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Bronchial asthma is one of the much known long-term respiratory conditions. Incidence is increasing, in developing countries like Bangladesh. Cross-sectional type of observational study was carried out over one year (July 2017 to June 2018) in the department of Pharmacology with collaboration of the department of Respiratory Medicine and Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College and Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. A total of 160 patients were selected non-randomly for the study. Inhalation route (52.35%) was the most preferred one over oral route (47.65%). In total 245 drugs, 131 FDC drugs (Salmeterol + Fluticasone) were prescribed with inhalation therapy which is 53.46%, another 9 FDC drugs that is (Ipratropium bromide + Salbutamol) were prescribed with inhalation therapy which is 3.67%, 101 drugs (Salbutamol) were prescribed with inhalation therapy that is 41.23%, 4 drugs (Beclomethasone) were prescribed with inhalation therapy that is 1.64%. Majority of patient were taking inhalation form of anti-asthmatic drugs.

Aim: This study was aimed to evaluate the association between serumD-dimer, serum Ferritin with disease severity in patents havingCOVID-19. Methods:Total 80 confirmed COVID-19 patients were enrolled in this cross sectional study. Samples were assessed by positive SARSCoV- 2 by RT-PCR testing and were collected from two tertiary Hospitals(IbnSina Medical College Hospital and Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital and Research Institute).We also performed CT findings of COVID patients with or without pulmonary involvement. COVIDpositive patients were divided into two groups (Group 1 and Group2) according to lungs involvement confirmed by CT-scan. In this analysis, several variables such as gender, age, D-dimer and serum ferritin were taken. Results: The Mean of D-dimer in Group-1 subjects was 4.26±3.60mg/L and in Group-2, this was 0.59±1.08mg/L. So D-dimer level was significantly raised in COVIDpneumonic patient (P value =

The buffalo is considered as fast-growing meat producing animal compare to cattle with lower cholesterol and higher nutrition content. This study was planned to elucidate the variation of body weight and average daily gain in both indigenous and F1 crossbred (Indigenous×Mediterranean) buffalo. Body weight was measured every three months from birth up to yearling stage for both indigenous (28-195 kg) and F1 crossbred (35-220 kg) buffalo progenies during the year 2011-2014. It was observed that body weight of indigenous buffalo significantly (p 0.05) found for body weight in crossbred buffaloes except differences (p

To determine hazardous antibiotics/chemicals and pesticides residues in Good Aquaculture Practice(GAP) and non-GAP farms and exploring the post-harvest management techniques of shrimp/ prawn forensuring its food safety issues, a study was conducted from July 2016 to June 2019 in three upazilas viz.Bagerhat Sadar, Rampal and Kachua of Bagerhat district. A total of 550 shrimp/prawn farms were randomlysurveyed considering GAP criteria. The farms were categorized as Category A- the farms which comply 90-100% GAP criteria; Category B- farms which comply 70-< 90% GAP criteria and Category C- farms whichcomply 50

Spirulina platensis is one of the most promising microalgae for culture due to its high nutritional values. The main constraint to its production is the high cost of culture media. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performance of S. platensis with the aim of replacing sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and mineral nutrients in Kosaric medium (KM) with banana leaf ash extract. KM was used as control medium in treatment T1. In treatments T2 to T5, 50% of NaHCO3 in KM was replaced with banana leaf ash extract (BLAE). In addition, micronutrients in KM were reduced to 75%, 50% and 25% in treatments T3 to T5, respectively. The values of different physical and chemical parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and light intensity) of the culture media were within the suitable range for S. platensis culture. Optical density in treatments T2 and T3 were similar to that was in treatment T1. Maximum cell dry weight (0.65 gL-1) was observed in treatment T1 and it was similar to the treatments T2 and T3 where 50% of NaHCO3 in KM was replaced with banana leaf ash extract with 100% and 75% micronutrients supply, respectively. The similar trend was found in chlorophyll a content. It was evident that 50% of NaHCO3 in KM can be replaced with BLAE for the culture of S. platensis, in addition micronutrients in KM can be reduced to 75%. Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2019) 23(1) : 37-47

