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In cochlear implant simulation with vocoders, narrow-band carriers deliver the envelopes from each analysis band to the cochlear positions of the simulated electrodes. However, this approach does not faithfully represent the continuous nature of the spiral ganglion. The proposed "SPIRAL" vocoder simulates current spread by mixing all envelopes across many tonal carriers. SPIRAL demonstrated that the classic finding of reduced speech-intelligibility benefit with additional electrodes could be due to current spread. SPIRAL produced lower speech reception thresholds than an equivalent noise vocoder. These thresholds are stable for between 20 and 160 carriers.

An effective technique for identifying nonlinear discrete-time systems using raised-cosine radial basis function (RBF) networks is presented. Raised-cosine RBF networks are bounded-input bounded-output stable systems, and the network output is a continuously differentiable function of the past input and the past output. The evaluation speed of an n-dimensional raised-cosine RBF network is high because, at each discrete time, at most 2n RBF terms are nonzero and contribute to the output. As a consequence, raised-cosine RBF networks can be used to identify relatively high-order nonlinear discrete-time systems. Unlike the most commonly used RBFs, the raised-cosine RBF satisfies a constant interpolation property. This makes raised-cosine RBF highly suitable Jor identifying nonlinear systems that undergo saturation effects. In addition, Jar the important special case of a linear discrete-time system, a first-order raised-cosine RBF network is exact on the domain over which it is defined, and it is minimal in terms of the number of distinct parameters that must be stored. Several examples, including both physical systems and benchmark systems, are used to illustrate that raised-cosine RBF networks are highly effective in identifying nonlinear discrete-time systems.

New Zealand dairy pastures rotationally grazed at intervals of 25 to 30 days to low residual herbage masses (

An adaptive feedforward technique for active control of narrowband acoustic noise of unknown frequency is presented. A phase-locked loop is used to determine the fundamental frequency of the periodic component of the primary noise. Adaptive control of the residual noise is achieved with a least mean square method. Real time implementation is facilitated with an efficient recursive technique that is used to update the controller gains at each time step. Significant noise cancellation is demonstrated in physical experiments, which include additive broadband noise.

The bulk of the operating costs for biological aerated filters are associated with aeration, accordingly, any efficiency improvements which may be made to this aspect of the process could result in significant savings operationally. This study used off-gas analysis to determine the effects on oxygen transfer efficiency of variations to the air flow and substrate loading rates to two pilot scale granular media biological aerated filters (BAFs) treating primary settled sewage. The columns provided a good representation of full scale units, providing up to 99% ammonia reduction. Incremental increases in the mass transfer coefficient (KLa) were observed, as reported elsewhere and attributed to direct interfacial transfer between the bubbles and the biofilm. The OTE varied with flow rate but was far more sensitive at the lower end of the experimental range, rising sharply for air flow rates below 5 to 10 m/h. Increasing the organic loading rate also improved the OTE. The use of fine bubble diffusers did not improve the OTE, however, probably as a result of the packing media used.

Nitrogen (N) fertiliser was applied to dairy pastures at rates of 0,200, or 400 kg N/ha per year on farmlets stocked at 3.24 (LS) or 4.53 (HS) Friesian cows/ha from June 1993 to June 1995. Annual net herbage accumulation increased 22 and 23% on farmlets LS200 and HS200 respectively, and 37 and 24% on farmlets LS400 and HS400. Most of the extra herbage was perennial ryegrass. Ryegrass contents (% total dry matter (DM)) were 71 and 76% on farmlets LS200 and LS400 respectively compared with 61% on farmlet LS0. Ryegrass tiller densities were also higher on farmlets LS200 and LS400 (6295 and 6673 tillers/ m2 respectively) than on farmlet LS0 (4072 tillers/ m2). On all farmlets there was a post‐flowering (January‐February) increase in tiller density although this increase was enhanced by N. N application also increased tiller number/plant (3.37, 4.10, and 4.26 tillers/plant on farmlets LS0, LS200, and LS400 respectively). The greater leaf number and leaf dry weight (DW)/plant on farmlets LS200 and LS40...

