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1. First High‐Speed Video Camera Observations of a Lightning Flash Associated With a Downward Terrestrial Gamma‐Ray Flash

Author

R. U. Abbasi, M. M. F. Saba, J. W. Belz, P. R. Krehbiel, W. Rison, N. Kieu, D. R. daSilva, M. A. Stanley, Dan Rodeheffer, J. Remington, J. Mazich, R. LeVon, K. Smout, A. Petrizze, T. Abu‐Zayyad, M. Allen, R. Arimura, E. Barcikowski, D. R. Bergman, S. A. Blake, I. Buckland, B. G. Cheon, M. Chikawa, T. Fujii, K. Fujisue, K. Fujita, R. Fujiwara, M. Fukushima, G. Furlich, N. Globus, R. Gonzalez, W. Hanlon, N. Hayashida, H. He, K. Hibino, R. Higuchi, K. Honda, D. Ikeda, N. Inoue, T. Ishii, H. Ito, D. Ivanov, H. Iwakura, A. Iwasaki, H. M. Jeong, S. Jeong, C. C. H. Jui, K. Kadota, F. Kakimoto, O. Kalashev, K. Kasahara, S. Kasami, S. Kawakami, K. Kawata, I. Kharuk, E. Kido, H. B. Kim, J. H. Kim, S. W. Kim, Y. Kimura, I. Komae, Y. Kubota, M. Kuznetsov, Y. J. Kwon, K. H. Lee, B. Lubsandorzhiev, J. P. Lundquist, T. Matsuyama, J. N. Matthews, R. Mayta, I. Myers, S. Nagataki, K. Nakai, R. Nakamura, T. Nakamura, A. Nakazawa, E. Nishio, T. Nonaka, S. Ogio, M. Ohnishi, H. Ohoka, Y. Oku, T. Okuda, Y. Omura, M. Ono, A. Oshima, S. Ozawa, I. H. Park, M. Potts, M. S. Pshirkov, D. C. Rodriguez, C. Rott, G. I. Rubtsov, D. Ryu, H. Sagawa, N. Sakaki, T. Sako, N. Sakurai, K. Sato, T. Seki, K. Sekino, P. D. Shah, Y. Shibasaki, N. Shibata, T. Shibata, J. Shikita, H. Shimodaira, B. K. Shin, H. S. Shin, D. Shinto, J. D. Smith, P. Sokolsky, B. T. Stokes, T. A. Stroman, K. Takahashi, M. Takamura, M. Takeda, R. Takeishi, A. Taketa, M. Takita, Y. Tameda, K. Tanaka, M. Tanaka, S. B. Thomas, G. B. Thomson, P. Tinyakov, I. Tkachev, H. Tokuno, T. Tomida, S. Troitsky, R. Tsuda, Y. Tsunesada, S. Udo, T. Uehama, F. Urban, D. Warren, T. Wong, M. Yamamoto, K. Yamazaki, K. Yashiro, F. Yoshida, Y. Zhezher, and Z. Zundel

Subjects
lightning, terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes, cosmic ray detectors, Geophysics. Cosmic physics, QC801-809
Abstract

Abstract In this paper, we present the first high‐speed video observation of a cloud‐to‐ground lightning flash and its associated downward‐directed Terrestrial Gamma‐ray Flash (TGF). The optical emission of the event was observed by a high‐speed video camera running at 40,000 frames per second in conjunction with the Telescope Array Surface Detector, Lightning Mapping Array, interferometer, electric‐field fast antenna, and the National Lightning Detection Network. The cloud‐to‐ground flash associated with the observed TGF was formed by a fast downward leader followed by a very intense return stroke peak current of −154 kA. The TGF occurred while the downward leader was below cloud base, and even when it was halfway in its propagation to ground. The suite of gamma‐ray and lightning instruments, timing resolution, and source proximity offer us detailed information and therefore a unique look at the TGF phenomena.

Published
2023
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2. Observation of Gamma Rays up to 320 TeV from the Middle-aged TeV Pulsar Wind Nebula HESS J1849−000

Author

M. Amenomori, S. Asano, Y. W. Bao, X. J. Bi, D. Chen, T. L. Chen, W. Y. Chen, Xu Chen, Y. Chen, Cirennima, S. W. Cui, Danzengluobu, L. K. Ding, J. H. Fang, K. Fang, C. F. Feng, Zhaoyang Feng, Z. Y. Feng, Qi Gao, A. Gomi, Q. B. Gou, Y. Q. Guo, Y. Y. Guo, Y. Hayashi, H. H. He, Z. T. He, K. Hibino, N. Hotta, Haibing Hu, H. B. Hu, K. Y. Hu, J. Huang, H. Y. Jia, L. Jiang, P. Jiang, H. B. Jin, K. Kasahara, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, S. Kato, I. Kawahara, T. Kawashima, K. Kawata, M. Kozai, D. Kurashige, Labaciren, G. M. Le, A. F. Li, H. J. Li, W. J. Li, Y. Li, Y. H. Lin, B. Liu, C. Liu, J. S. Liu, L. Y. Liu, M. Y. Liu, W. Liu, H. Lu, X. R. Meng, Y. Meng, K. Munakata, K. Nagaya, Y. Nakamura, Y. Nakazawa, H. Nanjo, C. C. Ning, M. Nishizawa, R. Noguchi, M. Ohnishi, S. Okukawa, S. Ozawa, X. Qian, X. L. Qian, X. B. Qu, T. Saito, Y. Sakakibara, M. Sakata, T. Sako, T. K. Sako, T. Sasaki, J. Shao, M. Shibata, A. Shiomi, H. Sugimoto, W. Takano, M. Takita, Y. H. Tan, N. Tateyama, S. Torii, H. Tsuchiya, S. Udo, H. Wang, S. F. Wang, Y. P. Wang, Wangdui, H. R. Wu, Q. Wu, J. L. Xu, L. Xue, Z. Yang, Y. Q. Yao, J. Yin, Y. Yokoe, Y. L. Yu, A. F. Yuan, L. M. Zhai, H. M. Zhang, J. L. Zhang, X. Zhang, X. Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Yi Zhang, Ying Zhang, S. P. Zhao, Zhaxisangzhu, X. X. Zhou, and Y. H. Zou

Subjects
Galactic cosmic rays, Pulsar wind nebulae, Gamma-ray sources, Gamma-ray astronomy, Gamma-ray observatories, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract

Gamma rays from HESS J1849−000, a middle-aged TeV pulsar wind nebula (PWN), are observed by the Tibet air shower array and the muon detector array. The detection significance of gamma rays reaches 4.0 σ and 4.4 σ levels above 25 TeV and 100 TeV, respectively, in units of the Gaussian standard deviation σ . The energy spectrum measured between 40 TeV < E < 320 TeV for the first time is described with a simple power-law function of ${dN}/{dE}={(2.86\pm 1.44)\times {10}^{-16}(E/40\,\mathrm{TeV})}^{-2.24\pm 0.41}\,{\mathrm{TeV}}^{-1}\,{\mathrm{cm}}^{-2}\,{{\rm{s}}}^{-1}$ . The gamma-ray energy spectrum from the sub-TeV ( E < 1 TeV) to sub-PeV (100 TeV < E < 1 PeV) ranges, including the results of previous studies, can be modeled with the leptonic scenario, i.e., inverse Compton scattering by high-energy electrons accelerated by the PWN of PSR J1849−0001. On the other hand, the gamma-ray energy spectrum can also be modeled with the hadronic scenario in which gamma rays are generated from the decay of neutral pions produced by collisions between accelerated cosmic-ray protons and the ambient molecular cloud found in the gamma-ray-emitting region. The cutoff energy of cosmic-ray protons E _p,cut is estimated as ${\mathrm{log}}_{10}({E}_{{\rm{p}},\mathrm{cut}}/\mathrm{TeV})={3.73}_{-0.66}^{+2.98}$ , suggesting that protons are accelerated up to the PeV energy range. Our study thus proposes that HESS J1849−000 should be further investigated as a new candidate as a Galactic PeV cosmic-ray accelerator, or “PeVatron.”

Published
2023
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3. Direct Measurement of the Spectral Structure of Cosmic-Ray Electrons+Positrons in the TeV Region with CALET on the International Space Station

Author

O. Adriani, Y. Akaike, K. Asano, Y. Asaoka, E. Berti, G. Bigongiari, W. R. Binns, M. Bongi, P. Brogi, A. Bruno, J. H. Buckley, N. Cannady, G. Castellini, C. Checchia, M. L. Cherry, G. Collazuol, G. A. de Nolfo, K. Ebisawa, A. W. Ficklin, H. Fuke, S. Gonzi, T. G. Guzik, T. Hams, K. Hibino, M. Ichimura, K. Ioka, W. Ishizaki, M. H. Israel, K. Kasahara, J. Kataoka, R. Kataoka, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, N. Kawanaka, Y. Kawakubo, K. Kobayashi, K. Kohri, H. S. Krawczynski, J. F. Krizmanic, P. Maestro, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. M. Messineo, J. W. Mitchell, S. Miyake, A. A. Moiseev, M. Mori, N. Mori, H. M. Motz, K. Munakata, S. Nakahira, J. Nishimura, S. Okuno, J. F. Ormes, S. Ozawa, L. Pacini, P. Papini, B. F. Rauch, S. B. Ricciarini, K. Sakai, T. Sakamoto, M. Sasaki, Y. Shimizu, A. Shiomi, P. Spillantini, F. Stolzi, S. Sugita, A. Sulaj, M. Takita, T. Tamura, T. Terasawa, S. Torii, Y. Tsunesada, Y. Uchihori, E. Vannuccini, J. P. Wefel, K. Yamaoka, S. Yanagita, A. Yoshida, K. Yoshida, and W. V. Zober

Published
2023
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4. Charge-Sign Dependent Cosmic-Ray Modulation Observed with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

Author

O. Adriani, Y. Akaike, K. Asano, Y. Asaoka, E. Berti, G. Bigongiari, W. R. Binns, M. Bongi, P. Brogi, A. Bruno, J. H. Buckley, N. Cannady, G. Castellini, C. Checchia, M. L. Cherry, G. Collazuol, G. A. de Nolfo, K. Ebisawa, A. W. Ficklin, H. Fuke, S. Gonzi, T. G. Guzik, T. Hams, K. Hibino, M. Ichimura, K. Ioka, W. Ishizaki, M. H. Israel, K. Kasahara, J. Kataoka, R. Kataoka, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, N. Kawanaka, Y. Kawakubo, K. Kobayashi, K. Kohri, H. S. Krawczynski, J. F. Krizmanic, P. Maestro, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. M. Messineo, J. W. Mitchell, S. Miyake, A. A. Moiseev, M. Mori, N. Mori, H. M. Motz, K. Munakata, S. Nakahira, J. Nishimura, S. Okuno, J. F. Ormes, S. Ozawa, L. Pacini, P. Papini, B. F. Rauch, S. B. Ricciarini, K. Sakai, T. Sakamoto, M. Sasaki, Y. Shimizu, A. Shiomi, P. Spillantini, F. Stolzi, S. Sugita, A. Sulaj, M. Takita, T. Tamura, T. Terasawa, S. Torii, Y. Tsunesada, Y. Uchihori, E. Vannuccini, J. P. Wefel, K. Yamaoka, S. Yanagita, A. Yoshida, K. Yoshida, and W. V. Zober

Published
2023
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5. Direct Measurement of the Cosmic-Ray Helium Spectrum from 40 GeV to 250 TeV with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

Author

O. Adriani, Y. Akaike, K. Asano, Y. Asaoka, E. Berti, G. Bigongiari, W. R. Binns, M. Bongi, P. Brogi, A. Bruno, J. H. Buckley, N. Cannady, G. Castellini, C. Checchia, M. L. Cherry, G. Collazuol, G. A. de Nolfo, K. Ebisawa, A. W. Ficklin, H. Fuke, S. Gonzi, T. G. Guzik, T. Hams, K. Hibino, M. Ichimura, K. Ioka, W. Ishizaki, M. H. Israel, K. Kasahara, J. Kataoka, R. Kataoka, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, N. Kawanaka, Y. Kawakubo, K. Kobayashi, K. Kohri, H. S. Krawczynski, J. F. Krizmanic, P. Maestro, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. M. Messineo, J. W. Mitchell, S. Miyake, A. A. Moiseev, M. Mori, N. Mori, H. M. Motz, K. Munakata, S. Nakahira, J. Nishimura, S. Okuno, J. F. Ormes, S. Ozawa, L. Pacini, P. Papini, B. F. Rauch, S. B. Ricciarini, K. Sakai, T. Sakamoto, M. Sasaki, Y. Shimizu, A. Shiomi, P. Spillantini, F. Stolzi, S. Sugita, A. Sulaj, M. Takita, T. Tamura, T. Terasawa, S. Torii, Y. Tsunesada, Y. Uchihori, E. Vannuccini, J. P. Wefel, K. Yamaoka, S. Yanagita, A. Yoshida, K. Yoshida, and W. V. Zober

Published
2023
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6. States vs. Social Movements: Protests and State Repression in Asia

Author

Josephine Lukito, Zhe Cui, An Hu, Taeyoung Lee, and Joao V. S. Ozawa

Subjects
asia, political repression, propaganda, protests, social movements, Communication. Mass media, P87-96
Abstract

This study considers how governments use state-sponsored propaganda and state violence in tandem to repress social movements and, in so doing, exacerbate polarization. We specifically focus on cases in young and non-democracies in East and Southeast Asia: China and Hong Kong, the Free Papua Movement in Indonesia, and Myanmar’s more recent coup. Using a time series analysis, our analysis reveals a temporal relationship between state propaganda and violence; however, we do not find much evidence that these state actions Granger-cause social movement activities. The exception to this is in Myanmar, where we find that repressive state actions decrease activity in Facebook groups criticizing the Tatmadaw, which in turn increases offline protest activities.

