Search

In order to measure the fast ion using neutral particle analyzers (NPAs) in the low neutral density core region of a magnetic confinement fusion device, active change exchange measurements are often performed using a neutral beam (NB) as a charge-exchange (CX) target. One of the complications with this approach is that an NB injected as a CX target can also contribute to the total fast ion source. C-2W has a unique solution to this difficulty in that it is equipped with both eight NB injectors, which can inject beams of different particle species, and an electro-magnetic NPA (EM-NPA), which can measure multiple ion species simultaneously. This enables the active and passive fast ion CX components to be clearly distinguished. The decrease in amplitude of the CX spectra when a hydrogen NB is terminated was clearly observed by the EM-NPA in both hydrogen and deuterium channels. This reduction of observed fast ion flux was mainly caused by the diminished fast ion source, not crosstalk or a general reduction in fast ion confinement. As an example application of this technique on C-2W, fast ion behavior during a periodic density drop is explored. The large difference between the active and passive CX components of the EM-NPA signals clearly demonstrates the usefulness of the active fast ion CX measurement.

The article aims at substantiating the theoretical and methodological foundations for creating a unified statistical indicators system and statistical analysis of the water resources management at the city level. The advantages of using standardized indicators in the field of sanitation and water supply at the city level are identified and characterized in accordance with ISO 37120: 2014 «Sustainable cities and communities – indicators of urban services and quality of life». Both the main and auxiliary indicators of urban services and quality of life on «Water and sanitary conditions» and «Sewage» topics are systematized as for their formulas, application features and data sources. It is established that, according to the Water Risk Filter, Ukraine can be divided into four regions depending on the water risk, namely, low, moderately medium, medium, and high water risk levels. Based on these data, such cities from the Global Register of Cities developed by the World Council on City Data (WCCD) were selected: Amsterdam (Netherlands), Barcelona (Spain), Dubai (United Arab Emirates), Guadalajara (Mexico). Their indicators in the field of sanitation and water supply were analyzed. It is established that these cities are characterized by a high level of water supply and sewerage services, as well as a fairly high level of the access to high-quality sanitary and hygienic conditions. The situation with quality indicators of water management is worse. For example, advanced waste treatment is only carried out in Dubai. In Guadalajara, 21% of urban wastewater is not treated at all. It is established that in general, Dubai is the leader in the quality of water supply and sanitation services, while Guadalajara is the outsider city, showing the lowest quality levels of most of the studied indicators. The national system of indicators is suggested to be expanded by including such an indicator as «Average annual duration of water supply outages per 1 household»

In recent years, Ukraine experienced inadequate efficiency in forming strategic goals for the development of animal husbandry industries, which comprise the potential not only of agriculture, but also of the country as a whole, so research and scientific substantiation in this sphere is relevant. Particularly, the relevance of the study lies in the need to analyze the level of animal husbandry potential in terms of the number of animals and selling for slaughter in all categories. The article is aimed at studying the regional development of Ukraine according to the key indicators of animal husbandry, further identifying characteristic regional features and developing recommendations on development prospects. To research the impact of these factors on the development of animal husbandry, regions of Ukraine were classified using the methods of cluster analysis. This approach allows to build up scientifically grounded classifications, to determine internal links between individual objects of the studied population in the conditions of constant increase and complication of the statistic data flows. Two cluster analysis methods have been applied: building up a dendrogram and the k-means method. The carried out analysis defined three groups of regions characterized by similar features, where the regions belonging to the third cluster have the highest level of animal husbandry development, the second cluster has an average level of development, and the first cluster has the lowest level of animal husbandry development among all regions. Cluster analysis allowed to identify problematic situations and set out ways to solve them. Cluster approach allows to classify regions of Ukraine according to the aforementioned indicators, as well as develop differentiated strategies for improving the strategy of animal husbandry development at regional levels, to compound comprehensive ratings of animal husbandry development. Disparities in the levels of development of regions and individual components have a negative impact on the development of the State in general and should be researched to determine the government and regional policy, which would account the features indicated.

