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Background: Uncorrected refractive error accounts for nearly half of the global burden of vision impairment. The EyeQue personal vision tracker (EPVT) was created as a convenient smartphone refractometer to be used at home and order spectacles online thereafter. However, its accuracy in diagnosing refractive error has not been fully established. Aim: This study aimed to determine the accuracy of the EPVT in measurement of refractive error and determine user perception on device use. Setting: University of KwaZulu-Natal optometry clinic, Westville campus. Methods: This was a comparative cross-sectional study using a double-blind design. Objective, non-cycloplegic refraction testing results using the EPVT were compared with gold standard ophthalmic subjective refraction (SR). Both eyes were considered for the analysis with comparisons being made between EPVT and gold subjective standard refraction for each eye. User perception was evaluated by means of a structured questionnaire. Results: The mean spherical equivalent refractive error was –0.18 ± 0.70 dioptre (D) and –1.12 ± 2.79 D for the gold standard ophthalmic SR and EPVT, respectively, with significant differences in visual acuities yielded by the two methods (p = 0.000). Participants preferred gold standard refraction testing over the EPVT. Conclusion: The EPVT was not accurate in measuring refractive error; therefore, the resultant prescription from EPVT alone should not be used to order spectacles. However, this digital tool presents promise as an autorefractor for screening refractive error rather than as a diagnostic device. Contribution: This study offered valuable insights into the prospective utility of home-based, self-administered smartphone refractive error testers as a tool for screening of refractive error. The study also provided cautions to the EPVTs limitations related to accuracy and limited ocular health assessment, which have broader implications for visual health and quality.

Background. Scientific advancement, particularly in the area of information communication technology (ICT), challenges the mode of knowledgeadvancement at universities. Such challenges are especially evident in the area of postgraduate (PG) research supervision, particularly in the light of the changing students’ demography, whereby there is a radical shift from full-time campus-based students to part-time students. This challenge is compounded by many countries not considering research competency as a requirement for PG supervision – the result of static and outdated curricula.Objective. To explore the perceptions of PG nursing students with regard to the research supervision process.Methods. A quantitative research study was conducted at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa using non-convenience sampling.The PG Research Experience Survey questionnaire was adapted for the current study. Ethical clearance was obtained from UKZN’s Ethics Committee.The population consisted of the PG coursework Master’s nursing students who were registered for the research project module during 2012. A total of 56students participated, with a response rate of 70%. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 19 (SPSS 19) (IBM Corp., USA).Results. The findings revealed that more than half of the respondents (66.2%; n=37) rated the level of support from research supervisors as moderateon a scale of low to high. The period of research supervision, mode of attendance and status within the university were identified as factors influencingthe perceptions of support from research supervisors.Conclusion. This study recommends that, to improve the quality of research supervision, there is a need to include a research supervision module inthe curriculum of nurse educators and to adopt online research supervision, underpinned by the extensive use of ICT to accommodate both part-timeand full-time PG students.

The debate on church and party politics is far from being exhausted in South Africa. Although the Methodist Church of Southern Africa discourages the participation of clergy persons in political parties, it is becoming critical that the church offers a prophetic voice in the political sphere. Issues of morality and spirituality within the political parties necessitate a careful involvement of the Church in politics. This article therefore sets out to offer a theological reflection on the (possible) ministry of Methodist clergy persons to political parties in South Africa.

Background. The global landscape of higher education has repositioned itself, moving away from insular institutions towards open responsive systems of teaching and learning with an emphasis on cultivating a new mode of knowledge production. The South African higher education system has responded to these global changes by recognising the contribution of research productivity as a commodity within the overall worldwide knowledge economy. These changes have contributed towards an increased intake of candidates in many university faculties, including nursing, to meet the demand of producing highly skilled graduates. Objectives. To explore and describe the current practices and experiences of nurse academics regarding postgraduate research supervision. Methods. A descriptive exploratory design with in-depth interviews was used, and a self-reported questionnaire eliciting information on research supervision practices. Results. Three emergent themes were identified from the results of this study: a lack of standardised guidelines for nurse academics to effectively supervise postgraduate research; the pressure that nurse academics experience regarding postgraduate research supervision; other demanding roles of an academic, such as a high teaching and clinical workload. Conclusion. The study demonstrated gaps in research supervision, shared frustrations such as feelings of isolation, and a lack of support systems.