Published
2022
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7. Cosmic-Ray Boron Flux Measured from 8.4 GeV/n to 3.8 TeV/n with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

Author

O. Adriani, Y. Akaike, K. Asano, Y. Asaoka, E. Berti, G. Bigongiari, W. R. Binns, M. Bongi, P. Brogi, A. Bruno, J. H. Buckley, N. Cannady, G. Castellini, C. Checchia, M. L. Cherry, G. Collazuol, G. A. de Nolfo, K. Ebisawa, A. W. Ficklin, H. Fuke, S. Gonzi, T. G. Guzik, T. Hams, K. Hibino, M. Ichimura, K. Ioka, W. Ishizaki, M. H. Israel, K. Kasahara, J. Kataoka, R. Kataoka, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, N. Kawanaka, Y. Kawakubo, K. Kobayashi, K. Kohri, H. S. Krawczynski, J. F. Krizmanic, P. Maestro, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. M. Messineo, J. W. Mitchell, S. Miyake, A. A. Moiseev, M. Mori, N. Mori, H. M. Motz, K. Munakata, S. Nakahira, J. Nishimura, S. Okuno, J. F. Ormes, S. Ozawa, L. Pacini, P. Papini, B. F. Rauch, S. B. Ricciarini, K. Sakai, T. Sakamoto, M. Sasaki, Y. Shimizu, A. Shiomi, P. Spillantini, F. Stolzi, S. Sugita, A. Sulaj, M. Takita, T. Tamura, T. Terasawa, S. Torii, Y. Tsunesada, Y. Uchihori, E. Vannuccini, J. P. Wefel, K. Yamaoka, S. Yanagita, A. Yoshida, K. Yoshida, and W. V. Zober

Published
2022
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8. Observation of Spectral Structures in the Flux of Cosmic-Ray Protons from 50 GeV to 60 TeV with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

Author

O. Adriani, Y. Akaike, K. Asano, Y. Asaoka, E. Berti, G. Bigongiari, W. R. Binns, M. Bongi, P. Brogi, A. Bruno, J. H. Buckley, N. Cannady, G. Castellini, C. Checchia, M. L. Cherry, G. Collazuol, K. Ebisawa, A. W. Ficklin, H. Fuke, S. Gonzi, T. G. Guzik, T. Hams, K. Hibino, M. Ichimura, K. Ioka, W. Ishizaki, M. H. Israel, K. Kasahara, J. Kataoka, R. Kataoka, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, N. Kawanaka, Y. Kawakubo, K. Kobayashi, K. Kohri, H. S. Krawczynski, J. F. Krizmanic, P. Maestro, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. M. Messineo, J. W. Mitchell, S. Miyake, A. A. Moiseev, M. Mori, N. Mori, H. M. Motz, K. Munakata, S. Nakahira, J. Nishimura, G. A. de Nolfo, S. Okuno, J. F. Ormes, S. Ozawa, L. Pacini, P. Papini, B. F. Rauch, S. B. Ricciarini, K. Sakai, T. Sakamoto, M. Sasaki, Y. Shimizu, A. Shiomi, P. Spillantini, F. Stolzi, S. Sugita, A. Sulaj, M. Takita, T. Tamura, T. Terasawa, S. Torii, Y. Tsunesada, Y. Uchihori, E. Vannuccini, J. P. Wefel, K. Yamaoka, S. Yanagita, A. Yoshida, K. Yoshida, and W. V. Zober

Published
2022
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9. CALET Search for Electromagnetic Counterparts of Gravitational Waves During the LIGO/Virgo O3 Run

Author

O Adriani, Y Akaike, K Asano, Y Asaoka, E Berti, G Bigongiari, W R Binns, M Bongi, P Brogi, A Bruno, J H Buckley, N Cannady, G Castellini, C Checchia, M L Cherry, G Collazuol, K Ebisawa, A W Ficklin, H Fuke, S Gonzi, T G Guzik, T Hams, K Hibino, M Ichimura, K Ioka, W Ishizak, M H Israel, K Kasahara, J Kataoka, R Kataoka, Y Katayose, C Kato, N Kawanaka, Y Kawakubo, K Kobayashi, K Kohri, H S Krawczynski, J F Krizmanic, P Maestro, P S Marrocches, A M Messineo, J W Mitchell, S Miyake, A A Moiseev, M Mori, N Mori, H M Motz, K Munakata, S Nakahira, J Nishimura, G A de Nolfo, S Okuno, J F Ormes, N Ospina, S Ozawa, L Pacini, P Papini, B F Rauch, S B Ricciarini, K Sakai, T Sakamoto, M Sasaki, Y Shimizu, A Shiomi, P Spillantini, F Stolzi, S Sugita, A Sulaj, M Takita, T Tamura, T Terasawa, S Torii, Y Tsunesada, Y Uchihori, E Vannuccini, J P Wefel, K Yamaoka, S Yanagita, A Yoshida, K Yoshida, and W V Zober

Subjects
Astronomy
Abstract

The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET)on the International Space Station consists of a high-energy cosmic-ray CALorimeter (CAL)and a lower-energy CALET Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (CGBM). CAL is sensitive to electrons up to 20 TeV, cosmic-ray nuclei from Z=1 throughZ∼40, and gamma rays over the range1 GeV–10 TeV. CGBM observes gamma rays from 7 keV to 20 MeV. The combined CAL-CGBM instrument has conducted a search for gamma-ray bursts (GRBs)since 2015 October. We report here on the results of a search for X-ray/gamma-ray counterparts to gravitational-wave events reported during the LIGO/Virgo observing run O3. No events have been detected that pass all acceptance criteria. We describe the components, performance, and triggering algorithms of the CGBM—the two Hard X-ray Monitors consisting of LaBr3(Ce)scintillators sensitive to 7 keV–1 MeV gamma rays and a Soft Gamma-ray Monitor BGO scintillator sensitive to 40 keV–20 MeV—and the high-energy CAL consisting of a charge detection module, imaging calorimeter, and the fully active total absorption calorimeter. The analysis procedure is described and upper limits to the time-averaged fluxes are presented.

Published
2022
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10. Direct Measurement of the Nickel Spectrum in Cosmic Rays in the Energy Range from 8.8 GeV/n to 240 GeV/n with CALET on the International Space Station

Author

O. Adriani, Y. Akaike, K. Asano, Y. Asaoka, E. Berti, G. Bigongiari, W. R. Binns, M. Bongi, P. Brogi, A. Bruno, J. H. Buckley, N. Cannady, G. Castellini, C. Checchia, M. L. Cherry, G. Collazuol, K. Ebisawa, A. W. Ficklin, H. Fuke, S. Gonzi, T. G. Guzik, T. Hams, K. Hibino, M. Ichimura, K. Ioka, W. Ishizaki, M. H. Israel, K. Kasahara, J. Kataoka, R. Kataoka, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, N. Kawanaka, Y. Kawakubo, K. Kobayashi, K. Kohri, H. S. Krawczynski, J. F. Krizmanic, P. Maestro, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. M. Messineo, J. W. Mitchell, S. Miyake, A. A. Moiseev, M. Mori, N. Mori, H. M. Motz, K. Munakata, S. Nakahira, J. Nishimura, G. A. de Nolfo, S. Okuno, J. F. Ormes, N. Ospina, S. Ozawa, L. Pacini, P. Papini, B. F. Rauch, S. B. Ricciarini, K. Sakai, T. Sakamoto, M. Sasaki, Y. Shimizu, A. Shiomi, P. Spillantini, F. Stolzi, S. Sugita, A. Sulaj, M. Takita, T. Tamura, T. Terasawa, S. Torii, Y. Tsunesada, Y. Uchihori, E. Vannuccini, J. P. Wefel, K. Yamaoka, S. Yanagita, A. Yoshida, K. Yoshida, and W. V. Zober

Published
2022
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11. Measurement of the Iron Spectrum in Cosmic Rays from 10 GeV/n to 2.0 TeV/n with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

Author

O. Adriani, Y. Akaike, K. Asano, Y. Asaoka, E. Berti, G. Bigongiari, W. R. Binns, M. Bongi, P. Brogi, A. Bruno, J. H. Buckley, N. Cannady, G. Castellini, C. Checchia, M. L. Cherry, G. Collazuol, K. Ebisawa, H. Fuke, S. Gonzi, T. G. Guzik, T. Hams, K. Hibino, M. Ichimura, K. Ioka, W. Ishizaki, M. H. Israel, K. Kasahara, J. Kataoka, R. Kataoka, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, N. Kawanaka, Y. Kawakubo, K. Kobayashi, K. Kohri, H. S. Krawczynski, J. F. Krizmanic, J. Link, P. Maestro, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. M. Messineo, J. W. Mitchell, S. Miyake, A. A. Moiseev, M. Mori, N. Mori, H. M. Motz, K. Munakata, S. Nakahira, J. Nishimura, G. A. de Nolfo, S. Okuno, J. F. Ormes, N. Ospina, S. Ozawa, L. Pacini, P. Papini, B. F. Rauch, S. B. Ricciarini, K. Sakai, T. Sakamoto, M. Sasaki, Y. Shimizu, A. Shiomi, P. Spillantini, F. Stolzi, S. Sugita, A. Sulaj, M. Takita, T. Tamura, T. Terasawa, S. Torii, Y. Tsunesada, Y. Uchihori, E. Vannuccini, J. P. Wefel, K. Yamaoka, S. Yanagita, A. Yoshida, and K. Yoshida

Published
2021
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12. Direct Measurement of the Cosmic-Ray Carbon and Oxygen Spectra from 10 GeV/n to 2.2 TeV/n with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

Author

O. Adriani, Y. Akaike, K. Asano, Y. Asaoka, M. G. Bagliesi, E. Berti, G. Bigongiari, W. R. Binns, M. Bongi, P. Brogi, A. Bruno, J. H. Buckley, N. Cannady, G. Castellini, C. Checchia, M. L. Cherry, G. Collazuol, K. Ebisawa, H. Fuke, S. Gonzi, T. G. Guzik, T. Hams, K. Hibino, M. Ichimura, K. Ioka, W. Ishizaki, M. H. Israel, K. Kasahara, J. Kataoka, R. Kataoka, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, N. Kawanaka, Y. Kawakubo, K. Kobayashi, K. Kohri, H. S. Krawczynski, J. F. Krizmanic, J. Link, P. Maestro, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. M. Messineo, J. W. Mitchell, S. Miyake, A. A. Moiseev, M. Mori, N. Mori, H. M. Motz, K. Munakata, S. Nakahira, J. Nishimura, G. A. De Nolfo, S. Okuno, J. F. Ormes, N. Ospina, S. Ozawa, L. Pacini, F. Palma, P. Papini, B. F. Rauch, S. B. Ricciarini, K. Sakai, T. Sakamoto, M. Sasaki, Y. Shimizu, A. Shiomi, R. Sparvoli, P. Spillantini, F. Stolzi, S. Sugita, J. E. Suh, A. Sulaj, M. Takita, T. Tamura, T. Terasawa, S. Torii, Y. Tsunesada, Y. Uchihori, E. Vannuccini, J. P. Wefel, K. Yamaoka, S. Yanagita, A. Yoshida, and K. Yoshida

Subjects
Astrophysics
Abstract

In this paper, we present the measurement of the energy spectra of carbon and oxygen in cosmic rays based on observations with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station from October 2015 to October 2019. Analysis, including the detailed assessment of systematic uncertainties, and results are reported. The energy spectra are measured in kinetic energy per nucleon from 10 GeV/n to 2.2 TeV/n with an all-calorimetric instrument with a total thickness corresponding to 1.3 nuclear interaction length. The observed carbon and oxygen fluxes show a spectral index change of ∼0.15 around 200 GeV/n established with a significance > 3σ. They have the same energy dependence with a constant C/O flux ratio 0.911 ± 0.006 above 25 GeV/n. The spectral hardening is consistent with that measured by AMS-02, but the absolute normalization of the flux is about 27% lower, though in agreement with observations from previous experiments including the PAMELA spectrometer and the calorimetric balloon-borne experiment CREAM.