Nitrogen (N) fertiliser was applied to dairy pastures at nominal rates of 0, 200, or 400 kg N/ha per year on farmlets stocked at 3.24 (LS) or 4.53 (HS) Friesian cows/ha from June 1993 to June 1995. By June 1995, clover contents on farmlets LS200 and LS400 were 10.6 and 2.2%, respectively, compared with 16.8%onfarmletLS0. Most loss of clover on farmlets LS200 and LS400 occurred during the first 6 months of the trial when slow early‐spring growth of clover combined with high N responses put clover at a competitive disadvantage. N had a smaller effect on clover content under the high stocking rate because of improved utilisation of N‐boosted pasture. By June 1995, there was little difference in clover content between farmlets HS0 (15.4%) and HS200 (14.9) although clover content was lower on farmlet HS400 at 6.8%. The decrease in clover content under N fertiliser on the low‐stocked farmlets was confirmed by the decrease in clover plant density and stolon biomass. N fixation activity was consistently ...

To analyze the mechanism of integral membrane protein localization in the early Golgi apparatus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have used Och1p, a cis-Golgi mannosyltransferase. A series of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) epitope-tagged fusion proteins was constructed in which invertase is appended to the Golgi-luminal carboxy terminus of full-length Och1p. Several constructs included a Kex2p cleavage site between the Och1p and invertase moieties to monitor transit to the Kex2p-containing TGN. Cells expressing an Och1p-invertase fusion do not secrete invertase, but those expressing an Och1p-Kex2p site-invertase fusion protein secrete high levels of invertase in a Kex2p-dependent manner. The Och1p-Kex2p site-invertase fusion protein is cleaved with a half-time of 5 min, and the process proceeds to completion. Before cleavage the protein receives glycosyl modifications indicative of passage through the medial- and trans-Golgi, therefore cleavage occurs after ordered anterograde transport through the Golgi to the TGN. Transit to distal compartments is not induced by the invertase moiety, since noninvertase fusion constructs encounter the same glycosyltransferases and Kex2p as well. The Och1p-HA moiety, irrespective of whether it is generated by cleavage of the fusion protein in the TGN or synthesized de novo, is degraded with a half-time of about 60 min. Thus, the half-time of degradation is 12-fold longer than the time required to reach the TGN. At steady state, de novo-synthesized and TGN-generated HA epitope-tagged Och1p reside in a compartment with a buoyant density identical to that of wild-type Och1p and distinct from that of the vacuole or the TGN. Finally, och1 null cells that express an Ochlp fusion construct known to rapidly encounter the TGN glycosylate invertase to the same extent as wild-type cells, indicating that they have phenotypically wild-type Och1p activity. These results lead us to propose a model for Och1p-HA localization that involves movement to distal compartments, at least as far as the TGN, followed by retrieval to the cis compartment, presumably by vesicular transport.

Seasonal changes in clover plant growth and structure in a Waikato dairy pasture were monitored over 1 year. Pasture plugs and clover plants separated from turves were removed from paddocks before grazing. They provided data on clover plant density, total stolon biomass, vertical distribution of stolons in the sward, and various morphological characteristics. Plant density averaged 610 plants/m2 which was higher than that recorded in a comparable study of Manawatu sheep‐grazed pastures. Stolon biomass was also greater in the dairy pasture; most of this stolon was on the soil surface (58%) whereas in sheep‐grazed pastures most was buried. The proportion of stolon within each class varied throughout the year. Clover plants fragmented during spring as was shown for Manawatu sheep pastures. Plant density therefore peaked during spring while values for plant morphological characteristics were low since most of the clover population comprised small, 1st‐order plants. Overall, clover plants in Waikato d...

High rates of nitrogen (N) fertiliser (217 and 324 kg N/ha/y) applied during a farrnlet study at No. 2 Dairy, DRC, Hamilton increased annual net herbage accumulation by 23% and 27% respectively. Increases in feed conservation and milk production reflected the extra pasture growth. On low stocked (3.2 cows/ha) farmlets where 219 and 330 kgN/ba/yr were used, clover contents declined to 12.5% and 3.4% respectively compared with 22.8% where no N was used. Decreased clover content was probably a result of competition from increased growth of ryegrass. At the high stocking rate (4.5 cows/ha), N application resulted in clover contents of 19.6% and 7.9% respectively, compared with 23.8% where no nitrogen was used. Pasture utilisation was better on these fannlets than under the lower stocking rate, suggesting the improved utilisation of additional feed, particularly during spring, was responsible for the higher clover content. Nitrogen fixation activity was lower in pastures which received N fertiliser due to both the decreased clover content and a reduction in activity per clover plant. Keywords: conservation, dairying, milk production, nitrogen fertiliser, pasture production, Trifolium repens