Background. Community-based education (CBE) serves as a primordial instrument in the implementation of primary healthcare (PHC). Learning experiences in community-based settings provide students with learning opportunities, as they are actively engaged in PHC-associated activities in under-resourced communities. Many nursing schools in higher education integrated and implemented a CBE programme with an end-goal of becoming healthcare practitioners who are responsive to the needs of the community. Objectives. To establish how PHC philosophy is promoted through a community-based nursing education programme. Methods. The study was non-experimental and cross-sectional with a quantitative approach and was done at a selected higher education institution in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A total of 118 participants were selected using the non-probability convenience sampling technique. A self-report questionnaire was distributed to the participants; 91 questionnaires were completed and returned – a response rate of 73.3%. Ethical clearance was obtained from the University of KwaZulu-Natal Ethics Review Committee. Participation was voluntary, informed consent was obtained, and other ethical principles were respected. Data were analysed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive and analytical analysis was used to analyse the data. Results. The participants reported exposure to community-based learning from the first until the fourth year of their study programme. Participants (69.9%) indicated that their learning activities had involved members of the community. The community-based learning projects, which mostly promoted a PHC philosophy, included prevention of illness, injuries and social problems (90.1%), health promotion (89%) and engaging communities in community-based learning activities to promote their self-reliance and self-determination (76.9%). Conclusion. Findings revealed that the community-based learning experiences of students promoted a PHC philosophy and that underprivileged community settings provided a rich learning environment.

Background: The Internship and Community Service Programme (ICSP) places newly graduated health professionals for a compulsory training period. Universities adopt multiple strategies to encourage students to select rural placements for ICSP., Objectives: This study describes ICSP choices among final-year MBChB and Health and Rehabilitation Science students at a South African university and the factors influencing their decisions., Method: A cross-sectional qualitative descriptive study was conducted using a self-developed online questionnaire. Eighty-five final-year students were recruited., Results: Most respondents ( n = 38, 45.8%) chose the Western Cape (WC) as their first choice placement. There was a significant difference between MBChB and other health science students' choice of level of healthcare (χ = 10.39, p = 0.006), with MBChB less likely to choose primary healthcare (PHC) level placements. District and tertiary care options were perceived as better sites for learning and practice, while PHC and rural sites, considered underresourced and understaffed, were avoided. Although MBChB students indicated a lower preference for rural placements, this was not significant.Factors influencing ICSP application decisions included professional support, work environment, and social and personal considerations., Conclusion: Students' placement choices were based on their perceptions of clinical exposure, learning opportunities, mentorship and supervision. Placements closer to home were preferred. UG clinical exposure and rural background seem to have some impact on choice but need further investigation., Clinical Implications: Universities should continue to explore ways to improve students' readiness for practice in underresourced settings. Improved exposure to rural and PHC sites during training could encourage better uptake during ICSP placement., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationships that may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this article., (© 2024. The Authors.)

