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Background: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a specialized medical equipment and plays a significant role in the diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial diseases and abnormalities; however, it is attributed to risk of exposure of ionizing radiation. The aim of the study was to estimate and determine the amount of scattered radiation dose to the thyroid gland in dental CBCT during maxilla and mandible scan.Materials and Methods: The average scattered radiation dose for i-CAT 17–19 Platinum CBCT (Imaging Sciences International) was measured using a Multi-O-Meter (Unfors Instruments), placed at the patient’s neck on the skin surface of the thyroid cartilage, with an exposure parameter of 120 kVp and 37.07 mAs. The surface entrance dose was noted using the Multi-OMeter, which was placed at the time of the scan at the level of the thyroid gland on the anterior surface of the neck.Results and Discussion: The surface entrance dose to the thyroid from both jaws scans was 191.491±78.486 μGy for 0.25 mm voxel and 26.9 seconds, and 153.670±74.041 μGy from the mandible scan, whereas from the maxilla scan the surface entrance dose was 5.259±10.691 μGy.Conclusion: The surface entrance doses to the thyroid gland from imaging of both the jaws, and also from imaging of the maxilla and mandible alone were within the threshold limit. The surface entrance dose and effective dose in CBCT were dependent on the exposure parameters (kVp and mAs), scan length, and field of view. To further reduce the radiation dose, care should be taken in selecting an appropriate protocol as well as the provision of providing shielding to the thyroid gland.

Polycythemia vera is a rare case confronted in dentistry with scarcely available case reports. Hence a scrupulous knowledge of it is inevitable. It is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by excessive proliferation of erythroid elements, granulocytic and megakaryocytic cells. Here, the blood viscosity increases leading to menace of thrombosis. The medications often used include cytoreductive agents like hydroxyurea 500mg to reduce the leukemogenic risk and Ecospirin 75mg to lessen the thrombotic risk in artery. A 44-year-old male patient reported with a history of pain over the upper right back tooth region since two weeks. The pain was sudden in onset sharp intermittent non radiating aggravates on taking cold fluids and relieves by itself. He also complained of food lodgement around the same site. He is a known case of absolute polycythemia in the last 8 months, undergoing treatment with Ecospirin 75mg and frequently subjected to phlebotomy. A synchronized endeavour by hemato-oncologist and dentist is required for dental treatments, peculiarly invasive therapies, in such patients. Further, an awareness of the medication used for the treatment is unavoidable.

In this study, two grades of Aluminium–Lithium alloys: AA8090 and AA2050 have been selected. Butt joints were produced using the Rotating arc welding process (SpinArc™) with ER4043 filler. Two diff...

Tau aggregation associates with multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease and rare tauopathies such as Pick’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration. The molecular and structural basis of tau aggregation and related diverse misfolded tau strains are not fully understood. To further understand tau-protein aggregation mechanisms, we performed systematic truncation mutagenesis and mapped key segments of tau proteins that contribute to tau aggregation, where it was determined that microtubule binding domains R2 and R3 play critical roles. We validated that R2- or R3-related hexameric PHF6 and PHF6* peptide sequences are necessary sequences that render tau amyloidogenicity. We also determined that the consensus VQI peptide sequence is not sufficient for amyloidogenicity. We further proposed single- and dual-nucleation core-based strain classifications based on recent cryo-EM structures. We analyzed the structural environment of the hexameric peptide sequences in diverse tau strains in tauopathies that, in part, explains why the VQI consensus core sequence is not sufficient to induce tau aggregation. Our experimental work and complementary structural analysis highlighted the indispensible roles of the hexameric core sequences, and shed light on how the interaction environment of these core sequences contributes to diverse pathogenic tau-strains formation in various tauopathy brains. Published version

Consumer characteristics and store attributes decide the store choice decision of consumers. To facilitate the switching process, physical formats create identical layout structures, shelf designs, staffing and billing desk. In similar lines, online stores also create features like similar website characteristics like the menu, creating shopping basket options, comparing product and billing process. Similar to Word-of-Mouth (WOM), online stores encourage and facilitate electronic Word-of-Mouth (eWOM) communications through Online Consumer Reviews (OCR) in their websites. Many online buyers use the reviews of others, social media content and blogs in their decision process. To understand the distribution characteristics of the online reviews, in this research work, we analyze the online review from Amazon and Flipkart for the masks and sanitizers. In a review, star rating, review length and helpfulness of a review are visual characteristics that communicate the content faster than words and no research works compare their variation between two online sellers. We prove that there are significant differences exist in the distribution of review characteristics between the online retailers’ reviews. Two websites reviews vary in terms of star rating, review length and helpfulness votes. There are variations between Amazon and Flipkart reviews in general, and differences are observed in their brands sold also. Since the review characteristics and their distributions are unknown, this information asymmetry creates constraints for store switching behavior of online consumers.