The pma1-105 mutation reduces the activity of the yeast plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase and causes cells to be both low pH and ammonium ion sensitive and resistant to the antibiotic hygromycin B. Revertants that can grow at pH 3.0 and on ammonium-containing plates frequently arise by ectopic recombination between pma1-105 and PMA2, a diverged gene that shares 85% DNA sequence identity with PMA1. The gene conversion tracts of revertants of pma1-105 were determined by DNA sequencing the hybrid PMA1::PMA2 genes. Gene conversion tracts ranged from 18-774 bp. The boundaries of these replacements were short (3-26 bp) regions of sequences that were identical between PMA1 and PMA2. These boundaries were not located at the regions of greatest shared identity between the two PMA genes. Similar results were obtained among low pH-resistant revertants of another mutation, pma1-147. One gene conversion was obtained in which the resulting PMA1::PMA2 hybrid was low pH-resistant but still hygromycin B-resistant. This partially active gene differs from a wild-type revertant only by the presence of two PMA2-encoded amino acid substitutions. Thus, some regions of PMA2 are not fully interchangeable with PMA1. We have also compared the efficiency of recombination between pma1-105 and either homeologous PMA2 sequence or homologous PMA1 donor sequences inserted at the same location. PMA2 x pma1-105 recombination occurred at a rate approximately 75-fold less than PMA1 x pma1-105 events. The difference in homology between the interacting sequences did not affect the proportion of gene conversion events associated with a cross-over, as in both cases approximately 5% of the Pma+ recombinants had undergone reciprocal translocations between the two chromosomes carrying pma1-105 and the donor PMA sequences. Reciprocal translocations were identified by a simple and generally useful nutritional test.

A case of extensive deep venous thrombosis in a four a day old infant was presented. Unusually this patient was shown to be heterozygous for three thrombophilia genes; Factor V Leiden, prothrombin and antithrombin gene mutations, the latter being novel.There are no randomized controlled trials to guide management in deep venous thrombosis in the newborn but knowledge of the prothrombotic risk factors may help direct treatment.

A feedback design method is developed for input/output tracking control of a class of linear time-invariant descriptor systems. The descriptor systems are decomposed into a dynamic part and a static part. Descriptor-variable feedback is used to simultaneously decouple and stabilize the dynamic part of the system. This can always be done if the dynamic and static parts satisfy separate controllability conditions. Input/output tracking control is then applied to the dynamic part assuming that the output depends on only the decoupled dynamic variables. Perfect steady-state tracking is achieved for smooth inputs if exact knowledge of the system parameters and the descriptor vector is available. The internal dynamics of the closed-loop system are stable if the transfer function is minimum phase. Two examples are included to illustrate the method.

Linear time-invariant systems of the form are considered, and the problem is as follows. Find a control vector u[t) that will drive the state vector z(t) from a fixed z(0) to a prescribed z(tr) in some fixed final time t, while minimizing a cost functional of the form First, the state-variable system is re-written in the descriptor-variable form diag{Ip} is P+. Then, using a variational method developed previously, a formula is obtained that yields a set of input vectors making the first variation of J zero. Substitution of this input formula into J leads to a scalar-valued functional of several scalar variables that is minimized by the standard Lagrange-multiplier method. The results of the paper may also be used to find inputs that satisfy some prescribed boundary conditions while minimizing

summary Daily addition of sterile media at a dilution rate of 0.100–0.125 d−1 allowed Frankia to be maintained in continuous, derepressed (N2-fixing) culture for periods of more than 30 d. Continuous cultures yielded Frankia populations with stable levels of growth and nitrogenase activity as well as constant vesicle morphology. These were then used to investigate the influence of oxygen on vesicle development. Timing of vesicle induction is independent of po2 although thickening of the vesicle envelope and stalk, a ‘normal’ developmental process, is specifically controlled by oxygen. At higher po2 levels vesicles are thicker-walled and therefore offer greater resistance to oxygen diffusion. Oxygen also influences induction of nitrogenase. Greater delay in the onset of acetylene reduction activity at highpo2 is apparently due to the time taken for vesicles to reach a critical minimum wall thickness. Recovery of nitrogenase underwent a similar time lag when Frankia cultures were exposed to a sudden increase in po2.