The African Cigarette Price Project is a project that collects tobacco prices from African countries. Amongst other things, the data enable users to estimate price differences across brands, urban/rural divides, types of packaging, retail types, and trends in price over time. A total of 215 354 individual prices were collected during the first twelve rounds of the project (collected biannually from 2016 to 2022). Data collection continues to date. Data have been collected from 19 African countries, with most data from South Africa, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Namibia and Botswana. Other countries include Ethiopia, Malawi, Tanzania, Chad, Eswatini, Mozambique, Nigeria, Zambia, Ghana, Madagascar, Kenya, Mauritius, Uganda and Cameroon. The project employs a novel data collection approach, by contracting local and international University of Cape Town (UCT) students as fieldworkers to collect price data while at home over the long university vacation. The data were collected at the retail level; the lowest level of geographic detail available in the public use dataset is the suburb. While the price data are not nationally representative, the data collection method is simple and affordable and provides an indication of the range of prices and the brands available in the respective countries. While cigarette prices make up the bulk of the data, other common tobacco products included are hookah tobacco, snuff, pipe tobacco, cigars, e-cigarettes, hand-rolled tobacco, and others. The collection of these other tobacco products started in round 4 (2017)., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Three ΔI=1 bands with the πg_{9/2}⊗νg_{9/2} configuration have been identified in _{35}^{74}Br_{39}. Angular distribution, linear polarization, and lifetime measurements were performed to determine the multipolarity, type, mixing ratio, and absolute transition probability of the transitions. By comparing these experimental observations with the corresponding fingerprints and the quantum particle rotor model calculations, the second and third lowest bands are, respectively, suggested as the chiral partner and one-phonon wobbling excitation built on the yrast band. The evidence indicates the first chiral wobbler in nuclei.

The pollution of aquatic systems with noxious organic and inorganic contaminants is a challenging problem faced by most countries. Water bodies are contaminated with diverse inorganic and organic pollutants originating from various diffuse and point sources, including industrial sectors, agricultural practices, and domestic wastes. Such hazardous water pollutants tend to accumulate in the environmental media including living organisms, thereby posing significant environmental health risks. Therefore, the remediation of wastewater pollutants is a priority. Adsorption is considered as the most efficient technique for the removal of pollutants in aqueous systems, and the deployment of suitable adsorbents plays a vital role for the sustainable application of the technique. The present review gives an overview of polyurethane foam (PUF) as an adsorbent, the synthesis approaches of polyurethane, and characterization aspects. Further emphasis is on the preparation of the various forms of polyurethane adsorbents, and their potential application in the removal of various challenging water pollutants. The removal mechanisms, including adsorption kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics, and electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between polyurethane adsorbents and pollutants are discussed. In addition, regeneration, recycling and disposal of spent polyurethane adsorbents are reported. Finally, key knowledge gaps on synthesis, characterization, industrial applications, life cycle analysis, and potential health risks of polyurethane adsorbents are discussed., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Young people aged 10-24 years are a vulnerable group with poor health service access relative to other populations. Recent South African initiatives, the She Conquers campaign, the Integrated School Health Policy and the Adolescent & Youth Health Policy, include a focus on improving the breadth and quality of youth-friendly health service delivery. However, in some settings the provision and impact of scaled-up youth friendly health services has been limited indicating a gap between policy and implementation. In this study we reviewed existing sources of data on health service utilisation to answer the following question: 'What health conditions do young people present with and what services do they receive at public health clinics, mobile clinics and school health services?', Methods: We conducted a retrospective register review in three purposively selected primary healthcare clinics (PHCC), one mobile clinic, and one school health team in Hlabisa and Mtubatuba sub-districts of uMkhanyakude District, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The focus was service utilisation for any reason by 10-24 year olds. We also conducted descriptive analysis of pre-existing data on service utilisation by young people available from the District Health Information System for all 17 PHCC in the study sub-districts., Results: Three quarters of 4121 recorded young person visits in the register review were by females, and 40% of all young person visits were by females aged 20-24 years. The most common presenting conditions were HIV-related, antenatal care, family planning, general non-specific complaints and respiratory problems (excluding TB). There were relatively few recorded consultations for other common conditions affecting young people such as mental health and nutritional problems. Antibiotics, antiretrovirals, contraceptives, vitamins/supplements, and analgesics were most commonly provided. Routine health registers recorded limited information, were often incomplete and/or inconsistent, and age was not routinely recorded., Conclusions: Measuring morbidity and service provision are fundamental to informing policy and promoting responsive health systems. Efforts should be intensified to improve the quality and completeness of health registers, with attention to the documentation of important, and currently poorly documented, young people's health issues such as mental health and nutrition.

