates through wounds. Mortality was higher in younger plants and when N. haematococca and Phytophthora nicotianae were together. Among the 17 species of genus Passiflora tested for N. haematococca, P. nitida, P. laurifolia, and P. alata showed the lowest average number of lesions. The most resistant genotypes of P. edulis f. flavicarpa to N. haematococca were those from Morretes (PR), Sapucaí (SP), and the Maguari variety. Prochloraz, thiabendazole, thiram+thiabendazole, carbendazim, triflumizole, and captan controlled N. haematococca. The fungicides tested for curative treatment inhibited the development of the disease most effectvely when applied two days after inoculation when compared to seven days. Prochloraz and carbendazim were outstanding for preventing the death of plants inoculated with N. haematococca.

Occurrence of Phytophthora parasitica in peace lily in Brazil The occurrence of root and crown rot of Spathiphyllum wallisi caused by Phytophthora parasitica is reported for the first time in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. A planta Spathiphyllum wallisi Regel, conhecida como lirio da paz, e muito usada na decoracao de interiores, se adaptando bem em locais sombreados. Em fevereiro de 2003, amostras de lirio da paz, procedentes de estufas de producao, localizadas no municipio de Cordeiropolis, SP, com necrose do bulbo e consequente amarelecimento das folhas baixeiras e murcha das plantas (Figura 1) foram encaminhadas para analise na Clinica Fitopatologica da ESALQ/USP. Procedeuse estudos de diagnose e testes de patogenicidade em mudas sadias, com o objetivo de se identificar o agente causal. Fragmentos de bulbos lesionados, previamente desinfestados em alcool 70%, foram plaqueados em meio de cultura agaragua, seguido da repicagem para batata-dextrose-agar (BDA). As placas foram armazenadas em condicoes ambientais de laboratorio sob luminosidade continua. O isolado obtido apresentou aspecto cotonoso em cultura, micelio cenocitico, esporangioforos e esporângios limoniliformes. O teste de patogenicidade foi realizado atraves da inoculacao de 100 ml de uma suspensao de esporos (10 zoosporos/ml) sobre o colo de plantas sadias de lirio da paz, de dois meses de idade. As plantas foram mantidas em casa de vegetacao em condicoes de temperatura ambiente (26 °C ± 3 °C). Para a testemunha utilizou-se apenas agua. Com base em analises morfologicas e fisiologicas, o isolado foi identificado como Phytophthora parasitica J. F. Dastur (Ho, H.H. Mycologia 73:705-714, 1981), apresentando esporângios limoniformes, papilados (Figura 2) e nao caducos. Houve crescimento micelial em meio de cultura BDA, a 37 °C, e uma maior formacao de esporângios quando as culturas foram mantidas em agua. A reproducao dos sintomas de P. parasitica em S. wallisi foi confirmada apos seis dias da inoculacao. Observou-se necrose da haste, seguida de murcha e morte das plantas. O patogeno foi reisolado dos tecidos infetados, comprovando sua patogenicidade. Este e o primeiro relato da ocorrencia de P. parasitica afetando lirio da paz no Brasil. FIG. 1 Sintomas causados por Phytophthora parasitica em planta de lirio da paz Spathiphyllum