Published
2020
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13. CALET on the International Space Station: the first three years of observations

Author

P Brogi, O Adriani, Y Akaike, K Asano, Y Asaoka, M G Bagliesi, E Berti, G Bigongiari, W R Binns, S Bonechi, M Bongi, A Bruno, J H Buckley, N Cannady, G Castellini, C Checchia, M L Cherry, G Collazuol, V Di Felice, K Ebisawa, H Fuke, T G Guzik, T Hams, K Hibino, M Ichimura, K Ioka, W Ishizaki, M H Israel, K Kasahara, J Kataoka, R Kataoka, Y Katayose, C Kato, N Kawanaka, Y Kawakubo, K Kohri, H S Krawczynski, J F Krizmanic, J Link, P Maestro, P S Marrocchesi, A M Messineo, J W Mitchell, S Miyake, A A Moiseev, M Mori, N. Mori, H M Motz, K Munakata, H Murakami, S Nakahira, J Nishimura, G A de Nolfo, S Okuno, J F Ormes, N Ospina, S Ozawa, L Pacini, F Palma, P Papini, B F Rauch, S B Ricciarini, K Saka, T Sakamoto, M Sasaki, Y Shimizu, A Shiomi, R Sparvoli, P Spillantini, F Stolzi, S Sugita, J E Suh, A Sulaj, I Takahashi, M Takita, T Tamura, T Terasawa, S Torii, Y Tsunesada, Y Uchihori, E Vannuccini, J P Wefel, K Yamaoka, S Yanagita, A Yoshida, and K Yoshida

Subjects
Instrumentation And Photography, Astrophysics
Abstract

The CALorimetric Electron Telescope CALET is a space instrument designed to carry out precision measurements of high energy cosmic-rays on the JEM-EF external platform on the International Space Station, where it has been collecting science data continuously since mid-October 2015. In addition to its primary goal of identifying nearby sources of high-energy electrons and possible signatures of dark matter in the electron spectrum, CALET is carrying out extensive measurements of the energy spectra, relative abundances and secondary-to-primary ratios of elements from proton to iron, and even above (up to Z = 40), studying the details of galactic particle propagation and acceleration. An overview of CALET based on the data taken during the first three years of observations is presented, including a direct measurement of the electron+positron energy spectrum from 11 GeV to 4.8 TeV. The proton spectrum has been measured from 50 GeV to 10 TeV covering, for the first time with a single space-borne instrument, the whole energy interval previously investigated in separate sub-ranges by magnetic spectrometers and calorimetric instruments. Preliminary spectra of cosmic-ray nuclei are also presented, together with gamma-ray observations and searches for an e.m. counterpart of LIGO/ Virgo GW events.

Published
2020
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14. CALET Results after Three Years on the International Space Station

Author

Y Asaoka, O Adriani, Y Akaike, K Asano, M G Bagliesi, E Berti, G Bigongiari, W R Binns, S Bonechi, M Bongi, A Bruno, J H Buckley, N Cannady, G Castellini, C Checchia, M L Cherry, G Collazuol, V Di Felice, K Ebisawa, H Fuke, T G Guzik, T Hams, K Hibino, M Ichimura, K Ioka, W Ishizaki, M H Israel, K Kasahara, J Kataoka, R Kataoka, Y Katayose, C Kato, N Kawanaka, Y Kawakubo, K Kohri, H S Krawczynski, J F Krizmanic, J Link, P Maestro, P S Marrocchesi, A M Messineo, J W Mitchell, S Miyake, A A Moiseev, M Mori, H M Motz, K Munakata, S Nakahira, J Nishimura, G A De Nolfo, S Okuno, N Opsina, J F Ormes, S Ozawa, L Pacini, F Palma, V Pal'shin, P Papini, B F Rauch, S B Ricciarini, K Sakai, T Sakamoto, M Sasaki, Y Shimizu, A Shiomi, R Sparvoli, P Spillantini, F Stolzi, S Sugita, J E Suh, A Sulaj, I Takahashi, M Takita, T Tamura, T Terasawa, S Torii, Y Tsunesada, Y Uchihori, E Vannuccini, J P Wefel, K Yamaoka, S Yanagita, A Yoshida, and K Yoshida

Subjects
Astronomy
Abstract

The CALET (CALorimetric Electron Telescope) space experiment, which is currently conducting direct cosmic-ray observations onboard the International Space Station (ISS), is an all-calorimetric instrument optimized for cosmic-ray electron measurements with capability to measure hadrons and gamma-rays. Since the start of observation in October 2015, smooth and continuous operations have taken place. In this paper, we will give a brief summary of the CALET observations ranging from charged cosmic rays, gamma-rays, to space weather, while focusing on the energy spectra of electrons and protons.

Published
2020
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15. Radiation Dose During Relativistic Electron Precipitation Events at the International Space Station

Author

H. Ueno, S. Nakahira, R. Kataoka, Y. Asaoka, S. Torii, S. Ozawa, H. Matsumoto, A Bruno, G A de Nolfo, G. Collazuol, and S.B. Ricciarini

Subjects
Space Sciences (General)
Abstract

We provide a quantitative estimate of the radiation dose during relativistic electron precipitation (REP) events at the International Space Station (ISS). To this goal, we take advantage of the data collected by the CALorimetric Electron Telescope, the Monitor of All‐sky X‐ray Image, and the Space Environment Data Acquisition equipment‐Attached Payload. The three ISS detectors offer complementary REP observations, including energy spectra and flux directional information, during a period of approximately 2.5 years, from November 2015 to March 2018. We have identified 762 REP events during this period from which we obtain the distribution of radiation dose, relevant to extravehicular activities outside the ISS.

Published
2019
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16. The energy spectrum of cosmic rays measured by the Telescope Array using 10 years of fluorescence detector data

Author

R.U. Abbasi, Y. Abe, T. Abu-Zayyad, M. Allen, Y. Arai, R. Arimura, E. Barcikowski, J.W. Belz, D.R. Bergman, S.A. Blake, I. Buckland, B.G. Cheon, M. Chikawa, A. Fedynitch, T. Fujii, K. Fujisue, K. Fujita, R. Fujiwara, M. Fukushima, G. Furlich, Z. Gerber, N. Globus, W. Hanlon, N. Hayashida, H. He, R. Hibi, K. Hibino, R. Higuchi, K. Honda, D. Ikeda, N. Inoue, T. Ishii, H. Ito, D. Ivanov, A. Iwasaki, H.M. Jeong, S. Jeong, C.C.H. Jui, K. Kadota, F. Kakimoto, O. Kalashev, K. Kasahara, S. Kasami, S. Kawakami, K. Kawata, I. Kharuk, E. Kido, H.B. Kim, J.H. Kim, S.W. Kim, Y. Kimura, I. Komae, K. Komori, Y. Kusumori, M. Kuznetsov, Y.J. Kwon, K.H. Lee, M.J. Lee, B. Lubsandorzhiev, J.P. Lundquist, T. Matsuyama, J.A. Matthews, J.N. Matthews, R. Mayta, K. Miyashita, K. Mizuno, M. Mori, M. Murakami, I. Myers, S. Nagataki, K. Nakai, T. Nakamura, E. Nishio, T. Nonaka, S. Ogio, H. Ohoka, N. Okazaki, Y. Oku, T. Okuda, Y. Omura, M. Onishi, M. Ono, A. Oshima, H. Oshima, S. Ozawa, I.H. Park, K.Y. Park, M. Potts, M.S. Pshirkov, J. Remington, D.C. Rodriguez, C. Rott, G.I. Rubtsov, D. Ryu, H. Sagawa, R. Saito, N. Sakaki, T. Sako, N. Sakurai, D. Sato, K. Sato, S. Sato, K. Sekino, P.D. Shah, N. Shibata, T. Shibata, J. Shikita, H. Shimodaira, B.K. Shin, H.S. Shin, D. Shinto, J.D. Smith, P. Sokolsky, B.T. Stokes, T.A. Stroman, Y. Takagi, K. Takahashi, M. Takamura, M. Takeda, R. Takeishi, A. Taketa, M. Takita, Y. Tameda, K. Tanaka, M. Tanaka, S.B. Thomas, G.B. Thomson, P. Tinyakov, I. Tkachev, H. Tokuno, T. Tomida, S. Troitsky, R. Tsuda, Y. Tsunesada, S. Udo, F. Urban, I.A. Vaiman, D. Warren, T. Wong, K. Yamazaki, K. Yashiro, F. Yoshida, Y. Zhezher, and Z. Zundel

Subjects
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Published
2023

17. Direct Measurement of the Cosmic-Ray Proton Spectrum from 50 GeV to 10 TeV with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

Author

O. Adriani, Y. Akaike, K. Asano, Y. Asaoka, M. G. Bagliesi, E. Berti, G. Bigongiari, W. R. Binns, S. Bonechi, M. Bongi, P. Brogi, A. Bruno, J. H. Buckley, N. Cannady, G. Castellini, C. Checchia, M. L. Cherry, G. Collazuol, V. Di Felice, K. Ebisawa, H. Fuke, T. G. Guzik, T. Hams, N. Hasebe, K. Hibino, M. Ichimura, K. Ioka, W. Ishizaki, M. H. Israel, K. Kasahara, J. Kataoka, R. Kataoka, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, N. Kawanaka, Y. Kawakubo, K. Kohri, H. S. Krawczynski, J. F. Krizmanic, T. Lomtadze, P. Maestro, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. M. Messineo, J. W. Mitchell, S. Miyake, A. A. Moiseev, K. Mori, M. Mori, N. Mori, H. M. Motz, K. Munakata, H. Murakami, S. Nakahira, J. Nishimura, G. A. de Nolfo, S. Okuno, J. F. Ormes, S. Ozawa, L. Pacini, F. Palma, P. Papini, A. V. Penacchioni, B. F. Rauch, S. B. Ricciarini, K. Sakai, T. Sakamoto, M. Sasaki, Y. Shimizu, A. Shiomi, R. Sparvoli, P. Spillantini, F. Stolzi, J. E. Suh, A. Sulaj, I. Takahashi, M. Takayanagi, M. Takita, T. Tamura, T. Terasawa, H. Tomida, S. Torii, Y. Tsunesada, Y. Uchihori, S. Ueno, E. Vannuccini, J. P. Wefel, K. Yamaoka, S. Yanagita, A. Yoshida, and K. Yoshida

Published
2019
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18. The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) on the International Space Station: Results from the First Two Years On Orbit

Author

Y Asaoka, O Adriani, Yosui Akaike, Katsuaki Asano, M G Bagliesi, E Berti, G Bigongiari, W R Binns, S Bonechi, M Bongi, A Bruno, Paolo Brogi, J H Buckley, N Cannady, G Castellini, C Checchia, M L Cherry, G Collazuol, V Di Felice, K Ebisawa, Hideyuki Fuke, T Gregory Guzik, T Hams, N Hasebe, K Hibino, M Ichimura, K Ioka, W Ishizaki, M H Israel, K Kasahara, J Kataoka, R Kataoka, Y Katayose, C Kato, N Kawanaka, Y Kawakubo, K Kohri, H S Krawczynski, John F Krizmanic, T Lomtadze, Paolo Maestro, P S Marrocchesi, A M Messineo, John W Mitchell, S Miyake, Alexander A Moiseev, K Mori, M Mori, N Mori, H M Motz, K Munakata, H Murakami, Satoshi Nakahira, J Nishimura, Georgia Adair De Nolfo, James O Okuno, J F Ormes, S Ozawa, L Pacini, F Palma, V Pal’shin, P Papini, A V Penacchioni, B F Rauch, S B Ricciarini, Kenichi Sakai, Takuma Sakamoto, M Sasaki, A Shiomi, R Sparvoli, P Spillantini, F Stolzi, S Sugita, J E Suh, A Sulaj, I Takahashi, M Takayanagi, M Takita, Takumi Tamura, N Tateyama, T Terasawa, H Tomida, S Torii, Yoshiki Tsunesada, Y Uchihori, S Ueno, E Vannuccini, J P Wefel, K Yamaoka, S Yanagita, A Yoshida, K Yoshida, and Y Shimizu

Subjects
Physics Of Elementary Particles And Fields
Abstract

The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) is a high-energy astroparticle physics space experiment installed on the International Space Station (ISS), developed and operated by Japan in collaboration with Italy and the United States. The CALET mission goals include the investigation of possible nearby sources of high-energy electrons, of the details of galactic particle acceleration and propagation, and of potential signatures of dark matter. CALET measures the cosmic-ray electron+positron flux up to 20 TeV, gamma-rays up to 10 TeV, and nuclei with Z=1 to 40 up to 1,000 TeV for the more abundant elements during a long-term observation aboard the ISS. Starting science operation in mid-October 2015, CALET performed continuous observation without major interruption with close to 20 million triggered events over 10 GeV per month. Based on the data taken during the �rst two-years, we present an overview of CALET observations: 1) Electron+positron energy spectrum, 2) Nuclei analysis, 3) Gamma-ray observation including a characterization of on-orbit performance. Results of the electromagnetic counterpart search for LIGO/Virgo gravitational wave events are discussed as well.