Placenta is the mirror of maternal and fetal status; it reflects the changes due to complications in pregnancy of mother. The growth and survival of the fetus in utero is directly related to formation, development and maturation of the placenta. Placental index was correlated to poor pregnancy outcomes. Placental index can help to identify fetal growth restriction which is result of placental insufficiency and is characterized by insufficient trasnsplacental transport of nutrients and oxygen. This cross sectional descriptive study would provide information about the ratio of placental index in different gestational age group in Bangladeshi women. To achieve this aim the study was performed on 60 human placenta and corresponding fetuses and gestational age (in weeks) categorized as Group A (28-32), Group B (33-37), Group C (38-40). These sample and information were collected from normal pregnancy in Gynecology and Obstetrics Department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital from July 2009 to June 2010. After preservation in 10% formal saline, study was done in Department of Anatomy in Mymensingh Medical College. In this study, the mean±SD placental index was in Group A (0.187±0.113), Group B (0.153±0.025) and Group C (0.166±0.025) and also observed that mean placental index decreased with age up to certain level then increase in Group C. The mean placental index was maximum in Group A (0.187±0.113) and was minimum in Group B (0.153±0.025). The mean difference of placental index between Groups AB, AC and BC was statistically not significant. Observed findings of this study were compared with those of Western and Bangladeshi researches.

Caesarean section (CS) is the most frequently performed major operation in obstetrics. Its frequency is gradually increasing because of extended indications. Now-a-days, caesarean section is also being performed at patient's request in absence of a medical indication. It is necessary to assess the risk and benefits to take a judicious decision to select cases for caesarean section. The cross sectional descriptive type of observational study was carried out among purposively selected 100 pregnant women admitted to the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Community Based Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh during the period of August 2011 to January 2012 to identify elective and emergency indications of caesarean section, to identify the common complications to identify the risk factors associated with complications and to establish a comparison between complications of elective and emergency caesarean section. The median age group of patients being operated was 20 to 25 years and operation were carried out on patients due to various indications. Principal indications were faetal distress (26%), PROM (15%), failed progress of labour and breech presentation were 8% each, other indications were eclampsia (4%), obstructed labour (5%), scar tenderness (4%), history of previous 2 caesarian section 5%. The rate of elective caesarean section was 21% while emergency operations were done in 79% of cases. Among the 100 patients 19% patients developed complications. Among the complications wound infection was most common (37%), then post partum haemorrhage and urinary tract infection 26% and 11% respectively. Other complications were abdominal distension, Puerperal sepsis, anaemic heart failure, wound dehiscence and Wound haematoma 5% each. We should try to keep the rate of caesarean section within optimum ranges (10%) as recommended by World Health Organization.

COVID-19 has created an impact on everything in the world in a very small amount of time. Starting from people’s physical health, their jobs, economic status to their mental health like depressing thoughts, overeating, an immense amount of stress and anxiety. As a result, Coronavirus not only taking lives only through its physical form, it is ruining their livelihood, their financial condition. It is also destroying people’s mental peace, getting inside their heads, and ultimately making them take their own lives. The study was conducted to cumulate the suicide cases during the study period of March to June 2020. The data were collected from print and electronic media. A total of 10 cases have been mentioned in this paper where the majority have been caused by the financial crisis. Most of them were 24 to 40 years of age. Although suicide in Bangladesh due to economic issues is not new, COVID-19 might increase the suicide cases due to dramatic changes in lifestyle. Considering the present findings, it is essential to introduce a time-oriented policy, and implement care monitoring plans in the country, which may help in managing the pandemic as well as nurturing the public mental health to combat COVID-19 related financial and psychological challenge

Introduction/Background Cervical cancer is the second most cancer in women of Bangladesh. Clinical stage is the single most important prognostic factor. Acording to GOG report, the errors in FIGO clinical staging ranges from 24% in stage IB to 67% in stage IIA.MRI is used for diagnosis of the stromal, parametrial, bladder and vaginal invasion. In Bangladesh, MRI is not easily available,costly and interpretation is often not correct.We have to depend on Examination Under Anesthesia (EUA) which is more objective and informative. Methodology Aim of the study was to know the distribution of stages of cervical cancer in BSMMU Hospital. Objective was to do clinical staging together with cystoscopy and proctoscopy.A retrospective study done at Gynaecologic Oncology Department of BSMMU on 735 patients from December 2011 to June 2019.Results are described in two groups, 08-12-11 - to 01-08-17 (group I) and 02-08-17 to 30-06-19 (group II). Results Statistical analysis done in two groups.Parameters were age, size of tumor, cystoscopy, biopsy and final diagnosis of the disease. No difference found regarding age distribution,size of tumor and rate of biopsy taking. Differences found in rate of performance of cystoscopy which was lower in second group of patients (27.3% vs 2.73%).Another difference found in stage of the diasease. Most common stage in first group was stage II B (28.26%). In second group also Stage II B.(50.78%) Conclusion Rate of cystoscopy decreased in 2017 and 2018. Stage II B cases has been increased in 2017 and 2018. This difference may be due to change in operators performing the procedure and due to observer variation. Disclosure Nothing to disclose

Brachial plexus tumors are rare. Schwannomas are benign nerve sheath tumors and only about 5% arise from brachial plexus. Diagnosis of these tumors are challenging for radiologists as well as clinicians as they are rare and the anatomy of the neck is complex. We report a case of a middle aged woman who was admitted in Mymensingh Medical College in Neurosurgery Department on 15th December 2017 with right supraclavicular swelling; based on the clinical findings was provisionally diagnosed as supraclavicular lymphadenopathy; Ultrasonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging suggested schwannoma. Complete excision of the mass through supraclavicular approach showed the origin of it from the brachial plexus, which subsequently was confirmed to be a schwannoma with histopathology.