Purpose The star rating summarises the review content and conveys the message faster than other review components. Star ratings influence helpfulness of the reviews, and extreme reviews are considered as less helpful in the decision process. However, literature has rarely addressed variations in star ratings across product categories and variations between two online retailers. In this paper, the authors have compared the distribution of star ratings across 11 products and among the retailers. Design/methodology/approach Online reviews for 11 product categories have collected, and the authors compared the distribution of star ratings across 11 products and retailers. Correspondence analysis has been applied to show the association between star ratings and product categories for the e-retail firms. Findings The Amazon site contains proportionately more number of 1-star rated reviews than Flipkart. In Amazon reviews, few product categories are closely associated with 1-star and 2-star reviews, whereas no product categories are closely associated with 1-star and 2-star reviews in Flipkart reviews. The results indicate two distinct communication strategies followed by the firms in managing online consumer reviews. Research limitations/implications The authors did not analyse data across demographic details because of access restriction policies of the websites. Practical implications Understanding the distribution of review characteristics will improve the consumer’s decision-making ability and using online review content judiciously. Social implications This study’s results show significant insights on online retailing by providing cues in using shopping sites and online review characteristics of two prominent retailers. Originality/value This paper has brought out a distinct distribution pattern of online review between Amazon and Flipkart. Amazon allows a higher degree of negative contents, whereas Flipkart allows more number of positive reviews.

PurposeThis study aims to compare online review characteristics, review length and review sentiment score between “organic” and “regular” food products. In addition, variations in the consumer sentiment scores across the review lengths are studied.Design/methodology/approachThis study fits into the descriptive research design. From Amazon’s website, the consumer product reviews are scrapped. Using the text analytical package “sentiment” in R-Studio, we computed the sentiment scores and counted the number of words in each review. The mean sentiment scores and mean review length are compared for regular and organic products using one-way ANOVA. Sentiment score variation across review length and product class is studied through factorial ANOVA. Sample reviews of ghee and honey are used to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe review length shows a significant difference between the regular and organic products. The mean number of words in the regular products reviews is significantly lower than the mean number of words in the organic product reviews. The regular products’ mean sentiment score is significantly lower than the mean sentiment score of organic products. The mean sentiment scores are not consistent between ghee and honey. Sentiment scores are better for organic honey and regular ghee products. For regular ghee products, longer reviews result in lower sentiment scores. For regular and organic versions of honey, longer reviews are associated with better sentiment scores.Research limitations/implicationsThis study did not include the helpfulness of a review and the demographic data of the reviewers.Practical implicationsSentiment scores’ variations across the regular and organic and product categories such as ghee and honey give a comprehensive feedback to the firms. It also indirectly communicates a brand’s evaluation by the consumers and the performance feedback for an upward extension like the organic category.Social implicationsStudies on organic category give feedback for environment-friendly products and consumer attitude shift towards safer products.Originality/valueVery limited studies have reported the upward line extensions. The authors study the upward line extension organic and associated sentiment scores variation. The role of review length and its systematic influence on the sentiment scores, variations in the review due to the product nature (organic/regular) are unique contributions of this study.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-022-00788-6.

Higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has been documented among South Asians living in the United States. However, combining the south Asian subgroups into one category masks the heterogeneity in the diagnosed DM, after controlling for known protective and risk factors. We assessed the association of Asian Indian ethnicity to diagnosed DM using a nationally representative sample of 1,986 Asian Indian adults in the US compared to 109,072 Non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs) using disaggregated data from the National Health Interview Survey (2012–2016) (NHIS). 2010 US census figures were used for age-sex standardization. Age-sex adjusted prevalence of DM was 8.3% in Asian Indians as compared to 5.8% in NHW. In adjusted multivariable logistic regression models, Asian Indians had higher odds ratios of reporting diagnosed DM compared to NHWs (AOR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.71). This association remained strong and significant even after controlling for other risk factors in the model (AOR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.85). Results suggest a favorable socio-economic profile of Asian Indians was not protective on diagnosed DM. In addition, they were more likely to have diagnosed DM due to higher prevalence of obesity despite healthier behaviors of smoking and exercise.

Modified 9 Cr–1 Mo is an ideal candidate preferred for high temperature applications in power plants. In this study, three P91 welds of 12 mm thickness are produced using Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) and Pulsed-CMT (P-CMT) processes. The impact toughness is evaluated in the as-welded as well as in the PWHT (760 °C-2 h) condition. It is found that P-CMT process resulted in the highest toughness in both the conditions. The heat input was maximum in the case of GTAW (800 J/mm) welds and minimum in CMT (330 J/mm). Even though P-CMT (380 J/mm) has heat input slightly above CMT, the former is compensated by higher welding speeds. Electron microscopy analysis revealed the presence of fine M23C6 and MX precipitates. Among the welds, P-CMT had minimal amount of the precipitates whereas GTAW welds had the maximum. The dimple morphology observed in the ruptured surface significantly varied and P-CMT process had finer dimples indicating finer weld microstructures and enhanced mechanical properties. Keywords: P-CMT, P91, Weld, PWHT, Heat input, Toughness

Floriculture flourished as an important fast-emerging sector of horticulture in the last few decades and is being viewed as a high growth industry in the world. Rapid urbanization, increased income levels, changes in lifestyles and social values resulted in increase in domestic and world market for flower crops significantly. Flower crops are propagated using various seed materials and modern methods, and the crops like gladiolus, tuberose and lily are mainly propagated by bulbs. Viruses are the major limiting factor and a major concern in the production of bulbous ornamentals. Bulbs, the propagating material usually harbour many viruses and act as the primary source of inoculum to cause diseases in the main crop. The viruses present in the bulbs infect the main crop, spread to healthy plants secondarily through various sap feeding insect vectors, such as aphids. Among the plant viruses, the single stranded RNA genome viruses like CMV, BYMV, TuMMoV, LSV, LMoV, TBV, TNV, TRV are considered as major constraints of bulbous ornamental flower production of the bulbous flower crops. Various methods such as electron microscopy, ELISA and PCR based technologies have been successfully developed and are being employed in the diagnosis and detection of the important viruses infecting bulbous ornamental crops. Management of these economically important viruses is successful when integration of multiple methods such as use of virus free certified planting materials and timely management of vectors in the field. In this chapter, we described the symptoms, transmission, characterization, diagnosis, and the management aspects of various taxonomic groups of viruses infecting above mentioned ornamentals.

Modified 9Cr-1Mo is a ferritic-martensitic steel widely used in steam generators of fast breeder reactors in the nuclear industry due to their enhanced creep resistance. In the present investigation, P91 steel was welded without preheat using three different heat inputs by pulsed short-circuit metal inert gas welding process using a ER90S-B9 wire electrode for the first time. The microstructural developments were characterized by using optical and electron microscopy, while the residual stresses were measured by X-ray diffraction using the sin2ψ method. The grain size variation in the fusion zone/heat-affected zone was effectively studied using electron backscattered diffraction to bring out the changes quantitatively. The weld zone had a consistent texture, while the heat-affected zone was random. The grain size tends to increase with the increase in heat input which leads to reduced joint strength. It is evident that at highest heat input, the weld microstructure shows substantial precipitation of M23C6-type carbides. The residual stresses were near compressive in the weld-HAZ, while maximum tensile stresses were found for the highest heat input.