Published
2019
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19. Extended Measurement of the Cosmic-Ray Electron and Positron Spectrum from 11 GeV to 4.8 TeV with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

Author

O. Adriani, Y. Akaike, K. Asano, Y. Asaoka, M. G. Bagliesi, E. Berti, G. Bigongiari, W. R. Binns, S. Bonechi, M. Bongi, P. Brogi, J. H. Buckley, N. Cannady, G. Castellini, C. Checchia, M. L. Cherry, G. Collazuol, V. Di Felice, K. Ebisawa, H. Fuke, T. G. Guzik, T. Hams, M. Hareyama, N. Hasebe, K. Hibino, M. Ichimura, K. Ioka, W. Ishizaki, M. H. Israel, K. Kasahara, J. Kataoka, R. Kataoka, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, N. Kawanaka, Y. Kawakubo, K. Kohri, H. S. Krawczynski, J. F. Krizmanic, T. Lomtadze, P. Maestro, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. M. Messineo, J. W. Mitchell, S. Miyake, A. A. Moiseev, K. Mori, M. Mori, N. Mori, H. M. Motz, K. Munakata, H. Murakami, S. Nakahira, J. Nishimura, G. A. de Nolfo, S. Okuno, J. F. Ormes, S. Ozawa, L. Pacini, F. Palma, P. Papini, A. V. Penacchioni, B. F. Rauch, S. B. Ricciarini, K. Sakai, T. Sakamoto, M. Sasaki, Y. Shimizu, A. Shiomi, R. Sparvoli, P. Spillantini, F. Stolzi, J. E. Suh, A. Sulaj, I. Takahashi, M. Takayanagi, M. Takita, T. Tamura, N. Tateyama, T. Terasawa, H. Tomida, S. Torii, Y. Tsunesada, Y. Uchihori, S. Ueno, E. Vannuccini, J. P. Wefel, K. Yamaoka, S. Yanagita, A. Yoshida, and K. Yoshida

Published
2018
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20. CALET Search for electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational waves during the LIGO/Virgo O3 run

Author

O. Adriani, Y. Akaike, K. Asano, Y. Asaoka, E. Berti, G. Bigongiari, W. R. Binns, M. Bongi, P. Brogi, A. Bruno, J. H. Buckley, N. Cannady, G. Castellini, C. Checchia, M. L. Cherry, G. Collazuol, K. Ebisawa, A. W. Ficklin, H. Fuke, S. Gonzi, T. G. Guzik, T. Hams, K. Hibino, M. Ichimura, K. Ioka, W. Ishizaki, M. H. Israel, K. Kasahara, J. Kataoka, R. Kataoka, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, N. Kawanaka, Y. Kawakubo, K. Kobayashi, K. Kohri, H. S. Krawczynski, J. F. Krizmanic, P. Maestro, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. M. Messineo, J. W. Mitchell, S. Miyake, A. A. Moiseev, M. Mori, N. Mori, H. M. Motz, K. Munakata, S. Nakahira, J. Nishimura, G. A. de Nolfo, S. Okuno, J. F. Ormes, N. Ospina, S. Ozawa, L. Pacini, P. Papini, B. F. Rauch, S. B. Ricciarini, K. Sakai, T. Sakamoto, M. Sasaki, Y. Shimizu, A. Shiomi, P. Spillantini, F. Stolzi, S. Sugita, A. Sulaj, M. Takita, T. Tamura, T. Terasawa, S. Torii, Y. Tsunesada, Y. Uchihori, E. Vannuccini, J. P. Wefel, K. Yamaoka, S. Yanagita, A. Yoshida, K. Yoshida, and W. V. Zober

Subjects
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Gamma-ray astronomy Gamma-ray bursts Gravitational wave sources Gamma-ray transient sources, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) on the International Space Station (ISS) consists of a high-energy cosmic ray CALorimeter (CAL) and a lower-energy CALET Gamma ray Burst Monitor (CGBM). CAL is sensitive to electrons up to 20 TeV, cosmic ray nuclei from Z = 1 through Z $\sim$ 40, and gamma rays over the range 1 GeV - 10 TeV. CGBM observes gamma rays from 7 keV to 20 MeV. The combined CAL-CGBM instrument has conducted a search for gamma ray bursts (GRBs) since Oct. 2015. We report here on the results of a search for X-ray/gamma ray counterparts to gravitational wave events reported during the LIGO/Virgo observing run O3. No events have been detected that pass all acceptance criteria. We describe the components, performance, and triggering algorithms of the CGBM - the two Hard X-ray Monitors (HXM) consisting of LaBr$_{3}$(Ce) scintillators sensitive to 7 keV to 1 MeV gamma rays and a Soft Gamma ray Monitor (SGM) BGO scintillator sensitive to 40 keV to 20 MeV - and the high-energy CAL consisting of a CHarge-Detection module (CHD), IMaging Calorimeter (IMC), and fully active Total Absorption Calorimeter (TASC). The analysis procedure is described and upper limits to the time-averaged fluxes are presented., 27 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ

Published
2022

22. ПОИСК НЕЙТРИНО УЛЬТРАВЫСОКИХ ЭНЕРГИЙ ПО ДАННЫМ НАЗЕМНОЙ РЕШЕТКИ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТА TELESCOPE ARRAY

Author

Taka Tomida, J. Remington, Kenta Yashiro, Yasunori Saito, M. Abe, O. Kalashev, Jonathan Smith, Takeshi Okuda, Igor Tkachev, N. Inoue, M. Ohnishi, Federico R. Urban, Yuichiro Tameda, H. Oda, Akimichi Taketa, T. Suzawa, Naoaki Hayashida, Shingo Kawana, Yasuhiro H. Takahashi, John N. Matthews, Isaac Myers, Vladim Kuzmin, William Hanlon, Elliott Barcikowski, Seok Ho Jeong, K. Nagasawa, B. G. Cheon, Hidemi Ito, Fumiya Shibata, Zach Zundel, J. Yang, S. Kitamura, Dmitri Ivanov, Keijiro Mukai, R. Sahara, John Belz, Y. J. Kwon, Hideyuki Ohoka, Fumio Kakimoto, Toshiyuki Nonaka, Toshitsugu Fujii, Daisuke Ikeda, R. Ishimori, Yuta Tanoue, D. R. Bergman, S. R. Stratton, G. Furlich, Takaaki Ishii, Tiffany Wong, Hideki Tanaka, K. Kadota, Inkyu Park, Motoki Hayashi, Hisono Tokuno, T. K. Sako, J. P. Lundquist, D. C. Rodriguez, Ben Stokes, Toru Nakamura, K. Yamazaki, Hongsu Kim, S. B. Thomas, Masahiro Fukushima, S. Kawakami, K. Hibino, Pierre Sokolsky, Ryo Nakamura, K. H. Lee, Jihee Kim, T.-A. Shibata, Eiji Kido, M. V. Kuznetsov, Kazuhiro Machida, Hiroshi Yamaoka, Keitaro Fujita, M. Takeda, Shigehiro Nagataki, Yana Zhezher, Y. Uchihori, Kei Nakai, Kohei Yada, Gordon Thomson, Tom Stroman, Robert Cady, Kazuo Saito, Charlie Jui, BayarJon Paul Lubsandorzhiev, Hiroyuki Sagawa, Mayuko Minamino, Michiyuki Chikawa, K. Honda, Yasunori Kitamura, Grigory Rubtsov, Masaaki Tanaka, Kalen Martens, M. Takita, H. Yoshii, Bokkyun Shin, Koichi Sekino, Kiyoshi Tanaka, Maxim Pshirkov, Jyunsei Chiba, P. Tinyakov, Dongsu Ryu, Y. Omura, Mai Takamura, Y. Takagi, Samuel Blake, Shoichi Ogio, Priti Shah, Ryuji Takeishi, J. Ogura, M. Allen, K. Kasahara, Shoichi Kishigami, Akitoshi Oshima, Y. Tsunesada, Hideaki Shimodaira, Hyoming Jeong, Masaomi Ono, K. Tsutsumi, Rasha Abbasi, Tareq Abu-Zayyad, L. M. Scott, Y. Hayashi, K. Kawata, M. Yamamoto, Nobuyuki Sakurai, Ryota Onogi, J. H. Kim, A. Di Matteo, Ryota Fujiwara, R. Mayta, Heungsu Shin, Naoto Sakaki, Shigeharu Udo, R. Azuma, H. Kawai, T. Seki, T. Matsuyama, S. Ozawa, and Sergey Troitsky

Subjects
General Physics and Astronomy
Published
2020

23. Cosmic-Ray Boron Flux Measured from 8.4 GeV/n to 3.8 TeV/n with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

Author

O, Adriani, Y, Akaike, K, Asano, Y, Asaoka, E, Berti, G, Bigongiari, W R, Binns, M, Bongi, P, Brogi, A, Bruno, J H, Buckley, N, Cannady, G, Castellini, C, Checchia, M L, Cherry, G, Collazuol, G A, de Nolfo, K, Ebisawa, A W, Ficklin, H, Fuke, S, Gonzi, T G, Guzik, T, Hams, K, Hibino, M, Ichimura, K, Ioka, W, Ishizaki, M H, Israel, K, Kasahara, J, Kataoka, R, Kataoka, Y, Katayose, C, Kato, N, Kawanaka, Y, Kawakubo, K, Kobayashi, K, Kohri, H S, Krawczynski, J F, Krizmanic, P, Maestro, P S, Marrocchesi, A M, Messineo, J W, Mitchell, S, Miyake, A A, Moiseev, M, Mori, N, Mori, H M, Motz, K, Munakata, S, Nakahira, J, Nishimura, S, Okuno, J F, Ormes, S, Ozawa, L, Pacini, P, Papini, B F, Rauch, S B, Ricciarini, K, Sakai, T, Sakamoto, M, Sasaki, Y, Shimizu, A, Shiomi, P, Spillantini, F, Stolzi, S, Sugita, A, Sulaj, M, Takita, T, Tamura, T, Terasawa, S, Torii, Y, Tsunesada, Y, Uchihori, E, Vannuccini, J P, Wefel, K, Yamaoka, S, Yanagita, A, Yoshida, K, Yoshida, and W V, Zober

Abstract

We present the measurement of the energy dependence of the boron flux in cosmic rays and its ratio to the carbon flux in an energy interval from 8.4 GeV/n to 3.8 TeV/n based on the data collected by the Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) during ∼6.4 yr of operation on the International Space Station. An update of the energy spectrum of carbon is also presented with an increase in statistics over our previous measurement. The observed boron flux shows a spectral hardening at the same transition energy E_{0}∼200 GeV/n of the C spectrum, though B and C fluxes have different energy dependences. The spectral index of the B spectrum is found to be γ=-3.047±0.024 in the interval 25E200 GeV/n. The B spectrum hardens by Δγ_{B}=0.25±0.12, while the best fit value for the spectral variation of C is Δγ_{C}=0.19±0.03. The B/C flux ratio is compatible with a hardening of 0.09±0.05, though a single power-law energy dependence cannot be ruled out given the current statistical uncertainties. A break in the B/C ratio energy dependence would support the recent AMS-02 observations that secondary cosmic rays exhibit a stronger hardening than primary ones. We also perform a fit to the B/C ratio with a leaky-box model of the cosmic-ray propagation in the Galaxy in order to probe a possible residual value λ_{0} of the mean escape path length λ at high energy. We find that our B/C data are compatible with a nonzero value of λ_{0}, which can be interpreted as the column density of matter that cosmic rays cross within the acceleration region.

Published
2022

24. How Disinformation on WhatsApp Went From Campaign Weapon to Governmental Propaganda in Brazil

Author

Joao V. S. Ozawa, Samuel C. Woolley, Joseph Straubhaar, Martin J. Riedl, Katie Joseff, and Jacob Gursky

Subjects
Cultural Studies, Communication, Computer Science Applications
Abstract

The popular encrypted messaging and chat app WhatsApp played a key role in the election of Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro in 2018. The present study builds on this knowledge and showcases how the app continued to be used in a governmental operation spreading false and misleading information popularly known in Brazil as the Office of Hatred (OOH). By harnessing in-depth expert interviews with documentarians of the office’s daily operations—researchers, journalists, and fact-checkers ( N = 10)—this study draws up a chronology of the OOH. Via this methodological approach, we trace and chronologize events, actions, and actors associated with the OOH. Specifically, findings (a) document the rise of antipetismo and disinformation campaigns associated with attacks on the Brazilian Worker’s party from 2012 until the election of Bolsonaro in 2018, (b) describe the emergence of the OOH at the heels of the election and subsequent radicalization in WhatsApp groups, (c) provide an overview of the types of disinformation that are spread on the app by the OOH, and (d) illustrate how the OOH operates by mapping key actors and places, communicative strategies, and audiences. These findings are discussed in light of ramifications that government-sponsored forms of disinformation might have in other antidemocratic polities marked by strongman populist leadership.