The adsorption technique has proven a better solution to reduce emission in diesel engines. Activated carbon is taken as an adsorbent for the study to investigate the engine behaviour on its performance and emissions. The experimental setup along with testing of the emission for gas analysers as well as for smoke meters was performed. In this paper, the emissions from diesel engines are reviewed. To reduce the emissions from an automobile, experimental methods of adsorption using activated charcoal in diesel engines is set up. Activated carbon is one of the best adsorption materials due to its high porosity and capture capacity, when reacted with other reagents in order of activation. The measurement of emissions from the diesel engine is obtained using gas analyser and smoke meter, both before and after the installation of filter. After successive results obtained by using these devices, the performances of the devices and efficiencies of the filter used is compared. In this experiment, we can see that the filter (activated carbon) has efficiently reduces the value of HSU by 43.73% and K value by 48.94%. Hence, the overall efficiency of activated carbon used is about 46%.

The experiment was conducted at Ulipur, Kurigram and Gabtoli, Bogra for two consecutive rabi seasons (2010-11 to 2011-12) to observe the performance of some high yielding garlic varieties ( BARI Roshun 1, BARI Roshun 2, BAU Roshun 1 and BAU Roshun 2) including local variety at farmer’s field. In Kurigram, the highest yield (8.11 and 8.04 t ha-1 during two successive years) was obtained from BARI Roshun 2, which differed significantly from other varieties. In Bogra, the highest yield (12.01 and 11.82 t ha-1 during two successive years) was obtained from BAU Roshun 2, which differed significantly from other varieties but in the second year it was statistically identical to BAU Roshun 1. In Kurigram, the highest gross return (Tk. 405500 and 241237 ha-1) and the highest gross margin (Tk. 308325 and 97664 ha-1) were obtained from BARI Roshun 2 where as in Bogra, the highest gross return (Tk. 960000 and 574000 ha-1) and the highest gross margin (Tk. 826217 and 433081 ha-1) were obtained from BAU Roshun 2 during two successive years. The lowest gross return and gross margin was obtained from local variety at both locations.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 12(2): 235-239, December 2014

Silver Nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) are progressively exercised as an antimicrobial agent among myriad applications. The rapid emergence of microbial resistance to conventional antibiotics by multidrug-resistant pathogens has become a threat to the global health community. Traditionally used herbal plants are good sources of bioactive phytochemicals and Galinsoga formosa is one of them. Thus, Ag-NPs are biologically synthesized, intending to evaluate the antibacterial activity of G. formosa. Disc diffusion assay was used to assess the antibacterial activity of leaf and flower crude extracts distinctly as well as of green synthesized Ag-NPs in vitro. The biosynthesis of Ag-NPs was primarily confirmed by brownish color solution and later by UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Ag-NPs synthesized from G. formosa leaf, and flower extract showed antibacterial activity against gram-positive (S. aureus, S. mutans, and S. epidermidis) and gram-negative (K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa) bacteria, where gram-negative bacteria were more sensitive than gram-positive bacteria. The highest zone of inhibition was observed against P. aeruginosa (13.33±0.58 mm) by applying Ag-NPs synthesized from G. formosa flower extract. In contrast, the lowest zone of inhibition was observed against S. epidermidis (6.33±0.58 mm). Antibacterial activity of Ag-NPs from flower and leaf extracts was considerably higher as compared to their respective crude extract. Further, Ag-NPs from the flower extract was exhibited more growth inhibitory response than the leaf extract. Hence, the findings of this research suggested that the synthesized Ag-NPs from G. formosa leaf and flower extract were exhibited antibacterial activity. Such synthesized Ag-NPs might help to develop new drug for combating against various diseases. [ J Adv Biotechnol Exp Ther 2021; 4(2.000): 178-186]