A genetic approach was used to identify interacting portions of the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The cellular sensitivity of the pma1-105 strain (S368F) to low external pH and to NH4+ was used to select intragenic revertants of two classes: phenotypically wild-type full revertants and partial revertants that were low pH-resistant but retained resistance to hygromycin B. All 10 full revertants had S368 restored. Among five partial revertants mapping to the original site within the phosphorylation domain, S368L and S368V were each found twice. One revertant contained an E367V substitution adjacent to the original S368F alteration. Four of 13 independently isolated second-site revertants mapped to one site, V289F, in the proposed phosphatase domain. Mutations within the proposed phosphatase and phosphorylation domains resulted in enzymes with increased vanadate sensitivity relative to the vanadate-insensitive S368F enzyme. These results suggest that sites S368, E367, and V289 contribute to a vanadate (Pi) binding domain or are able to interact with such a site within the catalytic domain. The remaining nine partial second-site revertants mapped to six sites within the putative transmembrane regions. Mutations within the transmembrane region had less of an effect on vanadate sensitivity. Most revertant enzymes showed small but significant increases in the rate of ATP hydrolysis relative to the S368F enzyme. Several enzymes no longer displayed the acid-sensitive pH-dependence seen in the S368F enzyme. These data provide novel evidence for an interaction between putative transmembrane helices 1-3 and 7 and the ATP hydrolytic portion of the enzyme.

The United Kingdom has performed passive surveillance for European bat lyssaviruses (EBLVs) since 1987, and species-targeted surveillance since 2003. One critical component of these studies is the accurate identification of bats either submitted for testing or sampled in the field. Identification is dependent on numerous morphological characteristics. Whilst this is an effective means of bat identification, a number of problems remain with this approach. It relies on the experience of bat specialists and can lead to problems in differentiating members of the Myotis genus, particularly between Myotis mystacinus (whiskered bat) and Myotis brandtii (Brandt's bat), and between the most common species of the genus Pipistrellus. Furthermore, degradation of bats submitted for testing can also lead to problems in making an accurate species identification. Comparison of genetic sequence data could offer an alternative approach to differentiating bat species when morphological characterisation is not possible. Using tissue samples from UK resident bat species, sequence analysis of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene, and the beta-actin gene allowed for identification of many of the most common bat species in the UK, and genetic separation of two morphologically cryptic species. Application of this approach identified the species of a bat infected with EBLV-2 in Surrey as Myotis daubentoni (Daubenton's bat).

S. L. Harris, BSc, PhD, K. Mansfield, BSc, D. A. Marston, BSc, N. Johnson, BSc, PhD, K. Pajamo, BSc, N. O’Brien, BSc, MSc, C. Black, L. M. McElhinney, BSc, MSc, PhD, A. R. Fooks, BSc, MBA, PhD, CBiol, FiBiol, Rabies and Wildlife Zoonoses Group, WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabiesrelated Viruses, Veterinary Laboratories Agency – Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB

Five cases of EBLV-2 have been detected in the UK since 1996, with all wildlife cases in the Daubenton's bat: one on the south coast in Sussex in 1996, one in Lancashire in 2002, another in 2003, one in Surrey in 2004 and a human fatality in Angus, Scotland, in 2002. As a result of the human case, a seroprevalence study, aimed primarily at the Daubenton's bat was conducted in 2003 in Scotland and at some sites in England. In Scotland, 198 Daubenton's, 20 Natterer's and 6 pipistrelles were caught at 19 sites and analysed, while in England 67 Daubenton, 2 Brandts/ Whiskered and 4 pipistrelle bats were analysed from four sites in Lancashire. Analysis of blood was performed by a modified fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation test (mFAVN) to determine antibody titre to EBLV-2. Ignoring those sites where we had a priori reason to expect infected bats, the overall seroprevalence was between 0.7-5.1 % (95 % confidence interval), with a maximum likelihood estimate of 2.2 %. Mouth swabs were taken and tested for virus genome by RT-PCR and live virus by tissue culture isolation. All of the PCR and isolation results were negative suggesting that none of the bats sampled were actively excreting virus. This suggests a low level of active infection in Britain and raises the possibility that bats may recover following exposure to EBLV-2.