Published
2023

26. Precise Measurement of Differential Cross Sections of the Σ^{-}p→Λn Reaction in Momentum Range 470-650 MeV/c

Author

K, Miwa, J K, Ahn, Y, Akazawa, T, Aramaki, S, Ashikaga, S, Callier, N, Chiga, S W, Choi, H, Ekawa, P, Evtoukhovitch, N, Fujioka, M, Fujita, T, Gogami, T, Harada, S, Hasegawa, S H, Hayakawa, R, Honda, S, Hoshino, K, Hosomi, M, Ichikawa, Y, Ichikawa, M, Ieiri, M, Ikeda, K, Imai, Y, Ishikawa, S, Ishimoto, W S, Jung, S, Kajikawa, H, Kanauchi, H, Kanda, T, Kitaoka, B M, Kang, H, Kawai, S H, Kim, K, Kobayashi, T, Koike, K, Matsuda, Y, Matsumoto, S, Nagao, R, Nagatomi, Y, Nakada, M, Nakagawa, I, Nakamura, T, Nanamura, M, Naruki, S, Ozawa, L, Raux, T G, Rogers, A, Sakaguchi, T, Sakao, H, Sako, S, Sato, T, Shiozaki, K, Shirotori, K N, Suzuki, S, Suzuki, M, Tabata, C D L, Taille, H, Takahashi, T, Takahashi, T N, Takahashi, H, Tamura, M, Tanaka, K, Tanida, Z, Tsamalaidze, M, Ukai, H, Umetsu, S, Wada, T O, Yamamoto, J, Yoshida, and K, Yoshimura

Abstract

The differential cross sections of the Σ^{-}p→Λn reaction were measured accurately for the Σ^{-} momentum (p_{Σ}) ranging from 470 to 650 MeV/c at the J-PARC Hadron Experimental Facility. Precise angular information about the Σ^{-}p→Λn reaction was obtained for the first time by detecting approximately 100 reaction events at each angular step of Δcosθ=0.1. The obtained differential cross sections show a slightly forward-peaking structure in the measured momentum regions. The cross sections integrated for -0.7≤cosθ≤1.0 were obtained as 22.5±0.68 [statistical error(stat.)] ±0.65 [systematic error(syst.)] mb and 15.8±0.83(stat)±0.52(syst) mb for 470p_{Σ}(MeV/c)550 and 550p_{Σ}(MeV/c)650, respectively. These results show a drastic improvement compared with past measurements of the hyperon-proton scattering experiments. They will play essential roles in updating the theoretical models of the baryon-baryon interactions.

Published
2021

27. Measurement of the differential cross sections of the Σ−p elastic scattering in momentum range 470 to 850 MeV/c

Author

Yudai Ichikawa, Toshiyuki Gogami, C. d. L. Taille, Z. Tsamalaidze, Manami Nakagawa, Mifuyu Ukai, S. H. Kim, S. Ishimoto, J. K. Ahn, Kazuhiro Suzuki, T. Shiozaki, Hitoshi Tamura, L. Raux, Hiroyuki Ekawa, Hitoshi Takahashi, S. Hoshino, S. Nagao, S. Callier, T. Nanamura, K. Miwa, Takeshi Koike, Y. Nakada, T. Harada, Masaharu Ieiri, T. Aramaki, M. Ikeda, H. Kawai, K. Tanida, M. Ichikawa, B. M. Kang, Kotaro Shirotori, Shoichi Hasegawa, R. Nagatomi, Kenichi Imai, Makoto Tabata, Masaaki Tanaka, S. Wada, Ryotaro Honda, Hiroyuki Sako, S. W. Choi, H. Umetsu, K. Matsuda, Petr Evtoukhovitch, Yuya Akazawa, Toshiyuki Takahashi, S. Ozawa, T. G. Rogers, H. Kanda, N. Fujioka, H. Kanauchi, S. Y. Suzuki, T. Kitaoka, Takashi Yamamoto, T. Takahashi, Y. Matsumoto, Junya Yoshida, Megumi Naruki, Atsushi Sakaguchi, Manami Fujita, Koji Yoshimura, T. Sakao, S. Ashikaga, S. H. Hayakawa, Kensuke Kobayashi, Yoshikazu Ishikawa, Nobuyuki Chiga, S. Kajikawa, Susumu Sato, I. Nakamura, Kenji Hosomi, and W. S. Jung

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Elastic scattering, Physics, Range (particle radiation), Momentum (technical analysis), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, 01 natural sciences, Differential (mathematics)
Published
2021

28. Investigating the Vela SNR's Emission of Electron Cosmic Rays with CALET at the International Space Station

Author

John F. Krizmanic, A. Sulaj, S. Miyake, P. Spillantini, Holger Motz, Y. Katayose, M. Takita, S. Sugita, Ryuho Kataoka, K. Kobayashi, W.V. Zober, O. Adriani, K. Ebisawa, Y. Tsunesada, Gabriele Bigongiari, Kazutaka Yamaoka, Kunihito Ioka, Eugenio Berti, A. Yoshida, J. P. Wefel, L. Pacini, J. F. Ormes, Michael Cherry, T. Sakamoto, A. A. Moiseev, M. Ichimura, Jason Link, Shoji Torii, A.W. Ficklin, Jun Kataoka, Yoichi Asaoka, Masaki Mori, Katsuaki Asano, Thomas Hams, S. Ozawa, P. S. Marrocchesi, John Mitchell, Jun Nishimura, Sandro Gonzi, Y. Akaike, M. H. Israel, F. Stolzi, Henric Krawczynski, Y. Shimizu, N. Ospina, H. Fuke, Paolo Brogi, K. Sakai, Chihiro Kato, Kazunori Kohri, M. Bongi, S. Okuno, A. Shiomi, N. Mori, Y. Uchihori, N. Cannady, K. Hibino, W. R. Binns, T. Tamura, M. Sasaki, G. Castellini, G. Collazuol, K. Kasahara, T. G. Guzik, J. H. Buckley, Shohei Yanagita, Satoshi Nakahira, Y. Kawakubo, A. Bruno, W. Ishizaki, Alberto Messineo, C. Checchia, S. B. Ricciarini, Kazuoki Munakata, P. Papini, E. Vannuccini, Toshio Terasawa, Kenji Yoshida, Paolo Maestro, G. A. de Nolfo, Norita Kawanaka, and Brian Rauch

Subjects
Physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Flux, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Electron, Vela, law.invention, Telescope, Supernova, Positron, Pulsar, law, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

The ISS-based Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) is directly measuring the energy spec- trum of electron+positron cosmic rays up to 20 TeV. Cosmic-ray electrons of TeV region energy are limited by energy loss to a propagation range of about 1 kpc, therefore the expected sources are a few nearby supernova remnants (SNR), with the Vela SNR dominating the spectrum. The latest spectrum measured by CALET in combination with the positron-only flux published by AMS-02 is fitted with a comprehensive model including nearby pulsars as the source of the positron excess. This model is extended to the TeV region by addition of the flux from the Vela SNR as calculated with DRAGON, with the integrated energy emitted in electron cosmic rays by the SNR as a variable scale factor. Exploring various scenarios for the time and energy dependence of the cosmic-ray release from Vela, under varied propagation conditions, best-fitting interpretations of the spectrum and upper limits on the emission of cosmic-ray electrons by Vela have been derived.

Published
2021

29. Measurement of the Iron Spectrum in Cosmic Rays from 10 GeV/n to 2.0 TeV/n with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

Author

Toshio Terasawa, Kazunori Kohri, Yoichi Asaoka, A. Bruno, Katsuaki Asano, Masato Takita, W. Ishizaki, Alberto Messineo, K. Kobayashi, Y. Shimizu, Kazutaka Yamaoka, M. Bongi, Paolo Maestro, Y. Tsunesada, Gabriele Bigongiari, Eugenio Berti, A. Yoshida, Satoshi Sugita, Ryuho Kataoka, N. Ospina, J. Link, A. A. Moiseev, Y. Kawakubo, Henric Krawczynski, F. Stolzi, Norita Kawanaka, Chihiro Kato, M. Sasaki, Kenji Yoshida, H. Fuke, Paolo Brogi, S. Ozawa, G. Castellini, O. Adriani, Shohei Yanagita, J. F. Ormes, Shoji Torii, Katsuaki Kasahara, Brian Rauch, Kunihito Ioka, Satoshi Nakahira, T. Tamura, K. Ebisawa, K. Hibino, W. R. Binns, Sandro Gonzi, M. Ichimura, S. Okuno, S. Miyake, M. H. Israel, Y. Katayose, P. Spillantini, Michael Cherry, J. P. Wefel, Yosui Akaike, Masaki Mori, C. Checchia, John Mitchell, Jun Kataoka, T. Sakamoto, Jun Nishimura, A. Shiomi, K. Sakai, Kazuoki Munakata, P. S. Marrocchesi, John F. Krizmanic, A. Sulaj, G. Collazuol, G. A. de Nolfo, N. Cannady, N. Mori, Y. Uchihori, Holger Motz, T. G. Guzik, J. H. Buckley, L. Pacini, S. B. Ricciarini, T. Hams, P. Papini, and E. Vannuccini

Subjects
Physics, Spectral index, Proton, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Physics and Astronomy, Cosmic ray, Kinetic energy, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Calorimeter, Telescope, Nuclear physics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Atomic number, 010306 general physics, Nucleon
Abstract

The Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET), in operation on the International Space Station since 2015, collected a large sample of cosmic-ray iron over a wide energy interval. In this Letter a measurement of the iron spectrum is presented in the range of kinetic energy per nucleon from 10 GeV/n to 2.0 TeV/n allowing the inclusion of iron in the list of elements studied with unprecedented precision by space-borne instruments. The measurement is based on observations carried out from January 2016 to May 2020. The CALET instrument can identify individual nuclear species via a measurement of their electric charge with a dynamic range extending far beyond iron (up to atomic number Z=40). The energy is measured by a homogeneous calorimeter with a total equivalent thickness of 1.2 proton interaction lengths preceded by a thin (3 radiation lengths) imaging section providing tracking and energy sampling. The analysis of the data and the detailed assessment of systematic uncertainties are described and results are compared with the findings of previous experiments. The observed differential spectrum is consistent within the errors with previous experiments. In the region from 50 GeV/n to 2 TeV/n our present data are compatible with a single power law with spectral index -2.60±0.03.

Published
2021

31. Measurement of the Gamma-Ray Energy Spectrum beyond 100 TeV from the HESS J1843–033 Region

Author

M. Amenomori, S. Asano, Y. W. Bao, X. J. Bi, D. Chen, T. L. Chen, W. Y. Chen, Xu Chen, Y. Chen, null Cirennima, S. W. Cui, null Danzengluobu, L. K. Ding, J. H. Fang, K. Fang, C. F. Feng, Zhaoyang Feng, Z. Y. Feng, Qi Gao, A. Gomi, Q. B. Gou, Y. Q. Guo, Y. Y. Guo, H. H. He, Z. T. He, K. Hibino, N. Hotta, Haibing Hu, H. B. Hu, K. Y. Hu, J. Huang, H. Y. Jia, L. Jiang, P. Jiang, H. B. Jin, K. Kasahara, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, S. Kato, T. Kawashima, K. Kawata, M. Kozai, D. Kurashige, null Labaciren, G. M. Le, A. F. Li, H. J. Li, W. J. Li, Y. Li, Y. H. Lin, B. Liu, C. Liu, J. S. Liu, L. Y. Liu, M. Y. Liu, W. Liu, X. L. Liu, Y.-Q. Lou, H. Lu, X. R. Meng, Y. Meng, K. Munakata, K. Nagaya, Y. Nakamura, Y. Nakazawa, H. Nanjo, C. C. Ning, M. Nishizawa, M. Ohnishi, S. Okukawa, S. Ozawa, L. Qian, X. Qian, X. L. Qian, X. B. Qu, T. Saito, Y. Sakakibara, M. Sakata, T. Sako, T. K. Sako, J. Shao, M. Shibata, A. Shiomi, H. Sugimoto, W. Takano, M. Takita, Y. H. Tan, N. Tateyama, S. Torii, H. Tsuchiya, S. Udo, H. Wang, Y. P. Wang, null Wangdui, H. R. Wu, Q. Wu, J. L. Xu, L. Xue, Z. Yang, Y. Q. Yao, J. Yin, Y. Yokoe, N. P. Yu, A. F. Yuan, L. M. Zhai, C. P. Zhang, H. M. Zhang, J. L. Zhang, X. Zhang, X. Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Yi Zhang, Ying Zhang, S. P. Zhao, null Zhaxisangzhu, and X. X. Zhou

Subjects
Space and Planetary Science, Astronomy and Astrophysics
Abstract

HESS J1843–033 is a very high energy gamma-ray source whose origin remains unidentified. This work presents, for the first time, the energy spectrum of gamma rays beyond 100 TeV from the HESS J1843–033 region using the data recorded by the Tibet air shower array and its underground muon detector array. A gamma-ray source with an extension of 0.°34 ± 0.°12 is successfully detected above 25 TeV at (α, δ) = (281.°09 ± 0.°10, −3.°76 ± 0.°09) near HESS J1843–033 with a statistical significance of 6.2σ, and the source is named TASG J1844–038. The position of TASG J1844–038 is consistent with those of HESS J1843–033, eHWC J1842–035, and LHAASO J1843–0338. The measured gamma-ray energy spectrum in 25 TeV < E < 130 TeV is described with dN / dE = ( 9.70 ± 1.89 ) × 10 − 16 (E/40 TeV)−3.26±0.30 TeV−1 cm−2 s−1, and the spectral fit to the combined spectra of HESS J1843–033, LHAASO J1843–0338, and TASG J1844–038 implies the existence of a cutoff at 49.5 ± 9.0 TeV. Associations of TASG J1844–038 with SNR G28.6–0.1 and PSR J1844–0346 are also discussed in detail for the first time.