Cervical cancer is a major world health problem and the fourth most leading cause of death in women around the world. High risk HPV DNA has been shown to be present in 99.7% of cervical cancers worldwide. So detection of HPV DNA by PCR may help in early detection and management of cervical cancer. This cross sectional observational study was done to detect L1 antigen gene of HPV from cervical swab by nested PCR. Following universal safety precautions a total of 141 endocervical swabs were collected from Colposcopy clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology department of MMCH from January 2015 to December 2015. Laboratory work was done in the department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College (MMC), Mymensingh, Bangladesh HPV DNA was tested among 141 VIA positive women aged between 20-70 years by nested PCR method. DNA was extracted by phenol-chloroform extraction method. Two pairs of consensus primers MY09-MY11 and GP5-GP6 were used in a nested PCR assay. Histopathological examination was done on 66 samples in the Department of Pathology, MMC, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. A total of 36.9% (52/141) cases were positive for HPV DNA by nested PCR. On Histopathological diagnosis PCR was positive in 42.9% chronic cervicitis, 21.2% CIN cases and 90.9% cervical carcinoma cases. Based on the findings of the study, it may be concluded that the HPV DNA testing has opened the door for an alternative surveillance mechanism to routine cytological screening. Detection of HPV may play an important role in diagnosis and clinical prognosis of precancerous lesions. So PCR may be done for all VIA positive cases for screening of cervical cancer.

The experiment was conducted to investigate the seed quality of Indian spinach for three months stored at different containers (Plastic pot, polythene bag and cloth bag) during 2013-2014 at Seed Technology Laboratory of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur. The initial moisture content of the seed was 9.89% with 75.00% germination. However, after two months, the seed had a different range of increased moisture content with reduced germination percentage depending upon the packing materials. Among the three containers, seeds stored at cloth bag absorbed more moisture (14.36%) from surrounding atmosphere followed by the moisture content, 12.67% and 11.50% of polythene bag and airtight plastic pot, respectively. Seeds stored at plastic pot, polythene bag and cloth bag exhibited 65.00, 64.00 and 50.00 per cent germination, respectively. Similarly, the fresh weight and dry weight of seedling and seedling vigor were also decreased. The seeds of plastic pot were good in term of germination capacity, fresh and dry weight and vigor index in comparison to those stored at cloth bag and polythene bag.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 5 (2): 51-57, December, 2015

An experiment was conducted with BRRI dhan 28 following four irrigation treatments (flood, drip, alternate wetting and drying, sprinkler) and two tillage methods (conventional or puddled and unpuddled). Highest number of weed infestation over conventional tillage was observed when herbicide was not applied. Weed biomass was recorded maximum in sprinkler irrigation followed by alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and flood irrigation. The main type of weed in the rice field was sedges. Weed infestation at 20 and 40 days after herbicide application was found to be the highest due to sprinkler irrigation over AWD and flood irrigations. Unpuddled tillage showed lower weed number and biomass over the conventional puddle tillage. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 24(2): 131-136, 2015 (July)

Length-weight relationships (LWRs) and length-length relationships (LLRs) for three small indigenous fishes (Esomus danrica, Pachypterus atherinoides and Salmostoma bacaila) were reported from the Payra River, southern Bangladesh. Samples were collected using traditional fishing gear including cast net (mesh size ranges from 1.0 to 2.0 cm), seine net (mesh size ranges from 1.5 to 2.5 cm) and square lift net (mesh size similar to 1.0 cm) in August to September 2017. Allometric coefficient (b) values were 2.66 for E. danrica, 3.08 for P. atherinoides and 3.06 for S. bacaila. The LLRs were also highly significant with r(2) >= .956.

Cervical cancer is a major world health problem for women. It is the fourth most leading cause of death in women around the world. High risk HPV DNA has been shown to be present in 99.7% of cervical cancers worldwide. Oncoprotein E6 and E7 play an important role in the development of cervical cancer which can be detected by OncoE6 cervical test. This Cross sectional observational study was performed to detect E6 Oncoprotein from cervical swab by OncoE6 cervical test. Following universal safety precautions a total of 47 endocervical swabs were collected from Colposcopy clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH), Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2015 to December 2015. Laboratory work was done in the department of Microbiology, Mymensingh medical college. E6 strip test is an immunochromatographic test based on the detection of HPV-E6 oncoprotein in cervical swab samples. The swab specimen was treated with lysis solution and conditioning solution. Then the specimen solution was clarified by centrifugation. After that the sample solution was transferred into Detector mAb vial, wash solution vial and finally into developing solution vial. The test unit was then placed on a reading guide. Positive result was indicated by the appearance of purple colored test line. Out of 47 specimens 21(44.68%) were OncoE6 positive by OncoE6 cervical test. Among 21 positive cases 19(90.48%) were HPV-16 and 2 were (9.52%) HPV-18. Histopathologically out of 22 cervical carcinoma cases 20(90.90%) were positive by this test. Based on the findings of the present study, it may be concluded that screening with HPV E6 may minimize the overtreatment as well as the colposcopy referral. So it can be used as primary screening to aid colposcopy and to identify real disease. HPV based screening may help to control cervical cancer in Bangladesh. As HPV is a sexually transmitted infection; so, male screening method should be established.