Blast disease caused by Magnaporthe grisea has emerged as a serious threat to pearl millet cultivation in India. Most of the hybrids being grown in India are susceptible to blast as not much efforts have been made to breed for blast resistance in pearl millet. In the absence of host plant resistance, the disease can be effectively managed with chemical fungicides. Therefore, nine fungicides, chlorothalonil, tricyclazole, hexaconazole, kasugamycin, benomyl, carbendazim, tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin, propiconazole and metalaxyl + mancozeb were tested for their efficacy to manage blast disease on a blast susceptible pearl millet line ICMB 95444. Different combinations of seed treatment and foliar sprays were tested: seed treatment alone, seed treatment + one spray, seed treatment + two sprays, seed treatment + three sprays. None of the fungicides was found effective when used as seed treatment. Results of this study clearly demonstrated that the disease can be effectively managed with three sprays of tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin (Nativo) or propiconazole (Tilt).

Now, all business organizations are adopting data driven strategies to generate more profits out of their business. Growing startups are investing a lot of funds in data economy to maximize profits of the business group by developing intelligent tools backed by machine learning and artificial intelligence. The nature of business intelligence (BI) tool depends on factors like business goals, size, model, technology, etc. In this paper, the architecture of BI tool and decision process has been discussed with a focus on market segmentation, based on user behavior geographical distributions. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) followed by k-mode clustering algorithm has been used for segmentation. The proposed toolkit also incorporates interactive visualizations and maps.

TiAlN/AlCrN and AlCrN/TiAlN bilayer coatings were deposited on tungsten carbide cutting inserts using the plasma enhanced physical vapour deposition process. Their thermal stability was varied by annealing the specimens at different temperatures and time durations. The thermal stability was evaluated from hardness measurement, oxygen absorption and X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. TiAlN/AlCrN coating initially shows an increase in hardness, but it decreases when the annealing temperature is increased. A high hardness of 46 GPa is measured in the TiAlN/AlCrN coating annealed at 600 °C for 08 h. But, AlCrN/TiAlN coating displays a decrease in hardness after annealing at 600 °C, and the hardness increases to 47 GPa on increasing the annealing temperature further (1000 °C for 6 h). From weight measurements, it is clear that the TiAlN/AlCrN bilayer coating results in weight reduction initially, but it increases with a further increase in the annealing temperature. In contrast, in the AlCrN/TiAlN coating, the weight increases monotonically, but gradually, with increasing temperature of annealing. The XRD results are discussed with reference to the different oxide phases formed in the two bilayer coatings during annealing.

The study aims to investigate the growth percentage in Earning per Share, Net worth, Debt equity Ratio and Market value of companies starting from Jan 2014 to March 2014, which is carried out on a sample of 22 companies, who under vent M&A. It is assumed that Merger and Acquisition (M&A) develop the company financial performance, organisational competitiveness and it is an easier way to internationalisation also. 2014 was a year for very strong foreign investor interest in India, while the economic and growth sentiments are enormously positive. The present research paper was based on Secondary data from the CMIE’s Prowess database and Annual Reports of the companies concerned. Finally from the results it is concluded that mergers have a significant change in enhancing the profitability of acquirer companies.

Lap joints of aluminum alloy A6061-T6 and AZ31B magnesium alloy were produced by cold metal transfer welding with Al-5 %Si filler metal. Four heat inputs designated as A (175 J/mm), B (185 J/mm), C (195 J/mm) and D (205 J/mm) were used during the process and the joints made were subjected to analysis of microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour. The thickness of the fusion line (diffusion layer) varied from 3 to 12 µm depending on the heat input. It was also found that the joints made using the heat input of 205 J/mm exhibited highest tensile strength of 360 N/mm, least tensile stress in the weld and better pitting corrosion resistance. Electron microscopy study of the weld revealed the presence of β′-Mg2Si, Al6Mn and β-Al3Mg2 particles. X-ray diffraction study in the weld revealed the formation of γ-Al12Mg17 and β-Al3Mg2 phase with Mg2Si strengthening precipitates. Tensile failure occurred at the fusion line near magnesium.

Lap joints of aluminium alloy A6061-T6 and galvanised steel DP800 were produced by an advanced gas metal arc welding process with AlSi3Mn filler. Four heat inputs designated as A (110 J mm−1), B (120 J mm−1), C (130 J mm−1) and D (140 J mm−1) were used during the process and the joints made were subjected to analysis of the microstructures, mechanical properties, residual stresses and corrosion behaviour. Microstructural analysis shows the formation and variation of Fe–Al intermetallic (IM) layer. It is also found that the joints made using the heat input of 120 J mm−1 exhibited highest tensile strength and better corrosion resistance. Electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the presence of different IM phases with other strengthening precipitates.