Antibodies to factor XII (FXII) have previously been identified in some patients who were lupus anti-coagulant-positive. The relationship between these antibodies and FXII levels appeared to be variable. The aim of the present study was to confirm the presence of antibodies to FXII in patients with well characterized antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and to establish their potential effect on levels of FXII. Forty-two patients with APS were studied; 21 patients were found to have either immunoglobulin (Ig)G or IgM antibodies to FXII by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a highly purified preparation of FXII (99% pure). Levels of FXII were statistically significantly lower (P = 0.02) in patients with antibodies to FXII when compared with patients without antibodies to FXII (median = 91 micro/dl, s.d. = 39.1, median = 122 micro/dl, s.d. = 41.1 respectively). Four of the 21 patients with antibodies to FXII were found to have FXII levels below the laboratory normal range. Antibodies to FXII are present in significant numbers of patients with APS and may lead to acquired FXII deficiency.

We report on the transient, patterned expression of p75 in the ventrobasal (VB) thalamus, the major thalamic relay for somatosensation. We immunostained the brains of developing rats ranging in age from embryonic day (E) 14.5 to postnatal day (PD) 15 with an antibody against p75. To compare p75 expression with the developing synaptic organization within VB, we also immunolocalized the synaptic-vesicle-associated protein, synaptophysin (SYN), on alternate sections. p75-immunoreactivity (IR) was dense and uniform in the ventroposterior medial nucleus (VPM) in the late embryonic and early postnatal periods (E 16.5 to PD 3). In contrast, from PD 4-10, p75-IR in the VPM was patterned, reminiscent of cytochrome-oxidase-stained barreloids, a characteristic feature of the VB in rodents. By PD 14, p75-IR in the VPM was no longer detectable. The ventroposterior lateral nucleus (VPL), in contrast, exhibited no p75-IR. No p75-IR was detected in the ventroposterior lateral nucleus (VPL) at any developmental stage in which VPM could be distinguished from VPL. Light, but clearly patterned SYN-IR, first detectable on PD 2-3, increased in intensity in both VPL and VPM through PD 15. Sectioning the infraorbital nerve on PD 0 resulted in blurred patterns of p75- and SYN-IR within VPM in PD 7-9 rat pups. Removing large portions of the somatosensory cortex on PD 0 resulted in subsequent greatly reduced p75- and SYN-IR within VB. To specify the source of the p75-IR terminals, we stereotaxically injected into the VPM of PD 4-5 rats a monoclonal antibody to p75. One to 2 days later, IR of retrogradely transported p75 antibodies could be traced within axons and cell bodies of neurons associated with the trigeminothalamic pathway through the caudal diencephalon and mesencephalon; labelling was confined to the contralateral trigeminal principal sensory nucleus. The observed, transiently patterned p75-IR in VPM the early postpartum period suggests a role for p75 in synaptogenesis and pattern formation.

The predictive power of age and IQ at time of admission to an intensive treatment program using applied behavior analysis were examined in a 4- to 6-year follow-up of educational placement. Twenty-seven children with autistic disorder who were between the ages of 31 and 65 months and had IQs on the Stanford Binet between 35 and 109 at time of admission to the Douglass Developmental Disabilities Center were followed up 4 to 6 years after they left the preschool. The results showed that having a higher IQ at intake (M = 78) and being of younger age (M = 42 months) were both predictive of being in a regular education class after discharge, whereas having a lower IQ (M = 46) and being older at intake (M = 54 months) were closely related to placement in a special education classroom. The results are interpreted as pointing to the need for very early intervention for children with Autistic Disorder. It is also emphasized that older children and those with lower IQs in the present study showed measurable gains in IQ from treatment. The data should not be taken to suggest that children older than 4 years of age do not merit high quality treatment.

Falsely low levels of factor XII (FXII) have been documented in patients who are lupus anticoagulant positive (LA+). In addition, we have previously noted a surprisingly high incidence (20.9%) of apparently true FXII deficiency in patients who were LA+. We have hypothesised that this may be partly due to the presence of antibodies to FXII. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether LA+ patient plasmas contain antibodies directed either against FXII or FXII in association with phospholipids. Plasma samples from 60 blood donors, all LA negative, and 51 LA+ patients were tested using ELISA assays employing purified FXII, phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). We have identified seven patients whose plasma contained either IgG or IgM that reacted with purified FXII in the absence of PS or PE. When PS was included in the assay system four additional patient plasmas were shown to contain either IgG or IgM that reacted with FXII. The plasma of one patient contained IgG that reacted with FXII both in the presence and absence of PS. There was no reactivity to FXII with either IgG or IgM when PE was included in the assay system. Affinity purified IgG from three patients whose plasma reacted with FXII in the ELISA assay in the absence of PS, gave a positive reaction in an immunoblot assay. These results suggest that FXII antibodies are present in a significant proportion of LA+ patients and may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of FXII deficiency.

