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Bermudagrass ( L.) is a familiar forage in the equine industry and teff () is gaining popularity as well. However, it is unclear if the application of poultry litter as a fertilizer affects palatability of these forages in horses. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if forage species and timing of litter application as a fertilizer has an effect on preference by horses. Hay treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial treatment arrangement consisting of teff and bermudagrass harvested after no poultry litter application (NL), poultry litter applied to stubble immediately after removal of the previous cutting (L0), or poultry litter applied 14 d after the previous cutting (L14). Mature, stock-type geldings ( = 5; 480 ± 52.9 kg) were used in this study arranged as a balanced incomplete block design. Horses were offered different combinations of 4 of the 6 total forages daily for 3 d in each of 3 evaluation periods that immediately followed a 10-d adaptation period. Each forage was offered at half of the total daily DMI as measured during the last 5 d of the 10-d adaptation period to encourage selection among the 4 forages. Each hay offered was randomly allocated to a corner and suspended in hay nets over muck buckets in the corners of each stall. Horses were individually housed in 3.6- by 3.6-m indoor stalls with sand bedding and access to 3.6- by 7.6-m outdoor runs. Along with hay, horses were offered oats twice daily at 0.125% of BW at each feeding. Dry matter intake was greater (0.01) for bermudagrass than for teff and for NL and L0 treatments compared with L14 treatments. Horses spent more (0.01) time consuming bermudagrass compared with teff. However, there were no differences ( ≥ 0.25) in time spent consuming hay across litter treatments. Therefore, horses may prefer bermudagrass to teff and later application of poultry litter may affect voluntary intake by horses. However, all forages were mature, which may have impacted total intake and preference.

Summary The grain refinement and solidification crack susceptibility of GMA. (MIG) weld metal produced with Al‐4.5%Zn‐1.2%Mg A7N01 base metal have been successfully improved by a combination of low‐ frequency switching pulsed GMA welding and a new trial‐manufactured Al‐ 7%Mg welding wire containing added Zr as a microalloying element. The results show a close relationship between the grain size of the weld metal and the crack susceptibility, with a sharp reduction in the crack susceptibility being obtained in weld metal with fine equiaxed grains of 20–30 m dia. The pronounced grain refinement can only be obtained by a combination of low‐frequency pulsed GMA welding at a switching frequency of 2.5–50 Hz and trial‐manufactured Zr‐added Al‐7%Mg wire. Little grain refinement is found with Zr‐free wire. The paper discusses the relation‐ ship between grain refinement and the oscillation behaviour of the molten pool due to current pulsation.

The postwar development of the Constitutional system of Yugoslavia (1945–1974) was very dynamic. During the 1950s, under the influence of the Soviet model but with many specific solutions deriving from the liberation struggle and its original social revolution, the system developed in two directions1: with a strengthening of the elements of the Assembly Government System, based on the principle of unity of powers, and, at the same time, with the development of self-government, the form of “economic” democracy with elements of direct democracy and involving the people actively in political life. In parallel, Yugoslavia, formally a federal state but practically to a large degree a unitarian and centralized state with a kind of “ineffective federalism”2, gradually became a real federal state, with the stressed autonomy of the member states and their responsibility for the functioning of the whole state. The development in the directions mentioned was not always proportionate and free from troubles, but the general orientation remained constant. The new Constitution (1974) is also characterized by some new organizational forms, and first of all the introduction of the delegate system, i.e. direct elected delegations in every basic labour and local community, forming the basis of the assemblies at all levels of social organization — from the commune to the federal state.