The article is aimed at studying the theoretical bases and practical aspects of organization of the staff motivation system in the network of grocery stores «ATB-market». It is defined that in order to improve the system of motivation of the «ATB-market» staff it is necessary to combine the theoretical provisions of substantive and procedural theories of motivation. The substantive theories of motivation are based on human needs, that is, a feeling of lack of what is difficult for a person to live without, or through which a person feels a certain discomfort. The procedural motivational theories analyze how a person distributes its efforts to carry out different tasks and chooses a particular type of behavior. Two research methods were chosen: interviews and questionnaires, which were to provide the most effective information during the study. The purposes of interviewing and questionnairing is to understand the motivation of workers in the food trade; identify strategic ideas to motivate workers; understanding which remuneration systems should be prevalent. It is defined that the high motivation and comprehensive professional development of the staff of the «ATB-market» grocery stores chain is a huge asset. The main factors that attract and support an employee in the organization include: regular pay increases; availability of a commission; recognition from the leadership; contact with experienced managers; good sociability among the staff; high prospects for promotion through the ranks. Analysis of the carried out interviews and questionnaires allows to conclude that the basic needs of a lower level need to be met before one moves on to meeting the higher-level growth needs.

This article analyzes main collections of archival documents from the Central State Archive of the Kirov Region that reflect the economic and social sphere of life of the South-Western uezds of the Vyatka gubernia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The post-reform years were the period of most active economic development of the Vyatka gubernia and also of relative social stability, which ended with the outbreak of the First World War. During this period, a significant archival complex was accumulated, which allows us to study the most diverse aspects of life, both in the gubernia and in its uezds. As a result of the study, it has been established that most documents on the issue are concentrated in the archival fonds of the Vyatka Gubernia Statistical Committee, institutions of the gubernia and uezd zemstvo and city self-government. Among them are statistical materials, which permit to identify trends and dynamics of various economic and social indicators and to establish the place of the South-Western uezds in the gubernia. Reporting documentation is illustrative of the activities of various gubernia and uezd organizations and its results. Estimate documentation characterizes financial and economic activities of various institutions, including bodies of zemstvo and city self-government. Documents on personnel make it possible to study the life of various figures of zemstvo and city self-government, to form a more complete picture of them, peculiarities of their formation, life path. The protocol documentation of zemstvo and city self-government bodies contains information on the life of the gubernia and its uezds, on the work of zemstvo and city institutions. The analysis of the documents from the Central State Archive of the Kirov Region provides a fairly broad picture of the various aspects of economic and social life of the South-Western uezds of the Vyatka gubernia in the second half of the 19th and early 20th century.

The article considers topical issues of brand specifics and luxury brand management in such a dynamic and competitive industry as the fashion industry both world-wide and in Ukraine. The aim of this research is studying the global experience of luxury brand management in the fashion industry, as well as generalizing the methodical and practical aspects of the process of efficient brand management in the enterprise in order to develop a national conception of positioning companies belonging to the luxury segment in this sphere. Based on the information obtained from scientific sources, the efficiency of luxury brand management is assessed using the methods of observation and abstraction plus the comparative analysis method. The need to analyze brand management in the world of luxury to assess the company’s potential in the fashion sphere is substantiated, based on the importance of brands as intangible assets for an efficient competition and as an instrument for building up business reputation. The main categories of luxury brands in the fashion industry are defined as follows: haute couture; ready-to-wear deluxe; ready-to-wear. On the results of the research, two global players are identified and examined in detail: Italian and French businesses. Various instruments are studied to identify the brand’s ethical and aesthetic constants, among which the most common is the Jean-Noel Kapferer’s prism, which provides a more detailed picture of the problem. It is demonstrated how one can use the brand identity prism with the French luxury «Chanel», the key elements of this brand’s identity are identified. In the course of analysis, two main business models of the luxury brand management category: «pyramid» and «galaxy», as well as their practical embodiment on the example of well-known world brands, are examined.