Hypertensive disorders are one of the most common disorders in pregnancy. They are amongst the major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Incidence is increasing in developing countries like Bangladesh. This cross sectional descriptive study has done to observe the utilization of antihypertensive drugs in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and conducted from January 2016 to December 2016 in the department of Pharmacology in collaboration with department of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Non random purposive sampling technique was used. Total of 300 patients participated in the study, 281 anti partum and 19 postpartum. Age distribution showed 42% patients were in 21-25 years age group. Majority of the participants (91%) were housewife and majority (79%) came from poor socioeconomic status with below SSC education (68%). About 82% patients lived in rural area. Trimester and gravida wise distribution showed most of the participants were 3rd trimester (61%) and primigravida (57%) and only 6% patients belong to postpartum period. In this study preeclampsia was highest (63.8%) among all other types of hypertensive diseases in pregnancy. Majority of the patient were preferred for dual therapy (53%), mono therapy was used in 29% of cases. Most frequently given drug in pregnancy associated hypertension was methyldopa that is 88.33% (single 22.3%, combination 66%). Second most commonly used drug was nifidipine consisting of 47.6% but used in combination in all cases. Average number of anti hypertensive drugs prescribed per prescription was 1.87 and majorities (92%) were from essential drug list but used as trade name. Preeclampsia and eclampsia were more common among the hypertensive disorders in tertiary level hospital cases. Methyldopa was found to be the commonest prescribed antihypertensive in monotherapy and in combination.

Dyslipidemia is one of the major risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Worldwide, dyslipidemia is estimated to cause about 2.6 million deaths annually. Low drug adherence has been found to be a significant problem leading to poor health outcome. Medication non-adherence in chronic conditions is a recognized, but understudied public health problem. The present study was conducted to observe pattern of adherence to lipid lowering drugs, to find out the causes of non-adherence to medication and see the medication adherence in relation to various factor. The study was performed among 125 cardiovascular disease patients (both indoor and outdoor) of Cardiology department in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH) who received lipid lowering drugs at least 6 months.Among them 21.6% patients were highly adherent, 34.4% patient showed medium adherent and 44% patients were low adherence to their treatment plan. Most important cause of non-adherence was financial problem (52.04%). Among them 46-55 years age group were highly adherent, male were more adherent to medication than female. Rich patient were highly adherent. Patient with above higher secondary level of education were highly adherent than others. Patients lived in urban area were more adherent than rural patients. Immediate efforts are required to tackle this situation. Multiple kinds of processes are required to improve the drug adherence such as to provide proper health education focusing on preventive aspect as well as financial support for the care. Such acts might prevent future complication thereby reducing costs of health care and eventually turns out to be reducing morbidity and mortality in the long run.

Hypertension is a chronic illness associated with high morbiditymortality. A large number of antihypertensive drugs alone or in various combinations are available and physicians need to choose the most appropriate drug for a particular patient. The standard treatment guidelines and drug utilization studies at regular intervals help physicians to prescribe drugs rationally. The present study was conducted to evaluate the use of antihypertensive in hypertension with or without ischemic heart disease and diabetes mellitus at Department of Cardiology in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh from July 2015 to October 2015. It was an observational type of descriptive cross sectional study. The study was performed among 400 hypertensive patients in Cardiology department in MMCH who received antihypertensive drug. Out of 400 hypertensive patients 67% were male and 33% were female. Maximum patients (54%) found in 40 -60 years age group and ≤60 years age group (37.5%). Mean age of the patients was 55.02±12.47 years. Mean systolic BP was 146.74±28.28 and diastolic BP was 90.60±14.27mmHg. In overall prescription combination therapy (63.25%) was prescribed more frequently than mono-therapy (36.75%). In monotherapy ramipril was the most commonly prescribed (27.89%) antihypertensive drug and ARB was the most commonly prescribed group (37.41%). In our study 5 groups of antihypertensive were found (ARB, ACEI, BB, Diuretics, and CCB). In combination therapy 2-drugs combination were found most frequently (37.50%) and ACEI + Diuretics (23.72%) was the most common combination followed by ARB + Diuretics (12.25%), ACEI + BB (11.86%). Average number of antihypertensive drug per prescription was 1.9.

