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Les acteurs des filières laitières bovine, caprine et ovine françaises se sont regroupés dans le programme PhénoFinlait autour d’un but commun : caractériser la composition du lait en Acides Gras (AG) et protéines afin de la maîtriser. La quantification des AG et des protéines devait être possible à grande échelle et à moindre coût avant d’identifier des leviers permettant d’adapter cette composition à la demande. PhénoFinlait s’est organisé autour de trois objectifs : i) caractériser précisément la composition du lait, ii) phénotyper et génotyper une large population de femelles sur l’ensemble du territoire français et iii)identifier les leviers génétiques et alimentairespermettant de maîtriser cette composition. La spectrométrie dans le Moyen InfraRouge (MIR) a été choisie comme méthode de quantification à haut débit des composants du lait. Elle permet la quantification précise en routine de 15 à 27 AG, des quatre caséines et des deux protéines majeures du lactosérum. Une collecte de données de grande ampleur a été mise en œuvre dans plus de 1 500 élevages bovins, caprins et ovins. Les données de production laitière, les spectres MIR du lait, les informations sur le stade physiologique des femelles et sur la composition de l’alimentation des troupeaux ont été recueillies. Plus de 12 000 vaches, chèvres et brebis ont été génotypées. Finalement, plus de 800 000 données représentatives des situations de l’élevage français ont été stockées dans une base de données destinée à l’étude du déterminisme génétique de la composition en AG et en protéines du lait, et des facteurs d’élevage l’influençant.

ABSTRACT: After calving, high-yielding dairy cows mobilize body reserves for energy, sometimes to the detriment of health and fertility. This study aimed to estimate the genetic correlation between body weight loss until nadir and daily milk production (MY24) in first- (L1) and second-lactation (L2) Holstein cows. The data set included 859,020 MY24 records and 570,651 daily raw body weight (BWr) phenotypes from 3,989 L1 cows, and 665,361 MY24 records and 449,449 BWr phenotypes from 3,060 L2 cows, recorded on 36 French commercial farms equipped with milking robots that included an automatic weighing platform. To avoid any bias due to change in digestive content, BWr was adjusted for variations in feed intake, estimated from milk production and BWr. Adjusted body weight was denoted BW. The genetic parameters of BW and MY24 in L1 and L2 cows were estimated using a 4-trait random regression model. In this model, the random effects were fitted by second-order Legendre polynomials on a weekly basis from wk 1 to 44. Nadir of BW was found to be earlier than reported in the literature, at 29 d in milk, and BW loss from calving to nadir was also lower than generally assumed, close to 29 kg. To estimate genetic correlations between body weight loss and production, we defined BWL5 as the loss of weight between wk 1 and 5 after calving. Genetic correlations between BWL5 and MY24 ranged from −0.26 to 0.05 in L1 and from −0.11 to 0.10 in L2, according to days in milk. These moderate to low values suggest that it may be possible to select for milk production without increasing early body mobilization.

In the mountainous areas of Europe with a humid climate, dairy cattle production is a major agricultural activity, and the milk is often processed into cheese according to protected designation of origin (PDO) specifications. We analyzed the extent to which PDO specifications and/or a mountain environment influence the spatial distribution of estimated breeding values (EBVs) of cows and the herd–year effects (HYEs) for milk yield (kg/lactation) and protein and fat contents (g/kg), as well as lactation ranks and calving months. The study focused on the northern French Alps. A total of 37 023 lactations, recorded in 2006, in 1153 herds were analyzed. The cows belonged to the Montbéliarde (21 516 lactations), Abondance (10 346 lactations) and Tarentaise (5161 lactations) breeds. The two factors of variation considered were the status of the commune where the farm was located in relation to PDO (three categories: area with no PDO, area with a PDO with no milk yield limit, area with a PDO with a milk yield limit) and ‘mountain’ environment (four categories based on the European regulation: plain, piedmont, mountain and high mountain). In the Abondance breed, the average lactation rank increased with an increase in production constraints due to the PDO or to a mountain environment. In the Abondance and Tarentaise breeds, grouping of calving in winter was most marked in the ‘PDO with a milk yield limit’ and ‘high-mountain’ categories. In the Tarentaise breed, no significant effect on any trait and any variable was found in the ‘PDO’ or ‘mountain’ categories. In the other two breeds, the average EBV for milk yield decreased with an increase in the constraints due to PDO, with differences of 226 and 93 kg between extreme values in the Abondance and Montbéliarde breeds, respectively. The average HYE for milk yield was higher in the Abondance breed in the ‘PDO with no milk yield limit’ category than in the other categories (+740 and +1110 kg, respectively); HYE was not affected by the ‘PDO’ factor in the Montbéliarde breed or by the ‘mountain’ factor in either breed. Concerning the protein and fat contents, the effect of the ‘PDO’ and ‘mountain’ factors depended on the trait, the variable and the breed. The proportion of individual decisions (the farmer makes the decision) v. collective decisions (breed management) concerning herd dynamics in the face of existing constraints is discussed.