SummaryIn 1994 a Texas prison containing a population of mentally retarded inmates experienced a large tuberculosis outbreak. Fifteen cases of tuberculosis were identified (8 confirmed by positive cultures forMycobacterium tuberculosis) and more than 100 inmates became infected. The culture-confirmed patients were infected with an identical strain of tuberculosis as demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based DNA fingerprinting technique. The prison followed standard tuberculosis infection control policies, but these controls were inadequate to prevent tuberculosis transmission in this special population. Two hundred and thirty inmates (119 inmates showing evidence of new tuberculosis infection or active disease and 111 healthy controls) were enrolled in the investigation. Inmate cell assignments, job duties, and educational classes were identified and medical chart reviews were conducted on all inmates. Tuberculosis transmission was associated with residing on the D Wing of the prison (OR = 25·84,P< 0·01), attending school in Classroom A (OR = 8·34,P= 0·01) and working on the prison utility work crew (OR = 2·52,P< 0·01). The index case in the outbreak had been prescribed 6 months of isoniazid (INH) chemoprophylaxis in 1988.

Challenges associated with behavioral training approaches for individuals with mental retardation and mental illness in the community are reviewed in this article. Family and nonfamily facilitated training are considered. Professional practice issues are reviewed, and justification for multifactor behavioral assessment is offered. Future research directions are discussed.

The H(+)-ATPase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been probed by a random genetic approach that has led to the isolation of primary and secondary site mutations. These H(+)-ATPase (PMA1) mutants help define specific functional, as well as interacting, regions of the H(+)-ATPase. Cellular resistance to hygromycin B has been an important selection tool for the isolation of pmal mutants. One prominent hygromycin B-resistant mutant, pmal-105, was found to have a S368F mutation near the site of phosphorylation (D378) in the catalytic core. This mutation prevents growth in low pH or NH(4+)-containing medium and induces an acid-sensitive Vmax for ATP hydrolysis, as well as a pronounced insensitivity to vanadate. The prominent cellular and biochemical phenotypes of this strain facilitated a detailed revertant analysis to identify protein structure domains that interact directly or indirectly with the localized region defined by the F368 mutation. Partial revertants were isolated which were resistant to low pH or NH4+ but retained hygromycin resistance. Second site mutations were found within the first and second cytoplasmic loop domains, as well as in transmembrane segments 1-37. All of the revertant enzymes have a stable Vmax but some show changes in the pH optimum for ATP hydrolysis; all display vanadate sensitivities ranging between the insensitive F368 mutant and the fully-sensitive wild type enzyme. Revertant analyses have also been performed on two other pma1 mutants which carry the mutations A135V and G158D in transmembrane segments 1 and 2, respectively. Compensating second site mutations to these mutations were identified in transmembrane segments 1, 2, 47, as well as within the central catalytic domain. These analyses have helped identify interacting protein structure domains that may participate in coupling ATP hydrolysis to proton transport. Furthermore, they facilitate the construction of structural models to account for these interactions.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the role of the capsule in the interval between the supraspinatus and subscapularis tendons with respect to glenohumeral motion, translation, and stability. We used a six-degrees-of-freedom position-sensor and a six-degrees-of-freedom force and torque-transducer to determine the glenohumoral rotations and translations that resulted from applied loads in eight cadaver shoulders. The range of motion of each specimen was measured with the capsule in the rotator interval in a normal state, after the capsule had been sectioned, and after it had been imbricated. Operative alteration of this capsular interval was found to affect flexion, extension, external rotation, and adduction of the humerus with respect to the scapula. Modification of this portion of the capsule also affected obligate anterior translation of the humeral head on the glenoid during flexion. Limitation of motion and obligate translation were increased by operative imbrication and diminished by sectioning of the rotator interval capsule. Passive stability of the glenohumeral joint was evaluated with the use of anterior, posterior, and inferior stress tests. Instability and occasional frank dislocation of the glenohumeral joint occurred inferiorly and posteriorly after section of the rotator interval capsule. Imbrication of this part of the capsule increased the resistance to inferior and posterior translation.