Background: In 2008 the sub-Saharan FAIMER Regional Institute launched a faculty development programme aimed at enhancing the academic and research capacity of health professions educators working in sub-Saharan Africa. This two-year programme, a combination of residential and distance learning activities, focuses on developing the leadership, project management and programme evaluation skills of participants as well as teaching the key principles of health professions education-curriculum design, teaching and learning and assessment. Participants also gain first-hand research experience by designing and conducting an education innovation project in their home institutions. This study was conducted to determine the perceptions of participants regarding the personal and professional impact of the SAFRI programme., Methods: A retrospective document review, which included data about fellows who completed the programme between 2008 and 2011, was performed. Data included fellows' descriptions of their expectations, reflections on achievements and information shared on an online discussion forum. Data were analysed using Kirkpatrick's evaluation framework., Results: Participants (n=61) came from 10 African countries and included a wide range of health professions educators. Five key themes about the impact of the SAFRI programme were identified: (1) belonging to a community of practice, (2) personal development, (3) professional development, (4) capacity development, and (5) tools/strategies for project management and/or advancement., Conclusion: The SAFRI programme has a positive developmental impact on both participants and their respective institutions.

Since 1998 South African law has provided that adults should have access to sterilization but only with their informed consent. However, the right to sterilization and other sexual and reproductive rights have not been fully realized as women struggle to access limited services, and there are allegations of discrimination and sterilization abuses. This qualitative study explores the experiences of 22 HIV-positive women in two provinces who reported being sterilized between 1996 and 2010 without their informed consent (n=18) or without their knowledge (n=4). Key issues reported by participants included failure to respect their autonomy, lack of information given about what sterilization entailed, and subtle or overt pressure to sign the consent form. Although the legal framework was intended to ensure informed decision-making regarding sterilization, these protections appear to have failed the HIV-positive women in this study. The findings suggest that some health professionals may consider a signature on a consent form as sufficient regardless of how it was obtained. Furthermore the women's perceptions that they were singled out as needing to be sterilized simply because they were HIV-positive warrants further investigation. More research is required on the nature of the problem and on other stakeholders' perceptions., (Copyright © 2012 Reproductive Health Matters. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Unlabelled: HIV and AIDS is a pandemic that continues to ravage humanity worldwide, especially among the youth. Street children are victims of society and are up to 10-25 times more affected by HIV and AIDS than their counterparts who live with their families., Objectives: The purpose of the study was to explore the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of street children with regard to the prevention of HIV and AIDS., Methods: A cross sectional study with a quantitative approach was carried out in two street children centres in the Huye district, which is situated in the Southern Province of Rwanda. Non probability convenience sampling was used and 83 participants between the ages of 10 and 18 years old were invited to participate. These comprised of 43 females (51.8%) and 40 males (48.2%), A questionnaire, which was translated into Kinyarwanda, was used to collect data from the participants., Results: The findings indicated that the knowledge level of the participants was moderate at 71.7%. However, they still had misconceptions regarding HIV and AIDS as 16.9% of the participants said that there is a vaccine for HIV and AIDS and that it is curable. While 78.3% of the participants knew that HIV could be transmitted by body fluids, only 45.8% and 49.4% knew that it could be transmitted by oral sex and anal sex respectively. The current study revealed that 36.1% of the participants were currently sexually active and 53.7% had not used a condom during their last sexual intercourse. A total of 21.7% of the participants had been given money; drugs or place to sleep in exchange for sex and 20.7% declared that they had unwillingly been forced to have sex., Conclusions: It is evident that although street children have a moderate knowledge level about HIV and AIDS, they still have certain misconceptions and are exposed to HIV and AIDS due to their risky behaviours. The health professionals should implement a programme of HIV and AIDS prevention among street children so that the street children life may be saved.