Typhoid fever is a major health problem in developing countries in spite of the use of antibiotics and the development of newer antibacterial drugs. Blood cultureserological tests (specially Widal test) which are invariably done in Bangladesh for typhoid fever diagnosis give unacceptable levels of false negativefalse positive results respectively. This cross sectional study was done at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University from March 2013 to February 2014. In this study, a polymerase chain reaction-based technique (which has 100% specificity for Salmonella Typhi) was compared with blood culture and widal test among 80 clinically suspected cases of typhoid fever. PCR showed maximum positivity rate (70%) followed by widal test (43.75%) and blood culture (16.25%). PCR showed positive results for 17(48.6%) of 35 typhoid patients with negative results with blood culture and widal test. The results of the study revealed that PCR is rapid and reliable diagnostic technique for detection of S. Typhi in clinically suspected typhoid fever cases, as compared to most commonly done methods such as conventional blood culture, widal test applied.

A comparison of the inhibiting efficiency of antibiotic drugs (ciprofloxacin, cloxacillin, and amoxicillin) on the corrosion of mild steel in 1 mol·L−1 HCl were studied at room temperature using mass loss measurement. The main reason is probably be due to the formation of protective coverage by the inhibitor as other authors reported previously. Adsorption characteristics of the inhibitor has also been studied using simple equation and it was found that drugs inhibits the corrosion of mild steel by being adsorbed on the surface of mild steel by a physical adsorption mechanism. The adsorption of drugs on the mild steel surface was found to be spontaneous and obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. It was observed that the test drug has a promising inhibitory action in acid medium against corrosion of mild steel. Moreover it was revealed that an inhibition efficiency of 80.1 % can be achieved with 3×10-3M ciprofloxacin drug treatment on mild steel.

The present study was designed to know the landing and distribution pathways of fish and types and nature of stakeholders involved in fish distribution chain in Bangladesh. A total of 237 fish landing centers and 5440 markets were detected. The number of landing center and market were highest in Chittagong and Dhaka division respectively. Stakeholders in fish distribution, viz., arotdars, paikers and retailers were found to be 6219, 39506 and 122922, respectively. A 84.71% of the landing centers were found to be operated year round while 15.29% were seasonal. The major fish production zones and major gateways of the country where inland capture and culture and marine capture fish landed were identified. In any locality 62.83% of the landed fish were transported within 100 km area and 5.73% of fish were transported beyond 500 km. The quantity of fish harvested from river, beel, Kaptai lake floodplain, pond, baor, coastal area/sea and shrimp/prawn farm were 5.25, 4.41, 0.13, 35.03, 38.22, 0.23, 10.93 and 5.80%, respectively. The common constraints identified were lack of adequate infrastructure facilities in the landing center and market, unhygienic environment, influence of middlemen, money lending at high rate etc. For the betterment of fish landing and distribution, appropriate authority should pay proper attention so that both quality and fair price are ensured.

Eleven dead or sick birds submitted from farms in the year 2010 with a history of sudden death with respiratory and/or diarrhoeal signs were used for isolation and identification of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). All samples were subjected to routine necropsy. Pooled respiratory tissues were inoculated in embryonated chicken eggs and chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cell culture. The growth of NDV was confirmed by embryo mortality, cytopathic effects (CPE) in cell culture, haemagglutination (HA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The presence of NDV was confirmed by reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). At necropsy seven cases were tentatively diagnosed as Newcastle disease (ND). Out of seven ND-suspected samples, four yielded virus in both embryos and cell culture, while one was positive only in embryos, one only in cell culture and one sample was negative in both embryos and cell culture. RT-PCR successfully amplified a 766 bp fragment covering parts of Matrix and Fusion protein genes of NDV from the samples that were positive either in embryos or in cell culture. It is suggested that RT-PCR could be a rapid and sensitive tool for the detection of NDV. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bvet.v29i2.14341 Bangl. vet. 2012. Vol. 29, No. 2, 41-48

The aim of the present study was to investigate the current trends of using antimicrobial drugs in the ICU at a tertiary level teaching hospital in Mymensingh. The study of prescribing patterns seeks to monitor, evaluate and suggest modifications in clinicians prescribing habits so as to make medical care rational. It was an observational type of descriptive study, conducted in the Mymensingh medical college hospital, Mymensingh, during the study period of June 2016 to September 2016.The study was approved by the institutional ethical committee. Most patients in the ICU belonged to the older age group60 years. Male patients were more than the female patients in ICU. Average duration of stay in ICU was 4.35 days. Admissions in ICU were common due to respiratory system related diseases and the present study showed that 31.68% of the reported cases belong to the respiratory system. Average number of drugs per prescription was 6.46. Average number of anti-microbial drugs per prescription was 1.38. Cephalosporin group and individually ceftriaxone was the most frequently prescribed antimicrobial group and agent respectively in the ICU. Most commonly used antimicrobial combination was Cephalosporin and Metronidazole (43.33%) followed by Carbapenem (Meropenem) and Metronidazole (13.33%). Most antimicrobial agents were prescribed without bacteriological culture and sensivity testing evidence. There is a need for motivating the physicians to prescribe antimicrobial agents with supportive bacteriological evidences.