Published
2022

32. First Detection of sub-PeV Diffuse Gamma Rays from the Galactic Disk: Evidence for Ubiquitous Galactic Cosmic Rays beyond PeV Energies

Author

Takashi Sako, X. R. Meng, X. L. Qian, Zhaoyang Feng, K. Kawata, Zicai Yang, L. Xue, Haibing Hu, Hong-peng Lu, Yu-Lei Chen, N. Tateyama, Harufumi Tsuchiya, Z. T. He, X. Y. Zhang, Minghui Liu, msub, W. J. Li, Y. Zhang, T. L. Chen, M. Amenomori, W. Y. Chen, A. Shiomi, K. Fang, M. Sakata, M. Shibata, Gui-Ming Le, H. M. Zhang, X. X. Zhou, Qi Gao, A. F. Yuan, M. Ohnishi, S. Ozawa, H. Sugimoto, Masaki Nishizawa, Y. H. Lin, Cirennima, S. Udo, mrow, T. Ohura, L. K. Ding, C. F. Feng, L. M. Zhai, Ang Li, X. J. Bi, Y. Ko, L. L. Jiang, Yongjun Bao, Y. Nakamura, Z. Y. Feng, H. B. Hu, H. Y. Jia, Masayoshi Kozai, Yang Guo, H. B. Jin, Jian Huang, Jia Zhang, Labaciren, Shoji Torii, Y. Q. Guo, Y. H. Tan, Zhaxisangzhu, Y. Yokoe, Huaguang Wang, H. J. Li, Donghong Chen, Y. Q. Lou, H. R. Wu, H. H. He, Shi-Ping Zhao, Q. B. Gou, Masato Takita, Chihiro Kato, K. Hibino, mrow> γ, Yi Zhang, J. Fang, C. X. Liu, J. S. Liu, Wenwei Liu, Y. Yamamoto, H. Nakada, H. Nanjo, Ying Zhang, S. W. Cui, X. B. Qu, B. Liu, W. Kihara, J. Shao, To. Saito, Danzengluobu, Katsuaki Kasahara, Y. Katayose, Xu Chen, Shigeaki Kato, Xiang Zhang, N. Hotta, Kazuoki Munakata, and W. Takano

Subjects
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Hadron, Gamma ray, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Galaxy, Interstellar medium, 0103 physical sciences, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Disc, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, 010306 general physics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

We report, for the first time, the long-awaited detection of diffuse gamma rays with energies between 100 TeV and 1 PeV in the Galactic disk. Particularly, all gamma rays above 398 TeV are observed apart from known TeV gamma-ray sources and compatible with expectations from the hadronic emission scenario in which gamma rays originate from the decay of $\pi^0$'s produced through the interaction of protons with the interstellar medium in the Galaxy. This is strong evidence that cosmic rays are accelerated beyond PeV energies in our Galaxy and spread over the Galactic disk., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Physical Review Letters

Published
2021

33. J-PARC E07: Systematic Study of Double Strangeness System with Hybrid Emulsion Method

Author

Megumi Naruki, R. Kiuchi, Kazuya Watanabe, S. H. Hwang, A. Koshikawa, Y. Sasaki, J. W. Lee, K. Ito, A. Iskendir, Yuki Sato, A. N. L. Nyaw, T. Nanamura, T. Takeda, Shoichi Hasegawa, S. Y. Matsumoto, Junya Yoshida, Yuki Fujikawa, M. Ichikawa, Masahiro Yoshimoto, Manabu Moritsu, Takayoshi Kawai, Hiroki Ito, K. Miwa, Hitoshi Takahashi, Y. Ogura, Hiroyuki Ekawa, C. S. Yoon, K. Imai, K. Inaba, D. H. Zhang, H. Kanauchi, W. S. Jung, Yoshiro Takahashi, Hitoshi Sugimura, Kazuma Nakazawa, T. Hashimoto, Manami Fujita, J. Y. Sohn, Jihwa Lee, Shunsuke Kanatsuki, K. Tanida, H. Sako, T. L. Ma, T. Hayakawa, A. T. Moe, M. Hirose, S. Kinbara, D. Nakashima, M. H. Kim, K. Oue, Y. Nakada, T. J. Moon, M. Minakawa, Myint Kyaw Soe, T. Takahashi, K. Agari, E. Umezaki, Toyoki Watabe, Seongbae Yang, S. Ashikaga, Y. C. Han, Yoshikazu Ishikawa, Mifuyu Ukai, M. Ohashi, Masaharu Ieiri, Kazuhiro Suzuki, Aye Moh Moh Theint, Kensuke Kobayashi, M. M. Soe, K. Hosomi, Manami Nakagawa, K. Hicks, S. Hoshino, Kotaro Shirotori, Yuya Akazawa, S. Y. Ryu, S. H. Kim, E. Hayata, B. Bassalleck, A. Kasagi, Z. Zhang, J. K. Ahn, J. Pochodzalla, Khin Than Tint, Shuhei Hayakawa, T. O. Yamamoto, Takeshi Koike, Y. Toyama, S. Sato, S. Ozawa, N. Fujioka, Ryotaro Honda, Yoko Endo, Y. Ichikawa, T. Akaishi, K. Hoshino, Erina Hirose, S. Bleser, Y. Nagase, Hitoshi Tamura, F. Schupp, Hidetaka Kobayashi, and R. Goto

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Physics, Emulsion, J-PARC, Strangeness
Published
2021

34. Observation of Coulomb-Assisted Nuclear Bound State of Ξ−–N14 System

Author

S. Bleser, Hitoshi Sugimura, S H Hayakawa, T. Takeda, T. L. Ma, H. Kanauchi, D. H. Zhang, Junya Yoshida, T. Hayakawa, Z. Zhang, Khin Than Tint, M. Minakawa, M. H. Kim, M. Hirose, T. J. Moon, S. Y. Matsumoto, R. Kiuchi, T. Takahashi, Manami Nakagawa, E. Hayata, Jihwa Lee, Y. Nakada, Hitoshi Tamura, F. Schupp, Hidetaka Kobayashi, Hiroyuki Ekawa, K. Agari, Yudai Ichikawa, M. Ohashi, Kotaro Shirotori, Yoko Endo, B. Bassalleck, A. Kasagi, Satoshi Sato, R. Goto, E. Umezaki, K. Ito, Manabu Moritsu, S. Ashikaga, Yuya Akazawa, Masahiro Yoshimoto, Yoshikazu Ishikawa, K. Miwa, Hiroyuki Sako, Yuki Fujikawa, M. Ichikawa, J. Pochodzalla, S. Y. Ryu, A. T. Moe, Kenichi Imai, Hiroki Ito, Kazuya Watanabe, Takashi Yamamoto, S. H. Hwang, K. Inaba, S. Ozawa, N. Fujioka, S. H. Kim, Hitoshi Takahashi, Erina Hirose, Shoichi Hasegawa, Y. Nagase, R Honda, Seongbae Yang, K. Hicks, S. Hoshino, T. Hashimoto, J. Y. Sohn, T. Akaishi, Yuki Sato, A. N. L. Nyaw, T. Nanamura, Shunsuke Kanatsuki, Y. Toyama, Aye Moh Moh Theint, M. M. Soe, Myint Kyaw Soe, Takeshi Koike, Y Han, J. K. Ahn, Kenji Hosomi, Kensuke Kobayashi, S. Kinbara, K. Hoshino, Megumi Naruki, A. Koshikawa, K. Tanida, C. S. Yoon, Manami Fujita, D. Nakashima, K. Oue, Toyoki Watabe, W. S. Jung, Kazuma Nakazawa, Takayoshi Kawai, Y. Ogura, Mifuyu Ukai, and Kazuhiro Suzuki

Subjects
Physics, Binding energy, Hyperon, General Physics and Astronomy, State (functional analysis), Coupling (probability), 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Bound state, Coulomb, Absorption (logic), Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

In an emulsion-counter hybrid experiment performed at J-PARC, a Ξ^{-} absorption event was observed which decayed into twin single-Λ hypernuclei. Kinematic calculations enabled a unique identification of the reaction process as Ξ^{-}+^{14}N→_{Λ}^{10}Be+_{Λ}^{5}He. For the binding energy of the Ξ^{-} hyperon in the Ξ^{-}-^{14}N system a value of 1.27±0.21 MeV was deduced. The energy level of Ξ^{-} is likely a nuclear 1p state which indicates a weak ΞN-ΛΛ coupling.

Published
2021

35. Gamma-Ray Observation of the Cygnus Region in the 100-TeV Energy Region

Author

Lihe Qian, H. H. He, Shi-Ping Zhao, Jia Zhang, J. Fang, Xi Liu, Yun-Hui Li, Donghong Chen, Y. Yamamoto, Q. Wu, J. S. Liu, mrow, H. M. Zhang, W. Takano, Wangdui, T. Ohura, X. X. Zhou, Takashi Sako, Ang Li, H. Sugimoto, L. K. Ding, H. Nakada, Z. Y. Feng, Huaguang Wang, Y. Yokoe, S. Ozawa, T. K. Sako, J. H. Yin, A. F. Yuan, H. Nanjo, N. P. Yu, X. L. Qian, Z. T. He, Kun Fang, Shoji Torii, C. C. Ning, M. Sakata, X. B. Qu, Peng Jiang, Y. H. Lin, T. L. Chen, X. R. Meng, Jian Huang, Gui-Ming Le, Y. P. Wang, Zhaxisangzhu, mrow> γ, Yu-Lei Chen, Yi Zhang, Zhaoyang Feng, Yongjun Bao, D. Kurashige, S. Okukawa, Chihiro Kato, L. Xue, Xiao-Feng Qian, Jun Xu, W. Y. Chen, Labaciren, Y. Q. Guo, H. B. Hu, Haibing Hu, Zicai Yang, Hong-peng Lu, N. Hotta, C. X. Liu, Wenwei Liu, H. J. Li, Y. Q. Lou, H. R. Wu, X. Y. Zhang, Minghui Liu, Masayoshi Kozai, msub, W. J. Li, Q. B. Gou, Y. Zhang, Masato Takita, A. Shiomi, M. Ohnishi, M. Shibata, N. Tateyama, Cirennima, Y. H. Tan, K. Kawata, S. Udo, M. Amenomori, H. B. Jin, Liyu Liu, Harufumi Tsuchiya, Masaki Nishizawa, Chuang Zhang, A. Gomi, C. F. Feng, Kazuoki Munakata, X. J. Bi, Ying Zhang, L. L. Jiang, S. W. Cui, Qi Gao, L. M. Zhai, Yang Guo, K. Hibino, B. Liu, Danzengluobu, Y. Q. Yao, J. Shao, H. Y. Jia, Y. Katayose, Shigeaki Kato, To. Saito, Katsuaki Kasahara, Xu Chen, Y. Nakazawa, Yoshimichi Nakamura, and Xiang Zhang

Subjects
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Gamma ray, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Centroid, Astrophysics, Pulsar wind nebula, Galaxy, Particle acceleration, Pulsar, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

We report observations of gamma-ray emissions with energies in the 100 TeV energy region from the Cygnus region in our Galaxy. Two sources are significantly detected in the directions of the Cygnus OB1 and OB2 associations. Based on their positional coincidences, we associate one with a pulsar PSR J2032+4127 and the other mainly with a pulsar wind nebula PWN G75.2+0.1 with the pulsar moving away from its original birthplace situated around the centroid of the observed gamma-ray emission. This work would stimulate further studies of particle acceleration mechanisms at these gamma-ray sources., Accepted for publication in the Physical Review Letters

Published
2021

36. Potential PeVatron supernova remnant G106.3+2.7 seen in the highest-energy gamma rays

Author

Yu-Lei Chen, Y. Yamamoto, N. Hotta, X. L. Qian, Hsiao-Chi Lu, Jian Huang, J. Shao, M. Shibata, H. Nakada, Masaki Nishizawa, X. J. Bi, M. Takita, Yi Zhang, Q. B. Gou, C. F. Feng, Y. Ko, L. Xue, Xu Chen, Yongjun Bao, J. S. Liu, L. L. Jiang, Kun Fang, Zicai Yang, Huaguang Wang, T. Ohura, Kazuoki Munakata, L. K. Ding, Haibing Hu, K. Kasahara, W. J. Li, Y. Yokoe, W. Takano, W. Kihara, Xuan Zhang, Labaciren, H. H. He, K. Kawata, Ying Zhang, Z. Y. Feng, B. Liu, Shi-Ping Zhao, W. Y. Chen, S. Ozawa, Jia Zhang, S. Torii, Y. Zhang, H. Nanjo, S. W. Cui, Takeshi Saito, J. Fang, A. Shiomi, Donghong Chen, Qi Gao, M. Amenomori, L. M. Zhai, Yang Guo, H. M. Zhang, X. X. Zhou, Z. T. He, H. Sugimoto, Danzengluobu, Y. H. Tan, Y. Q. Guo, T. L. Chen, Chihiro Kato, H. Y. Jia, H. J. Li, Y. Q. Lou, H. R. Wu, H. B. Jin, C. X. Liu, Wenwei Liu, M. Ohnishi, A. F. Yuan, Cirennima, S. Udo, Y. Katayose, Shigeaki Kato, Y. Nakamura, N. Tateyama, Harufumi Tsuchiya, M. Sakata, Gui-Ming Le, H. B. Hu, Masayoshi Kozai, Y. H. Lin, K. Hibino, Ang Li, X. B. Qu, X. R. Meng, Zhaoyang Feng, Zhaxisangzhu, T. K. Sako, X. Y. Zhang, and Minghui Liu