A genetic approach was used to identify interacting portions of the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The cellular sensitivity of the pma1-105 strain (S368F) to low external pH and to NH4+ was used to select intragenic revertants of two classes: phenotypically wild-type full revertants and partial revertants that were low pH-resistant but retained resistance to hygromycin B. All 10 full revertants had S368 restored. Among five partial revertants mapping to the original site within the phosphorylation domain, S368L and S368V were each found twice. One revertant contained an E367V substitution adjacent to the original S368F alteration. Four of 13 independently isolated second-site revertants mapped to one site, V289F, in the proposed phosphatase domain. Mutations within the proposed phosphatase and phosphorylation domains resulted in enzymes with increased vanadate sensitivity relative to the vanadate-insensitive S368F enzyme. These results suggest that sites S368, E367, and V289 contribute to a vanadate (Pi) binding domain or are able to interact with such a site within the catalytic domain. The remaining nine partial second-site revertants mapped to six sites within the putative transmembrane regions. Mutations within the transmembrane region had less of an effect on vanadate sensitivity. Most revertant enzymes showed small but significant increases in the rate of ATP hydrolysis relative to the S368F enzyme. Several enzymes no longer displayed the acid-sensitive pH-dependence seen in the S368F enzyme. These data provide novel evidence for an interaction between putative transmembrane helices 1-3 and 7 and the ATP hydrolytic portion of the enzyme.

Traumatic dislocation of the crystalline lens usually presents as a visual disturbance that can often be corrected by nonsurgical means. However, this ocular condition is fraught with serious complications that can occur years later. The two most serious complications are glaucoma and retinal detachment. These complications can make treatment of patients with traumatic lens dislocation a dilemma for the optometrist and ophthalmologist alike.

5108 Objective To determine the outcomes of surgically staged patients with I-IIIA uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) and clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the uterus treated at Indiana University and compare their outcomes to patients treated on the Hoosier Oncology Group (HOG) 97–01 protocol involving intraperitoneal 32P and vaginal brachytherapy for a similar patient population. Methods Twenty-six patients with surgically staged FIGO stage I-IIIA UPSC or CCC were treated with standard, non-protocol adjuvant therapies at Indiana University Cancer Center between 1997 and 2003. Modality and distribution of therapies given to these patients included: no therapy (6), whole abdomen radiotherapy (WAR) (9), pelvic radiotherapy (4), intraperitoneal 32P with vaginal brachytherapy per HOG 97–01 protocol (3), and unsure (4). An additional 21 patients were treated on the Hoosier Oncology Group 97–01 protocol during the same time period. Patients treated on protocol received, in addition to complete surgical stag...

Objective To provide clinicoanatomical correlation for a small pontine tegmental ischemic stroke producing the one and one-half syndrome associated with supranuclear facial weakness. Design Case report. Setting Tertiary care center. Patient A 70-year-old man developed left-sided facial weakness sparing the forehead, a left internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and a complete left horizontal gaze palsy immediately after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a small lesion in the left paramedian aspect of the dorsal pontine tegmentum. Main Outcome and Results Electromyographic findings were consistent with supranuclear facial involvement. The patient had nearly complete recovery after 1 year. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report of supranuclear facial weakness in association with the one and one-half syndrome. The location of the lesion provides evidence of the existence of corticofugal fibers that extend to the facial nucleus in the dorsal paramedian pontine tegmentum.