Vitiligo is an acquired pigmentary skin disorder which is disfiguring and difficult to treat. Cure and response rates for vitiligo are significantly lower. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of topical corticosteroid, topical calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus) and combination of them in the treatment of vitilligo in two tertiary care Hospital, in the Department of Dermatology and Venereology OPD (out patient department) in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital and Jahurul Islam Medical College Hospital, Bajitpur, Kishoregonj from January 2015 to December 2015. Newly diagnosed 112 vitiligo patients, aged more than 1 year to 70 years were assigned for therapy and to observe the response. This study indicates that, in case of vitiligo treatment topical tacrolimus was the most effective drug. Topical tacrolimus, topical corticosteroid and combination of them are to be effective in the treatment of vitiligo with reduction in the number of vitiliginous spots by increased repigmentation. But topical tacrolimus was the most effective drug, as it caused highest percentage of repigmentation of vitiliginous spot.

A cross sectional descriptive study was performed on 70 post mortem human trachea (44 of male and 35 of female) to find out the difference in length of the trachea of Bangladeshi people in relation to age and sex. The specimens were collected from the morgue in the department of Forensic Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh by purposive sampling technique. All specimens were grouped into three categories, Group A (upto 20 years), Group B (21-40 years) and Group C (41-60 years) according to age. Dissection was performed according to standard autopsy techniques. The length of the trachea was measured with the help of a metallic tape and data was analyzed by using one way ANOVA test. A general trend of increasing tracheal length was observed as age advanced. The mean±SD length of the trachea was 7.88±1.01cm in Group A, 8.81±0.81cm in Group B and 8.94±1.04cm in Group C. The mean length of the trachea in male were 8.1±0.81cm, 8.95±0.69cm and 8.92±1.1cm in Group A, Group B and in Group C respectively and in female the length were 7.57±1.24cm, 8.61±0.96cm and 9±1cm in Group A, Group B and Group C respectively. Variance analysis shows significant difference in mean length of the trachea between the age Group AB and Group AC but no significant difference was shown between Group BC. No significant difference of length of trachea between male and female was observed. The study would help to increase the information pool on the length of the trachea of Bangladeshi people.

Iron deficiency anaemia is a major public health problem in pregnancy. About 58% of pregnant women in developed countries are anaemic mainly due to iron deficiency resulting a serious negative consequences on children, mothers and eventually on the nation. This quasi-experimental multi centered study (Before after study) was done to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of Iron Polymaltose Complex (IPC) in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia and it was performed at the OPD of Bangladesh Medical College and two other clinics of Dhaka city from August 2011 to September 2013. A total of 80 (eighty) subjects were selected by purposive sampling as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were treated by Iron Polymaltose-IPC [47mg elemental iron + Folic Acid 0.5mg + Zinc 22.5mg - Once daily orally for 12 weeks]. At the beginning and after 12 weeks of intervention by Iron Polymaltose Complex (IPC) Hb%, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), Serum iron, and Serum ferritin were measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 13.0. Paired and unpaired 't' test was used to analyze differences within groups and between groups. Chi-square test was done to analyze primary efficacy parameters and adverse drug reactions (ADR). Most of the respondents were within the age group of 18-23 and 30-35 years (32.6% each). Significant differences were found by treatment with IPC for 12 weeks in Hb%, PCV, MCV, MCH, Serum iron, and Serum ferritin level. In iron deficiency anaemia during pregnancy IPC may be used as a safe and cost-effective therapeutic management.

An interventional study was performed to determine and compare the MICs of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) and Imipenem against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923Eschericha coli ATCC 25922. The study was conducted in Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics in collaboration with Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2014 to January 2015. The MIC of AGE and antibiotic Imipenem were determined with the help of broth dilution method. The MIC of AGE was determined as 400μg/ml and 700μg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli respectively and the MIC of Imipenem was 1μg/ml against Staphylococus aureus and 1.5μg/ml against Escherichia coli. The MICs of Imipenem was much lower in comparison to MICs of AGE for the test organisms. The subculture study showed the same results with that of the primary isolates. From the study it was clearly observed that AGE have anti bacterial effect but is not potent like antibiotic Imipenem. In this regard active ingredient present in garlic needs to be separatedpurified for further study.