Subjects
Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Gamma ray, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, Electron, Synchrotron, law.invention, Particle acceleration, Pulsar, law, Atomic nucleus, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Supernova remnant, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

Cosmic rays (protons and other atomic nuclei) are believed to gain energies of petaelectronvolts (PeV) and beyond at astrophysical particle accelerators called 'PeVatrons' inside our Galaxy. Although a characteristic feature of a PeVatron is expected to be a hard gamma-ray energy spectrum that extends beyond 100 teraelectronvolts (TeV) without a cutoff, none of the currently known sources exhibits such a spectrum due to the low maximum energy of accelerated cosmic rays or insufficient detector sensitivity around 100 TeV. Here we report the observation of gamma-ray emission from the supernova remnant G106.3+2.7 above 10 TeV. This work provides flux data points up to and above 100 TeV and indicates that the very-high-energy gamma-ray emission above 10 TeV is well correlated with a molecular cloud rather than the pulsar PSR J2229+6114. Regarding the gamma-ray emission mechanism of G106.3+2.7, this morphological feature appears to favor a hadronic origin via the {\pi}0 decay caused by accelerated relativistic protons over a leptonic one via the inverse-Compton scattering by relativistic electrons. Furthermore, we point out that an X-ray flux upper limit on the synchrotron spectrum would provide important information to firmly establish the hadronic scenario as the mechanism of particle acceleration at the source., Comment: Published in Nature Astronomy

Published
2021
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37. Measurement of the Iron Spectrum in Cosmic Rays from 10 GeV$/n$ to 2.0 TeV$/n$ with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

Author

O, Adriani, Y, Akaike, K, Asano, Y, Asaoka, E, Berti, G, Bigongiari, W R, Binns, M, Bongi, P, Brogi, A, Bruno, J H, Buckley, N, Cannady, G, Castellini, C, Checchia, M L, Cherry, G, Collazuol, K, Ebisawa, H, Fuke, S, Gonzi, T G, Guzik, T, Hams, K, Hibino, M, Ichimura, K, Ioka, W, Ishizaki, M H, Israel, K, Kasahara, J, Kataoka, R, Kataoka, Y, Katayose, C, Kato, N, Kawanaka, Y, Kawakubo, K, Kobayashi, K, Kohri, H S, Krawczynski, J F, Krizmanic, J, Link, P, Maestro, P S, Marrocchesi, A M, Messineo, J W, Mitchell, S, Miyake, A A, Moiseev, M, Mori, N, Mori, H M, Motz, K, Munakata, S, Nakahira, J, Nishimura, G A, de Nolfo, S, Okuno, J F, Ormes, N, Ospina, S, Ozawa, L, Pacini, P, Papini, B F, Rauch, S B, Ricciarini, K, Sakai, T, Sakamoto, M, Sasaki, Y, Shimizu, A, Shiomi, P, Spillantini, F, Stolzi, S, Sugita, A, Sulaj, M, Takita, T, Tamura, T, Terasawa, S, Torii, Y, Tsunesada, Y, Uchihori, E, Vannuccini, J P, Wefel, K, Yamaoka, S, Yanagita, A, Yoshida, and K, Yoshida

Subjects
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Cosmic ray acceleration Cosmic ray composition and spectra Cosmic ray propagation Cosmic ray sources Cosmic rays and astroparticles, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Cosmic rays
Abstract

The Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET), in operation on the International Space Station since 2015, collected a large sample of cosmic-ray iron over a wide energy interval. In this Letter a measurement of the iron spectrum is presented in the range of kinetic energy per nucleon from 10 GeV$/n$ to 2.0 TeV$/n$ allowing the inclusion of iron in the list of elements studied with unprecedented precision by space-borne instruments. The measurement is based on observations carried out from January 2016 to May 2020. The CALET instrument can identify individual nuclear species via a measurement of their electric charge with a dynamic range extending far beyond iron (up to atomic number $Z$ = 40). The energy is measured by a homogeneous calorimeter with a total equivalent thickness of 1.2 proton interaction lengths preceded by a thin (3 radiation lengths) imaging section providing tracking and energy sampling. The analysis of the data and the detailed assessment of systematic uncertainties are described and results are compared with the findings of previous experiments. The observed differential spectrum is consistent within the errors with previous experiments. In the region from 50 GeV$/n$ to 2 TeV$/n$ our present data are compatible with a single power law with spectral index -2.60 $\pm$ 0.03., Comment: main text: 7 pages, 4 figures; supplemental material: 10 pages, 12 figures, 1 table. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2012.10319

Published
2021
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38. Observation of Variations in Cosmic Ray Single Count Rates During Thunderstorms and Implications for Large-Scale Electric Field Changes

Author

R. U. Abbasi, T. Abu-Zayyad, M. Allen, Y. Arai, R. Arimura, E. Barcikowski, J. W. Belz, D. R. Bergman, S. A. Blake, I. Buckland, R. Cady, B. G. Cheon, J. Chiba, M. Chikawa, T. Fujii, K. Fujisue, K. Fujita, R. Fujiwara, M. Fukushima, R. Fukushima, G. Furlich, N. Globus, R. Gonzalez, W. Hanlon, M. Hayashi, N. Hayashida, K. Hibino, R. Higuchi, K. Honda, N. Husseini, D. Ikeda, T. Inadomi, N. Inoue, T. Ishii, H. Ito, D. Ivanov, H. Iwakura, A. Iwasaki, H. M. Jeong, S. Jeong, H. Johnson, C. C. H. Jui, K. Kadota, F. Kakimoto, O. Kalashev, K. Kasahara, S. Kasami, H. Kawai, S. Kawakami, S. Kawana, K. Kawata, I. Kharuk, E. Kido, H. B. Kim, J. H. Kim, M. H. Kim, S. W. Kim, Y. Kimura, S. Kishigami, Y. Kubota, S. Kurisu, V. Kuzmin, M. Kuznetsov, Y. J. Kwon, K. H. Lee, R. LeVon, B. Lubsandorzhiev, J. P. Lundquist, K. Machida, H. Matsumiya, T. Matsuyama, J. N. Matthews, R. Mayta, J. Mazich, M. Minamino, K. Mukai, I. Myers, P. Myers, S. Nagataki, K. Nakai, R. Nakamura, T. Nakamura, Y. Nakamura, A. Nakazawa, E. Nishio, T. Nonaka, K. O’Brien, H. Oda, S. Ogio, M. Ohnishi, H. Ohoka, Y. Oku, T. Okuda, Y. Omura, M. Ono, R. Onogi, A. Oshima, S. Ozawa, I. H. Park, M. Potts, M. S. Pshirkov, J. Remington, D. C. Rodriguez, G. I. Rubtsov, D. Ryu, H. Sagawa, R. Sahara, Y. Saito, N. Sakaki, T. Sako, N. Sakurai, K. Sano, K. Sato, T. Seki, K. Sekino, P. D. Shah, Y. Shibasaki, F. Shibata, N. Shibata, T. Shibata, H. Shimodaira, B. K. Shin, H. S. Shin, D. Shinto, J. D. Smith, P. Sokolsky, N. Sone, B. T. Stokes, T. A. Stroman, Y. Takagi, Y. Takahashi, M. Takamura, M. Takeda, R. Takeishi, A. Taketa, M. Takita, Y. Tameda, H. Tanaka, K. Tanaka, M. Tanaka, Y. Tanoue, S. B. Thomas, G. B. Thomson, P. Tinyakov, I. Tkachev, H. Tokuno, T. Tomida, S. Troitsky, R. Tsuda, Y. Tsunesada, Y. Uchihori, S. Udo, T. Uehama, F. Urban, T. Wong, M. Yamamoto, K. Yamazaki, J. Yang, K. Yashiro, F. Yoshida, Y. Yoshioka, Y. Zhezher, and Z. Zundel

Subjects
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics - Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (physics.ao-ph), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

We present the first observation by the Telescope Array Surface Detector (TASD) of the effect of thunderstorms on the development of cosmic ray single count rate intensity over a 700 km$^{2}$ area. Observations of variations in the secondary low-energy cosmic ray counting rate, using the TASD, allow us to study the electric field inside thunderstorms, on a large scale, as it progresses on top of the 700 km$^{2}$ detector, without dealing with the limitation of narrow exposure in time and space using balloons and aircraft detectors. In this work, variations in the cosmic ray intensity (single count rate) using the TASD, were studied and found to be on average at the $\sim(0.5-1)\%$ and up to 2\% level. These observations were found to be both in excess and in deficit. They were also found to be correlated with lightning in addition to thunderstorms. These variations lasted for tens of minutes; their footprint on the ground ranged from 6 to 24 km in diameter and moved in the same direction as the thunderstorm. With the use of simple electric field models inside the cloud and between cloud to ground, the observed variations in the cosmic ray single count rate were recreated using CORSIKA simulations. Depending on the electric field model used and the direction of the electric field in that model, the electric field magnitude that reproduces the observed low-energy cosmic ray single count rate variations was found to be approximately between 0.2-0.4 GV. This in turn allows us to get a reasonable insight on the electric field and its effect on cosmic ray air showers inside thunderstorms.

Published
2021
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39. Direct Measurement of the Cosmic-Ray Carbon and Oxygen Spectra from 10 GeV/n to 2.2 TeV/n with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

Author

Toshio Terasawa, Satoshi Sugita, L. Pacini, Ryuho Kataoka, W. Ishizaki, N. Mori, Y. Uchihori, Alberto Messineo, K. Ebisawa, N. Ospina, H. Fuke, Katsuaki Asano, P. Spillantini, Michael Cherry, Yosui Akaike, Norita Kawanaka, Masaki Mori, R. Sparvoli, Shoji Torii, F. Palma, T. Hams, S. B. Ricciarini, Maria Grazia Bagliesi, Chihiro Kato, P. Papini, E. Vannuccini, A. Bruno, T. Sakamoto, Sandro Gonzi, M. H. Israel, T. Tamura, J. E. Suh, Kazunori Kohri, J. Link, Holger Motz, P. Brogi, Masato Takita, O. Adriani, Kazutaka Yamaoka, Kunihito Ioka, Jun Kataoka, P. Maestro, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. A. Moiseev, Jun Nishimura, Y. Katayose, John F. Krizmanic, A. Sulaj, G. Castellini, Henric Krawczynski, G. Bigongiari, Shohei Yanagita, Y. Shimizu, Satoshi Nakahira, Y. Tsunesada, Kenji Yoshida, M. Bongi, T. G. Guzik, Eugenio Berti, A. Yoshida, W. R. Binns, G. Collazuol, Brian Rauch, J. P. Wefel, J. H. Buckley, G. A. de Nolfo, S. Miyake, M. Ichimura, N. Cannady, S. Ozawa, S. Okuno, C. Checchia, John Mitchell, Kazuoki Munakata, A. Shiomi, Yoichi Asaoka, F. Stolzi, K. Hibino, Y. Kawakubo, M. Sasaki, Katsuaki Kasahara, K. Sakai, K. Kobayashi, and J. F. Ormes

Subjects
Physics, Spectral index, Spectrometer, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Physics and Astronomy, Cosmic ray, Electron, Kinetic energy, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Telescope, law, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Nucleon
Abstract

In this paper, we present the measurement of the energy spectra of carbon and oxygen in cosmic rays based on observations with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) on the International Space Station from October 2015 to October 2019. Analysis, including the detailed assessment of systematic uncertainties, and results are reported. The energy spectra are measured in kinetic energy per nucleon from 10 GeV$/n$ to 2.2 TeV$/n$ with an all-calorimetric instrument with a total thickness corresponding to 1.3 nuclear interaction length. The observed carbon and oxygen fluxes show a spectral index change of $\sim$0.15 around 200 GeV$/n$ established with a significance $>3\sigma$. They have the same energy dependence with a constant C/O flux ratio $0.911\pm 0.006$ above 25 GeV$/n$. The spectral hardening is consistent with that measured by AMS-02, but the absolute normalization of the flux is about 27% lower, though in agreement with observations from previous experiments including the PAMELA spectrometer and the calorimetric balloon-borne experiment CREAM.