The article is aimed at studying the international experience and substantiating the feasibility of standardizing the approaches to interaction with stakeholders. It is defined that the introduction in Ukraine of a modern conceptual model for managing interaction with stakeholders requires an unification of approaches to the introduction of the theory of stakeholders in the national management practice and leads to the need of developing and spreading of the metadata system, and above all, standards. The AA1000 AccountAbility series is defined as a standard and framework based on the principles that are used by global businesses, private enterprises, governments, and civil societies. The goal of AA1000AP (2018) is to provide organizations with a practical set of internationally accepted guidelines by which they can assess, manage, improve and communicate their accountability and sustainability. The AccountAbility Principles are: Inclusion, Responsibility, Essentiality, and Influence. A brief description of the basic effective standards of the AA1000 Series is provided. The principles that underlie the practice of applying an approach to attracting stakeholders are specified. It is defined that the process of attracting stakeholders, according to the AA1000SES, includes four stages: planning; preparation; introduction, activity, viewing; improvement. The use of metadata, in particular the standard, is a reliable basis for gaining the competitive advantage of those organizations that together with stakeholders are able to efficiently create added value, improve overall efficiency of the enterprises’ operation and assist the sustainable development of territorial communities.

The purpose of the article is to analyze changes in methodological approaches to calculating the indexes of information and communication technologies development (ICT) proposed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The article analyzes the process of development of ICT and the transformation of territories towards the formation of an information society, examines three main stages in evolution of the information society, which are in line with the structure of the ICT Development Index (IDI). An international methodology for calculating the ICT development index is based on three sub-indexes: access to ICT, use of ICT and practical ICT skills developed by the ITU in 2010. The basic indices of aggregate sub-indexes, their nominal values and the methodology for calculating the ICT Development Index are presented in the annual reports of the ITU “Measuring the Information Society” 2009–2017. The article also analyzes the significance of the ICT development indexes and the corresponding sub-indexes for the countries of the world, which ranked among the top ten leaders by the corresponding rating. A comparative analysis of the IDI values of Ukraine and Iceland, one of the leading countries by IDI-2016 level, is made; the corresponding diagram is constructed on the basis of the statistical indicators used for the calculation and the corresponding sub-indexes. The dynamics of changes of IDI basic statistical characteristics by region of the world in 2012-2017 is analyzed. The changes to the IDI calculation methodology of 2018, proposed by the specialized international expert groups, are analyzed. The proposed changes relate to a set of metrics that should be additionally included in the IDI instead of a few excluded. The analysis of changes in methodological approaches to the calculation of IDI shows significant differences in the ICT development by geographical region of the world. There are also significant fluctuations in the experience of individual countries within each region.

In agricultural premises, the air environment contains many pathogenic microorganisms. The spread of microorganisms occurs from animals, room surfaces, with ventilation air from wet feeds. Microorganisms spread over long distances with the help of aerosols. Retention of various microorganisms on aerosols can take up to four hours. To exclude infection, it is necessary to clean, disinfect and deodorize the air. The purpose of the work is to increase the efficiency of air disinfection in agricultural premises. Measurements of microbial contamination of the air were made by bacteriological culture test using Petri dishes, before and after disinfection of the air in the premises. The results were processed in a microbiological laboratory. Calculations of bactericidal efficacy were carried out. The combination of an electric air filter and an ultraviolet lamp Phillips TUV 15W/G5 T8 showed the best results of airflow disinfection. The operation of the unit does not affect animals, since the concentration of ozone released is more than five times lower than the maximum permissible concentration for animals. Consequently, animals receive dust-free and disinfected air, which leads to a decrease in animal mortality and, possibly, to an increase in their productivity.