Bartter syndrome (BS) is a hereditary disease, with an autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant mode of transmission. It is characterized by salt wasting hypochloraemic, hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis and hyperreninaemia with normal blood pressure. The primary defect is in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle (TAL). Herein, we report a case that had typical features of BS like severe dehydration, severe hypokalaemia, metabolic alkalosis and failure to thrive but had normal aldosterone level which is very uncommon.

Wireless power transfer (WPT) is a device that transmits electrical energy from a power unit to an electrical load through the air wirelessly or without the interconnection of any conductors. The designs of current WPT are quite large and inappropriate for many applications, especially for electronic devices. The small scale (mid-range WPT) with 1 meter distance was investigated to develop a wirelessly transmitted energy for the use of electronic devices, particularly to charge portable devices. The distance of a mid-range WPT can be increased by placing the resonators between the transmitter and receiver to achieve the 1-meter distance of the WPT. The power transfer efficiency (PTE) was significantly enhanced when the resonators was placed. The high efficiency was maintained due to the increasing distance of the WPT. As a result, more power can be transmitted from transmitter to the receiver respectively.

In the context of cognitive radio the cooperative spectrum sensing has been proposed to overcome the problem associated with the local sensing for example the hidden node problem due to noise uncertainty, fading, and shadowing. However, sensing results reporting requires perfect channel to avoid the performance degradation. It also requires a large bandwidth under the hypothesis of large number of cognitive user. This paper presents a hard decision auto-correction re- porting scheme that able to correct the error in the reported bit directly. This system further minimizes the average number of the reporting bits by allowing only the user with detection information (binary decision 1) to report its result. The sens- ing performance is investigated and the numerical result shows significant decrease in reporting bits without affecting the sensing performance.

In this study, we have used precision gravity surveys to investigate the subsurface structure of groundwater basins in the El Paso, Texas region. This study focused on finding smaller faults within the Mesilla bolson (basin), which are believed to be a major control on ground water flow. The Mesilla bolson serves as one of two major aquifers for the city∕county of El Paso. A previous 2-D gravity modeling study of data collected along three east-west trending lines had suggested that the eastern boundary of the Mesilla bolson is controlled by a series of smaller faults, rather than a single large one. Our study uses 3-D modeling techniques to more accurately locate these faults. Additional gravity data were also collected along three north-south trending lines. In our gravity modeling approach, topography and near surface geology were included in the model to better determine the detailed structure lying below the surface. The results of this study show that the locations of some of the previously identified faults that likely control groundwater recharge from the surrounding mountains as well as the flow of saline water in the southernmost bolson need to be modified.

A 17 years old male patient presented with continuous flow of clear watery discharge from his right cheek for 14 years following trauma. He had previous history of two surgical interventions but result was not satisfactory. The diagnosis was parotid fistulasialocele based on clinical examinationinvestigation. To repair this fistula we entered the sialocele cavity where saliva was accumulated between the superficial fasciaparotid fascia, then one end of feeding tube (5Fr) was placed at the bottom of the cavity and another end was fixed intra-orally to create a controlled fistula. After four weeks the feeding tube removed and a channel was made through which the salivary flow comes out, up to one year follow up resulting a satisfactory outcome.

Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided biopsy of the prostate is the gold standard for detecting prostate cancer. Intraprostatic administration of local anesthesia significantly decreases pain during prostatic biopsy. Transrectal ultrasound guided intraprostatic lidocaine administration along with intrarectally lidocaine gel is a new local anesthesia technique for prostatic biopsy. It was a randomized prospective, comparative, interventional type of the study. A total of 60 patients of age over 55 years included in the study among them 30 patients with transrectal lidocaine gel was in Group I and 30 patients with intraprostatic lidocaine injection with intra rectal gel were in Group II. The mean age was almost identically distributed between the two groups (p=0.668). About 47% of patients in Group I exhibited hard prostate on digital rectal examination (DRE), 33.3% single nodule and 20% multinodule compared to 33.3% of patients in Group II had hard prostate, 26.7% single nodule and 40% multinodule (p=0.236). The mean serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) was significantly higher in Group II than that in Group I (36.7±9.2 vs. 7.5±5.8ng/ml; p=0.007). The mean pain intensity during biopsy was almost two times higher in Group I than in Group II (p0.001). The present study concludes that the intraprostatic lidocaine injection along with intra rectal lidocaine gel is less painful method and can be considered in all patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy.