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Study design:Descriptive study with a cross-sectional design.OBJECTIVES:To describe the epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCIs) in Botswana, with a specific focus on road traffic crashes (RTC).Setting:Main public referral hospital, Gaborone, Botswana.METHOD:Two samples were included. Sample one described the epidemiology and included patients admitted during a 2-year period with acute TSCI. Sample two included only patients with TSCI due to RTC.RESULTS:Annual incidence was 13 per million population. Epidemiology of TSCI: 49 patients were included, 71% male, age ranging from 4 to 81 years, 80% ⩽45 years. Tetraplegia was more common than paraplegia (59/41%), and 39% had C1-C4 level of injury. The main cause of TSCI was RTC (68%), followed by assault (16%) and falls (10%). Mortality was 20%, where all, but one, had tetraplegia (18%). Median time from injury to spinal surgery was 12 days, with longer time for women, 16 days compared with 8 for men. Burst tire was the primary cause of RTC resulting in a TSCI, followed by hitting animals on the road. The majority had been passengers and 72% were involved in single crashes.CONCLUSION:The most common cause for TSCI was RTC, followed by assault. In-hospital mortality was high and the waiting period from the time of accident to spinal surgery was long, especially for women. The aetiology and high mortality of TSCI in Botswana indicate that improvements in roadway safety and medical care may decrease the TSCI incidence and mortality.Spinal Cord advance online publication, 25 November 2014; doi:10.1038/sc.2014.203. Language: en