The article’s objective is to create a theoretical and methodological framework for constructing indicators of the development of “smart” sustainable cities, in order to build a scientifically grounded information base for elaborating the national strategy for the development of “smart” sustainable cities in Ukraine. A review of the set of standardized indicators for “smart” sustainable cities by ISO 37120:2014 “Sustainable development of communities - Indicators for city services and quality of life” is made, to ensure a complex and integral approach to the sustainable development and viability of territorial communities, which enables for making cross-city comparisons, developing innovative visualizations and conducting individual analysis of development tendencies;. . 17 broader topics are examined in the article, by which indicators in ISO 37120 are grouped. Special attention is drawn to main and auxiliary indicators of municipal services and quality of life in the topic “Economy”. The nomenclature of these indicators and their computation algorithm by ISO 37120 is given. The essential meaning of the main indicators used for computation of the above mentioned indicators is shown. A preliminary analysis of statistical information structured by ISO 37120, which is collected by cities of the world and displayed by the World Council on City Data on the Open City Data Portal, is made. The main principles and the procedure for certification of cities by ISO 37120, which was first constructed and implemented by the World Council on City Data as the world leader in standardized indicators, are highlighted. After the certification, the cities are included to the Global Cities Registry™. The cities of the world registered in the Global Cities Registry™ in 2014-2017, which provided complete data on the topic “Economy”, by main and auxiliary indicators, are grouped by the author using various algorithms of cluster analysis. The conclusions on the overall economic development of the city groups are made on the basis of the computed average values of the normalized characteristics of economic indicators The conclusions are confirmed by visual analysis of a radial diagram of the main and auxiliary indicators on the topic “Economy” for the cities represented in each cluster: Amsterdam, Barcelona, Buenos-Aires, Melbourne, and Los-Angeles.

В работе рассматривались системы отопления индивидуального жилого дома на основе теплового насоса, однотрубная горизонтальная, двухтрубная горизонтальная в комбинации с системой «теплый пол», лучевая коллекторная. Приведена методика расчета систем отопления индивидуального жилого дома в Удмуртской Республике с применением программного обеспечения. Представлены достоинства и недостатки каждой из систем и на их основе сделана сравнительная характеристика. Подробно описан функционал программного обеспечения для расчета тепловых потерь здания и для гидравлического расчета систем отопления. Описан принцип работы программного обеспечения. Приведена методология расчета капитальных затрат на реализацию каждой из систем отопления. Представлены принципиальные схемы каждой системы отопления и схема работы теплового насоса. Выявлена наиболее технически и экономически эффективная система отопления. Показана перспективность применения тепловых насосов для отопления индивидуального жилого дома. Установлено, что применение нетрадиционных систем отопления на основе теплового насоса будет способствовать выполнению задачи по обеспечению всеобщего доступа к современным источникам энергии. В работе произведен анализ экологических последствий применения различных систем отопления и на основе этого выявлена экологически безопасная система отопления на основе теплового насоса.

The study of the organic matter of Riphean-Vendian deposits, the features of its distribution are the subject of research by many authors. The problem of hydrocarbon of these deposits remains relevant. We have conducted studies of deep-seated rocks of the Lower Riphean of the kaltasinskaya suite of the Eastern-Askinskaya area, with an increased content of organic matter in individual intervals. In addition to standard research methods, the method of nuclear magnetic relaxation in a low magnetic field was used. This method allows determining the phase state of organic matter in the original rock without any impact and after isothermal heating of the rock at 350°C. The free induction signal and the type of solid-phase signal, which corresponds to the waveform for the asphaltene component of the oil, were analyzed. The predominant part of the liquid-phase signal - about 35%, is characterized by a transverse relaxation time of 540 ¼s, corresponding to the resinous component of organic matter. The quantitative ratio of asphaltenes before and after heat treatment was also analyzed. A significant decrease in its amount was recorded. During thermal exposure, more than 55% of light, more mobile hydrocarbon molecules are formed in the liquid-phase part of organic matter.

Neutral beam injected fast ions play a dominant role in both the field reversed configuration (FRC) at TAE Technologies and the Madison Symmetric Torus (MST) reversed field pinch (RFP), making fast ion diagnosis a major pillar of both research programs. And as strongly self-organized plasmas, the FRC and RFP similarly exhibit dynamic relaxation events which can redistribute fast ions. Recently, a collaboration between TAE Technologies and the University of Wisconsin was conducted to develop a method for measuring a fast changing fast ion spatial profile with a fusion proton detector and to investigate commonalities between the two plasmas. The steerable detector was designed and built at TAE and installed on MST. The fusion proton emission profile resulting from injection of a 25 kV deuterium neutral beam is measured with better than 5 cm spatial resolution and 100 μs temporal resolution over the course of several 10s of shots. The fast ion density profile, forward modeled by tracing the orbits of the 3 MeV protons through a reconstructed magnetic equilibrium, is observed to flatten during global magnetic tearing mode activity, dropping by 30% in the core and increasing by a similar amount at the edge. The equilibrium profile is observed to be consistent with measurements made with a collimated neutron detector.

The article focuses on the study of the essence, the principles of compilation and the scope of international standards ISO (International Organization for Standardization) application, which summarize the best practices in a wide range of areas that contribute to the functioning of the city, community and the achievement of the goals of sustainable development of the Organization of United Nations to overcome poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity. The basic principles of ISO functioning are analyzed. According to the results of the research, the essence of the main stages of standards development is defined and outlined. The list of ISO technical committees that promote the development of «smart» cities is given. The main elements of the «smart» city are used to classify the standards. The main functions of the standards of strategic, process and technical levels are considered. In order to further analyze and create the information and analytical base for the study of «smart» sustainable cities development, the metadata for sustainable development of the «smart» city were systematized, the essence of the main international standards of the strategic, process and technical levels was considered. The basic provisions of these standards can be adopted by all relevant stakeholders involved in the planning, development and operation of intellectual community infrastructures, including planners, developers, operators and suppliers. Also, the international standards that are under development are considered separately. With the help of international standards, individual cities, countries and regions of the world can become «smarter» step by step. National implementation and use of international standards can support and ensure the smooth and integrated development of smart sustainable cities.

The system of global indicators for the achievement of sustainable development goals in the field of health was examined in detail. It is indicated that indicators related to health can be combined into groups that characterize: reproductive health, maternity, the health of newborns and children; infectious diseases; no communicable diseases and mental health; trauma and violence; health system; Environmental risks; disease outbreaks. Based on the annual WHO report for 2017 «World health statistics 2017: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals» the values of indicators of achievement of SDG3 inthe field of sustainable development were analyzed for Ukraine and the countries of the WHO European Region in 2015. It was determined that one of the main directions to achieve the goals of sustainable development in the field of health is the fight against non-communicable diseases, which are one of the main problems in the field of health and development of the 21st century. Based on WHO data, mortality from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases aged 30 to 70 years in the European Region in 2015 were analyzed. According to the data presented by the WHO Regional Office for Europe, the value of the standardized death rate (SDR) from cardiovascular diseases in all age groups per 100 000 population of Ukraine and Spain was analyzed. A comparative analysis of SDR from diseases of the circulatory system of the population of Ukraine and Spain was conducted with the aim of demonstrating the need to pay more attention to the problem of circulatory system diseases, as one of the main causes of death of the population. It is indicated that in the regional context in 2015, the number of deaths from diseases of the circulatory system was first occupied by the Dnipropetrovsk region, the second by the Kharkov region, and the lowest index was observed in the Chernivtsi region.

The article focuses on the study of number and characteristics of the population by individual countries and regions of the world. The main international bodies and organizations that deal with the size and structure of the population of countries and regions of the world are given. The general dynamics, growth rates and projected trends of population change in the main regions of the world and in Ukraine for the period 1950–2100 were analyzed. Estimates and forecasts that were used for analysis in the article cover a 150-year time horizon that can be divided into past assessments (1950–2015) and forecasts for the future (2016–2100). The article also presents the methodology of the United Nations concerning the grouping of countries and territories of the world by geographical features in six continental regions: Africa; Asia; Europe; Latin America and the Caribbean; North America and Oceania. According to this methodology, the countries and territories that are part of Europe have been identified and used for further research. For the purpose of further comparative analysis, the population of Ukraine and Europe was predicted for the medium-term period. For forecasting, Singular Spectral Analysis (SSA), or the “Caterpillar” method in the domestic literature, was applied. The calculations were made using the program“Caterpillar”. To justify the chosen method, the original time series were shortened by 7 years in order to be able to calculate the forecast error on the basis of this data. To determine the measure of accuracy of the obtained forecast, the statistical estimation of MAРE was used. Based on the results of the study, a comparative analysis of the results of the forecasting was made with the official long-term projections of the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs and conclusions were drawn.

The structures of proton-exchanged and implanted waveguides are studied by X diffraction analysis and vibration spectroscopy. On the basis of the absorption’s spectroscopy data in the visible region and the data on the shift of the fundamental absorption edge in the nearultraviolet region, a comparative analysis of technologically conditioned variations in the nonlinear optical properties of proton-exchanged and implanted waveguides in stoichiometric LiNbO3 crystals is conducted.

We have prepared p-i-n particle detectors using for the active layer both undoped and slightly boron doped amorphous silicon. The doped devices exhibit a much lower depletion voltage. The efficiency improvements over the undoped ones are limited by the decrease of the mobility-lifetime product of the electrons.

A detailed model for the dependence of photoconductivity on material parameters in a-Si:H is used with experimental data to indicate that the ratio between the capture cross-sections for neutral and charged states is small and that the energy level of surface states is different from that of bulk defect states.

The photoinjector test facility at DESY, Zeuthen site (PITZ), was built to develop and optimize photoelectron sources for superconducting linacs for high-brilliance, short-wavelength free-electron laser (FEL) applications like the free-electron laser in Hamburg (FLASH) and the European x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL). In this paper, the detailed characterization of two laser-driven rf guns with different operating conditions is described. One experimental optimization of the beam parameters was performed at an accelerating gradient of about 43 MV/m at the photocathode and the other at about 60 MV/m. In both cases, electron beams with very high phase-space density have been demonstrated at a bunch charge of 1 nC and are compared with corresponding simulations. The rf gun optimized for the lower gradient has surpassed all the FLASH requirements on beam quality and rf parameters (gradient, rf pulse length, repetition rate) and serves as a spare gun for this facility. The rf gun studied with increased accelerating gradient at the cathode produced beams with even higher brightness, yielding the first demonstration of the beam quality required for driving the European XFEL: The geometric mean of the normalized projected rms emittance in the two transverse directions was measured to be 1.26±0.13 mm mrad for a 1-nC electron bunch. When a 10% charge cut is applied excluding electrons from those phase-space regions where the measured phase-space density is below a certain level and which are not expected to contribute to the lasing process, the normalized projected rms emittance is about 0.9 mm mrad.

The technical devices of explosives trace detection are discussed in this work. The attenuated total reflection method (ATR) is considered for detection of explosives traces on different things (documents, clothes, fingers). The results of experiments with Fourier spectrometer and ATR attachment for explosive trace detection are presented. The optical scheme and design of the compact testing device are discussed. The device includes the document information scanner and at the same time - the trace detector of explosives on the document cover.

A new L-band photoelectron gun (prototype 3.2) has been installed for use with a 10 MW klystron at the Photo- Injector Test facility in Zeuthen (PITZ). This gun has been conditioned starting in April 2007 up to a maximum gradient of about 60 MV/m. The gun was tuned for resonance at 1.3 GHz, and stable operation has been achieved with 100 mus RF pulses with a repetition rate of 10 Hz. Over certain periods the gun has been conditioned at high gradient with RF pulses of 400 mus, and conditioning has to be continued at longer pulse lengths up to 700 mus. Maximum power in the gun has been achieved with a new RF waveguide phase shifter with a 2pi range. Dark current measurements have been performed with several cathodes, including uncoated molybdenum, electropolished uncoated molybdenum, and cesium telluride. Also, the first photoelectrons have been accelerated with the new gun cavity.

The Photo-Injector Test Facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ) is an electron accelerator which was built to develop and optimize high brightness electron sources suitable for SASE FEL operation. Currently, in parallel to the operation of the existing setup, a large extension of the facility and its research program is ongoing. The beam line which has a present length of about 13 meters will be extended up to about 21 meters within the next year. Many additional diagnostics components will be added to the present layout. Two high-energy dispersive arms, an RF deflecting cavity and a phase space tomography module will extend the existing diagnostic system of the photo injector and will contribute to the full characterization of new electron sources. We report on the latest developments of the beam diagnostics at PITZ.