Mutations in the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase gene (PMA1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that confer growth resistance to hygromycin B have been shown recently to cause a marked depolarization of whole cell membrane potential (Perlin, D. S., Brown, C. L., and Haber, J. E. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 18118-18122). In this report, the biochemical and genetic properties of H+-ATPases from four prominent hygromycin B-resistant pma1 mutants, pma1-105, pma1-114, pma1-147, and pma1-155, are described. Single base pair changes were identified in pma1-105, pma1-114, and pma1-147 that resulted in amino acid substitutions of Ser-368----Phe, Gly-158----Asp, Pro-640----Leu, respectively. An A----G transition mutation at -39 in the 5'-untranslated region of the mRNA of pma1-155 was also found. This mutation creates an out-of-Frame upstream AUG initiation codon that apparently reduces normal translation of PMA1. DNA sequence analysis of PMA1 from strain Y55 identified 9 base pair substitutions that resulted in 6 amino acid changes in nonconserved regions when compared to the published sequence for strain S288C. Plasma membranes of three of the four pma1 mutants contained normal amounts of H(+)-ATPase; membranes from pma1-155 contained enzyme at 62% of the wild-type level. The kinetics of ATP hydrolysis were most strongly altered for enzymes from pma1-105 and pma1-147 which showed changes in both Km and Vmax. A striking pH dependence for these parameters was found for enzyme from pma1-105 which resulted in a precipitous decline in Km and Vmax below pH 6.5. ATP hydrolysis by enzymes from pma1-105 and pma1-147 was insensitive to inhibition by vanadate. These enzymes, in contrast to wild-type and vanadate-sensitive mutant enzymes, were poorly protected from trypsin-induced inactivation by MgATP and vanadate or Pi alone. These results are pertinent to the mechanism of vanadate-induced enzyme inhibition and suggest that Ser-368 and Pro-640 influence the affinity of the phosphate-binding site for Pi. All mutant enzymes catalyzed ATP-induced pH gradient formation following purification and reconstitution into liposomes. Finally, these results further demonstrate the usefulness of hygromycin B as a generalized screening tool for isolating diverse plasma membrane ATPase mutants.

When excised root nodules ofCoriaria arborea are assayed for nitrogenase activity at various pO2 they show a broad optimum between 20 and 40 kPa O2, with some evidence for adaptation. Continuous flow assays of nodulated root systems of intact plants indicate that Coriaria shows an acetylene induced decline in nitrogenase activity. When root systems were subject to step changes in pO2 nitrogenase activity responded with a steep decline followed by a slower rise in activity both at lower and higher than ambient pO2. Thus Coriaria nodules are able to adapt rapidly to oxygen levels well above and well below ambient. Measurement of nodule diffusion resistance showed that the adaptation is accompanied by rapid increase in resistance at above ambient pO2 and decrease in resistance at below ambient pO2. Plants grown with root systems at pO2 from 5–40 kPa O2 did not differ in growth or nodulation. The anatomy of Coriaria nodules shows they have a dense periderm which encircles the nodule and also closely invests the infected zone. The periderm is both thicker and more heavily suberised in nodules grown at high pO2 than at low pO2. Vacuum infiltration of India ink indicates that oxygen diffusion is entirely through the lenticel and via a small gap adjacent to the stele.

In an earlier paper by one of the authors (9) a theoretical analysis suggested that, at certain speeds, large vibrations can occur in a pair of spur gears, without any manufacturing errors and without any external excitation, provided the damping is less than about 0·07 of critical. In this paper a summary is given of an extension to this theoretical analysis, but the main part is concerned with experimental observations on a back-to-back gear test rig. From these observations the maximum dynamic loads on the teeth have been deduced. It has been found that for all applied loads between zero and 1 1/4 times design load, the maximum dynamic load never exceeds twice the design load (the design load is the load which gives a constant transmission error at low speed). It should be noted that if the design load (for which the profile modification is specified) is appreciably greater than the applied load, the dynamic increment may be very large. Excessive profile modification should therefore be avoided. As the damping in the rig is only about 0·02 of critical, these figures are likely to be an upper limit for isolated, precision spur gears.

The transmission error of a pair of spur gears is detected by an optical method and recorded continuously as a function of time. Measurement of the alternating component of the error is repeatable within ?5 ? 10-5 in., and of the mean value within ?1 ? 10-4 in., at base circle radius, at any speed in the range 0-6000 rev min-1 and at any load within the capacity of the gears. Records are taken on photographic paper wrapped round a drum which rotates with one of the gears being tested. In this way the wavelength of record per cycle of tooth-engagement is made independent of speed and comparison of static and dynamic behaviour is facilitated. The method of measurement is applicable only to a pair of gears with the same number of teeth.

The family physician is often the primary source of continuing guidance for the parents of autistic, schizophrenic, or brain-damaged children. It is essential to anticipate problems in such areas as use of medication, early education, reactions of siblings, and stresses within the lives of the parents. The family physician can help parents find the resources to cope with the multitude of problems confronting them and their children.