This paper reports the procedure to join aluminium A6061-T6 to AZ31B magnesium alloy using Al-5%Si filler by cold metal transfer and pulsed-cold metal transfer processes. The effect of process parameters on the microstructure of weld, nugget/magnesium interface and tensile strength of the joints are analysed. Microstructural analysis shows that the diffusion layer thickness increases with increase in the welding current. The diffusion layer thickness was found to vary depending on the process. Pulsed process resulted in high joint strength compared to conventional method. X-ray diffraction study revealed the formation of different phases in the weld. The welding current, welding speed and the wire-feed rate had significant effect on the joint strength. Failure at the weld/Mg interface was observed.

Rice blast, incited by Pyricularia oryzae Cavara, is an important fungal disease of rice (Oryza sativa L.) worldwide. To understand the resistance mechanisms of rice to P. oryzae, we studied metabolic responses of rice suspension-cultured cells to treatment with an elicitor prepared from the mycelial walls of P. oryzae. Suspension-cultured cells of blast- resistant (Usen) and -susceptible (CO39) rice genotypes were profiled for differential metabolic responses at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after elicitor treatment using gas chromatography coupled to electron impact ionization-time of flight-mass spectroscopy (GC/EI–TOF–MS). A total of 99 metabolites were identified by mass spectral and retention index match to the reference data of the Golm Metabolome Database (GMD). Of the 99 metabolites, 66 metabolites were classified into different chemical classes representing mostly primary metabolites. The remaining 33 metabolites are yet non-identified but are frequently observed metabolites that are part of the GMD reference data and are designated with a unique GMD identifier. Multivariate analysis revealed that the suspension-cultured cells of susceptible and resistant genotypes differ in regard to primary metabolism. Differential responses to the P. oryzae elicitor included significant changes among aromatic amino acids, phenylpropanoids, polyamines and sugars of major carbohydrate metabolism.

Injection profile enhancement has been one of the primary objectives for an operator in Kuwait. Stimulation interventions in injector wells directly affect the enhancement of oil recovery in producer wells. This paper presents the application of a verifiable stimulation intervention in a water injector well to help achieve the operator's objectives. The intervention presented several challenges. There was limited information available for the newly drilled carbonate formation under consideration in the Greater Burgan Field. Additionally, the fiberglass well tubing required significant attention before running in hole (RIH) with coiled tubing (CT). A high concentration of H2S was identified in Formation A; therefore, gas returns were also a potential issue. This paper discusses the methods used to help address these challenges. During this case study, real-time fiber-optic cable CT (RTFOCT) technology was applied in the fiberglass tubing injector well to determine initial well injection profile and adjust treatment accordingly. This technology includes a fiber-optic cable integrated into the CT pipe and a modular sensing bottomhole assembly (BHA). RTFOCT technology allows for rigless operations and performs interval diagnostics, stimulation treatment, and evaluation in a single CT run. During this case study, the well injectivity increased by more than 100%. Diagnostics and evaluation were performed by analyzing the well thermal profile using fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS). The BHA helped ensure accurate fluid placement during the treatment using real-time pressure, temperature, and depth-correlation sensors. The RTFOCT technology provided real-time downhole information that was used to analyze reservoir parameters, help ensure accurate fluid placement, and enable quick and smart decisions regarding the stimulation treatment stages based on the fluid intake in different zones. During injection, the heterogeneous fluid flow became homogeneous along the interval confirmed with the thermal-hydraulic model (THM). This helped reliably complete the intervention operations and delay possible water breakthrough in the producer wells and extended reservoir recovery.

Agriculture is one major and important sector for the growth of economy for any country. As per the current scenarios, various problems are present in agriculture like techniques which are used currently are not efficient, requirement of larger manpower and appropriate time for irrigation and spreading of fertilizer to yield. Internet of Things (IoT) is latest technology for smart farming to enhance efficiency, productivity and resolve various issues present in agriculture. IoT network consist of various sensor node which is used to monitor soil acidity level, temperature, and other variables. In this paper, the steps involved for agriculture are discussed and mainly focus on use of IoT in agriculture i.e. in proposed architecture which leads to growth of agriculture exponentially and the economy.