The spectra of the primary photocurrent excited by subband-gap radiation in p-i-n solar cells were simulated by solving the full set of transport equations. The expressions of the distribution function and of the recombination rate were modified to take into account the effects of subband-gap generation. The relationship between these spectra and the absorption coefficient was analyzed for different sets of the parameters involved in the simulation. It was concluded that the absorption coefficient as derived from the primary photocurrent is a good estimate of the absorption coefficient in the i-layer. In order to verify these concepts, measurements of the primary photocurrent on different kinds of p-i-n solar cells were performed. >

A working model of an ocular micrometer has been designed for the MAHIS (Meridian Automated Horizontal Instrument by Sukcharev). An optical scheme of the micrometer includes the following devices: a) Artificial light marks in the focal plane of the objective. The marks have an increased sharpness and have a stable scale factor under defocusing. An amplitude-phase grid illuminated by coherent light from the second main point of the objective is used to make the marks.. b) The observed stars and artificial marks are imaged on the CCD chip by means of an additional objective. This objective also corrects chromatic aberations of the main objective. c) A concentric meniscus is used to compensate for the chromatic refraction of the atmosphere. The meniscus center of curvature coincides with the center of the system’s pupil image. In this case the compensation is equal at all points of the field of view. d) The possibility of measuring the normal attitude of the flat mirror relative to the main instrumental plane during each observation is discussed. For these purposes there needs to be a holographic grid on the mirror surface, an artificial zenith or nadir horizon and an autocollimated source of light in the focal plane. e) Laboratory investigations of a working model of a CCD camera are being carried out and the basic software is being developed. This work is planned to be finished in the autumn of 1994. The CCD matrix ISD 011A (NPO “Electron”, St. Petersburg, Russia) 512 x 512 pixels, with pixel size of 16 x 16 mkm is used. The noise is 5 electrons/pixel/sec when the temperature is -40° C (thermoelectric cooler).

Problems are considered referring to development of a large adaptive telescope consisting of individual modules with common image and synthesized aperture. The telescope capabilities are estimated by Fresnel number as product of aperture size by field dimensions divided by wavelength. It is shown that configurations based on `power' modules are most promising ones to provide superlarge values of Fresnel number rather than conventional configurations with afocal modules. Some problems are solved including image matching by using of the images curved surfaces having the common center and simultaneous slope of the modules towards the telescope center. Problem of phasing across the field is solved by introducing spherical aberration into pupils of the modules. A power grating interferometer configuration is suggested, too, usable as a sensor for the synthesized wavefront deformations just during observation of an extent source. As an example, a multimodule telescope configuration is proposed with Fresnel number of up to 5(DOT)104.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

A working model of an ocular micrometer has been designed for the MAHIS (Meridian Automated Horizontal Instrument by Sukcharev). An optical scheme of the micrometer includes the following devices: a)Artificial light marks in the focal plane of the objective. The marks have an increased sharpness and have a stable scale factor under defocusing. An amplitude-phase grid illuminated by coherent light from the second main point of the objective is used to make the marks.b)The observed stars and artificial marks are imaged on the CCD chip by means of an additional objective. This objective also corrects chromatic aberations of the main objective.c)A concentric meniscus is used to compensate for the chromatic refraction of the atmosphere. The meniscus center of curvature coincides with the center of the system's pupil image. In this case the compensation is equal at all points of the field of view.d)The possibility of measuring the normal attitude of the flat mirror relative to the main instrumental plane during each observation is discussed. For these purposes there needs to be a holographic grid on the mirror surface, an artificial zenith or nadir horizon and an autocollimated source of light in the focal plane.e)Laboratory investigations of a working model of a CCD camera are being carried out and the basic software is being developed. This work is planned to be finished in the autumn of 1994. The CCD matrix ISD 011A (NPO “Electron”, St. Petersburg, Russia) 512 × 512 pixels, with pixel size of 16 × 16 mkm is used. The noise is 5 electrons/pixel/sec when the temperature is −40° C (thermoelectric cooler).