Published
2020

40. Observations of the Origin of Downward Terrestrial Gamma‐Ray Flashes

Author

Hideaki Shimodaira, Hyoming Jeong, Hidemi Ito, N. Inoue, Takashi Sako, D. Ikeda, M. Ohnishi, Taichi Inadomi, Tareq Abu-Zayyad, Takayuki Tomida, Toru Nakamura, Federico R. Urban, Yuya Oku, Oleg Kalashev, Fumiya Shibata, Kenichi Kadota, S. Udo, C. C. H. Jui, Pierre Sokolsky, M. Takeda, Zach Zundel, Shigehiro Nagataki, Sergey Troitsky, Toshiyuki Nonaka, M. Byrne, Kengo Sano, R. Sahara, Matt Potts, K. H. Lee, Yasunori Saito, Hiroyuki Sagawa, Ben Stokes, T.-A. Shibata, Heungsu Shin, S. B. Thomas, H. Tokuno, H. Yamaoka, Yuta Tanoue, Motoki Hayashi, J. P. Lundquist, Gordon Thomson, Tom Stroman, Robert Cady, Kiyoshi Tanaka, Michiyuki Chikawa, J. Remington, Y. Hayashi, G. Furlich, Takaaki Ishii, Igor Tkachev, Naohiro Sone, Y. Zhezher, Yoshihiko Nakamura, Akimichi Taketa, J. D. Smith, T. Fujii, Keitaro Fujita, Y. J. Kwon, Hideyuki Ohoka, Vladim Kuzmin, H. Oda, K. Kawata, D. C. Rodriguez, S. Ozawa, BayarJon Paul Lubsandorzhiev, S. Jeong, B. K. Shin, D. Rodeheffer, Naoaki Hayashida, B. G. Cheon, T. Matuyama, Kenta Yashiro, Mayuko Minamino, M. Allen, Tiffany Wong, R. Takeishi, Yuichiro Tameda, Isaac Myers, K. Honda, Ryota Fujiwara, John N. Matthews, John Belz, Elliott Barcikowski, K. Kasahara, Masaki Fukushima, Akitoshi Oshima, Fumio Kakimoto, Dmitri Ivanov, Naoto Sakaki, Paul R. Krehbiel, M. Yamamoto, Y. Takahashi, Keijiro Mukai, Masaomi Ono, Masato Takita, M. Wallace, K. Yamazaki, H. Kawai, Masaaki Tanaka, Nobuyuki Sakurai, S. Kawakami, Hiroyuki Matsumiya, Saori Kasami, A. Di Matteo, T. Seki, Takafumi Uehama, Y. Tsunesada, Maxim Pshirkov, R. Mayta, R. LeVon, Hongsu Kim, Y. Uchihori, Eiji Kido, Kei Nakai, M. V. Kuznetsov, Kazuhiro Machida, K. Sekino, William Hanlon, T. Okuda, Inkyu Park, Grigory Rubtsov, William Rison, D. R. Bergman, R. U. Abbasi, Peter Tinyakov, Samuel Blake, Shoichi Ogio, J. H. Kim, Y. Omura, Dongsu Ryu, Mark A. Stanley, Hirokazu Iwakura, Y. Takagi, Ryo Nakamura, Kazuo Saito, H. Yoshii, M. Yosei, and K. Hibino

Subjects
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Conjunction (astronomy), Gamma ray, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Electron, Radio atmospheric, 01 natural sciences, Lightning, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Electric field, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (physics.ao-ph), Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Atmospheric electricity, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Cosmic-ray observatory, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

In this paper we report the first close, high-resolution observations of downward-directed terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs) detected by the large-area Telescope Array cosmic ray observatory, obtained in conjunction with broadband VHF interferometer and fast electric field change measurements of the parent discharge. The results show that the TGFs occur during strong initial breakdown pulses (IBPs) in the first few milliseconds of negative cloud-to-ground and low-altitude intracloud flashes, and that the IBPs are produced by a newly-identified streamer-based discharge process called fast negative breakdown. The observations indicate the relativistic runaway electron avalanches (RREAs) responsible for producing the TGFs are initiated by embedded spark-like transient conducting events (TCEs) within the fast streamer system, and potentially also by individual fast streamers themselves. The TCEs are inferred to be the cause of impulsive sub-pulses that are characteristic features of classic IBP sferics. Additional development of the avalanches would be facilitated by the enhanced electric field ahead of the advancing front of the fast negative breakdown. In addition to showing the nature of IBPs and their enigmatic sub-pulses, the observations also provide a possible explanation for the unsolved question of how the streamer to leader transition occurs during the initial negative breakdown, namely as a result of strong currents flowing in the final stage of successive IBPs, extending backward through both the IBP itself and the negative streamer breakdown preceding the IBP., Comment: Typo fixed and reference added. Manuscript is 36 pages. Supplemental Information is 42 pages. This paper is to be published in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. Online data repository: Open Science Framework DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/Z3XDA

Published
2020

41. Development and application of CATCH: A cylindrical active tracker and calorimeter system for hyperon–proton scattering experiments

Author

Y. Akazawa, N. Chiga, N. Fujioka, S.H. Hayakawa, R. Honda, M. Ikeda, K. Matsuda, K. Miwa, Y. Nakada, T. Nanamura, S. Ozawa, T. Shiozaki, H. Tamura, and H. Umetsu

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation
Abstract

In this study, we developed a new proton detector system called CATCH, which was designed for a scattering experiment involving a $\Sigma$ hyperon and a proton (J-PARC E40). CATCH is a cylindrical detector system covering an inner target that can be used to measure the trajectory and energy of a proton emitted from the target for the kinematic identification of a $\Sigma$p scattering event. It comprises a cylindrical fiber tracker (CFT), a bismuth germanate (BGO) calorimeter, and a plastic scintillator hodoscope (PiID), which are coaxially arranged from the inner to the outer sides. The CFT is a tracking detector consisting of 5,000 scintillation fibers, and it has two types of cylindrical layers in which the fibers are arranged in straight and spiral configurations. 24 BGO crystals are placed around the CFT to measure the kinetic energy of the recoil proton. The PiID is used to determine whether the recoil proton is stopped in the BGO calorimeter. We performed proton-proton (pp) and proton-carbon (pC) scattering experiments using an 80 MeV proton beam to evaluate the performance of CATCH. The total energy resolution for the recoil proton was 2.8 MeV in $\sigma$ for the entire angular region after the energy calibrations of the BGO calorimeter and the CFT. The angular resolution of the CFT was 1.27 degrees in $\sigma$ for the proton, and the time resolution was more than 1.8 ns in $\sigma$. We also developed an analysis method for deriving the cross section of the pp scattering using CATCH. The obtained relative differential cross section for the pp elastic scattering was consistent with that obtained by reliable partial wave analysis, and the systematic error was maintained at below 10%. These performance results satisfy our requirements for a reliable detection system for the $\Sigma$p scattering experiment conducted at J-PARC .

Published
2022

42. Observation of Coulomb-Assisted Nuclear Bound State of Ξ^{-}-^{14}N System

Author

S H, Hayakawa, K, Agari, J K, Ahn, T, Akaishi, Y, Akazawa, S, Ashikaga, B, Bassalleck, S, Bleser, H, Ekawa, Y, Endo, Y, Fujikawa, N, Fujioka, M, Fujita, R, Goto, Y, Han, S, Hasegawa, T, Hashimoto, T, Hayakawa, E, Hayata, K, Hicks, E, Hirose, M, Hirose, R, Honda, K, Hoshino, S, Hoshino, K, Hosomi, S H, Hwang, Y, Ichikawa, M, Ichikawa, K, Imai, K, Inaba, Y, Ishikawa, H, Ito, K, Ito, W S, Jung, S, Kanatsuki, H, Kanauchi, A, Kasagi, T, Kawai, M H, Kim, S H, Kim, S, Kinbara, R, Kiuchi, H, Kobayashi, K, Kobayashi, T, Koike, A, Koshikawa, J Y, Lee, T L, Ma, S Y, Matsumoto, M, Minakawa, K, Miwa, A T, Moe, T J, Moon, M, Moritsu, Y, Nagase, Y, Nakada, M, Nakagawa, D, Nakashima, K, Nakazawa, T, Nanamura, M, Naruki, A N L, Nyaw, Y, Ogura, M, Ohashi, K, Oue, S, Ozawa, J, Pochodzalla, S Y, Ryu, H, Sako, S, Sato, Y, Sato, F, Schupp, K, Shirotori, M M, Soe, M K, Soe, J Y, Sohn, H, Sugimura, K N, Suzuki, H, Takahashi, T, Takahashi, T, Takeda, H, Tamura, K, Tanida, A M M, Theint, K T, Tint, Y, Toyama, M, Ukai, E, Umezaki, T, Watabe, K, Watanabe, T O, Yamamoto, S B, Yang, C S, Yoon, J, Yoshida, M, Yoshimoto, D H, Zhang, and Z, Zhang

Abstract

In an emulsion-counter hybrid experiment performed at J-PARC, a Ξ^{-} absorption event was observed which decayed into twin single-Λ hypernuclei. Kinematic calculations enabled a unique identification of the reaction process as Ξ^{-}+^{14}N→_{Λ}^{10}Be+_{Λ}^{5}He. For the binding energy of the Ξ^{-} hyperon in the Ξ^{-}-^{14}N system a value of 1.27±0.21 MeV was deduced. The energy level of Ξ^{-} is likely a nuclear 1p state which indicates a weak ΞN-ΛΛ coupling.

Published
2020

43. 162 IMPACT OF FLOW SPEED OF ICG FLUORESCENCE IN THE GASTRIC CONDUIT AND THORACIC INLET SPACE ON ANASTOMOTIC LEAKAGE AFTER ESOPHAGECTOMY

Author

S Ozawa, Kazuo Koyanagi, Mamoru Yamamoto, Kentaro Yatabe, Yamato Ninomiya, and Tadashi Higuchi

Subjects
geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, business.industry, Gastric conduit, medicine.medical_treatment, Gastroenterology, General Medicine, Inlet, Flow velocity, Anastomotic leakage, Esophagectomy, medicine, Nuclear medicine, business
Abstract

We have previously demonstrated that the flow speed of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence in the gastric conduit wall could predict anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy. Surround organs via retrosternal route is considered to affect the blood flow in the gastric conduit and anastomotic leakage. In the study, we investigated the impact of the flow speed of ICG fluorescence in the gastric conduit wall and thoracic inlet space on anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy. Methods A total of 142 patients, who underwent esophagectomy with three-field lymph node dissection, simultaneous reconstruction using a gastric conduit, and cervical anastomosis via retrosternal route, were prospectively investigated. Using ICG fluorescence imaging, blood flow speed of the gastric conduit wall was assessed before and after anastomosis (pre speed and post speed (cm/s)) and correlated with clinicopathological findings. Parameters of thoracic inlet space was assessed using CT scan and correlated with blood flow speed of the gastric conduit wall and anastomotic leakage. Results Median pre speed was 2.54 (0.73–6.10) cm/s and median post speed was dropped by 1.77 (0.32–8.67) cm/s. Speed reduction (pre speed—post speed) and speed reduction rate ((pre speed—post speed)/pre speed) were negatively correlated with thoracic inlet area (TIA) (P = 0.004, P = 0.021). Pre speed and post speed of the patients with anastomotic leakage were significantly slower than those of the patients without anastomotic leakage, respectively (P Conclusion We clearly demonstrated that retrosternal route reduced the blood flow of the gastric conduit wall using ICG fluorescence imaging. Narrow thoracic inlet space might obstruct the blood flow of the gastric conduit wall and cause anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy.

Published
2020

44. Search for Large-scale Anisotropy on Arrival Directions of Ultra-high-energy Cosmic Rays Observed with the Telescope Array Experiment

Author

Takashi Sako, Hideaki Shimodaira, Hyoming Jeong, Ryo Higuchi, Inkyu Park, Kenta Yashiro, R. U. Abbasi, Tareq Abu-Zayyad, R. Azuma, Fumiya Shibata, F. Kakimoto, R. Ishimori, Daisuke Ikeda, K. Yamazaki, H. Kawai, Tiffany Wong, R. Takeishi, Masaki Fukushima, Maxim Pshirkov, Hongsu Kim, B. K. Shin, Hideki Tanaka, Toshiyuki Fujii, B. G. Cheon, T. Seki, John Belz, K. Kawata, BayarJon Paul Lubsandorzhiev, Akimichi Taketa, Min Hyo Kim, G. Furlich, Takaaki Ishii, Mayuko Minamino, K. Honda, Takayuki Tomida, Seok Ho Jeong, K. H. Lee, Yuta Tanoue, Masaaki Tanaka, D. C. Rodriguez, T.-A. Shibata, S. Kawakami, Motoki Hayashi, Zach Zundel, Peter Tinyakov, Samuel Blake, Gordon Thomson, Ben Stokes, Tom Stroman, Robert Cady, J. P. Lundquist, Shoichi Ogio, Kozo Fujisue, Hiroyuki Sagawa, M. Yamamoto, M. Yosei, Hidemi Ito, Grigory Rubtsov, Koichi Sekino, Kiyoshi Tanaka, D. R. Bergman, T. Suzawa, Y. Zhezher, Heungsu Shin, Isaac Myers, Katsuaki Kasahara, Y. Takahashi, Mai Takamura, Nobuyuki Sakurai, Yuya Oku, Oleg Kalashev, K. Hibino, Shoichi Kishigami, M. Allen, Sergey Troitsky, Toru Nakamura, Kenichi Kadota, T. Matsuyama, S. Ozawa, Masaomi Ono, Toshiyuki Nonaka, Y. Uchihori, Kei Nakai, Ryota Onogi, A. Di Matteo, J. Remington, Hideyuki Ohoka, R. Mayta, Vladim Kuzmin, Ryota Fujiwara, Keitaro Fujita, Saori Kasami, Shingo Kawana, Naoto Sakaki, Naoaki Hayashida, Yoshihiko Nakamura, William Hanlon, Priti Shah, T. Okuda, J. Yang, Masato Takita, R. Sahara, Pierre Sokolsky, M. Takeda, Shigehiro Nagataki, M. Abe, Akitoshi Oshima, Y. Tsunesada, H. Tokuno, Younghoon Kwon, J. D. Smith, J. H. Kim, Elliott Barcikowski, Dmitri Ivanov, Keijiro Mukai, Jyunsei Chiba, Dongsu Ryu, Hirokazu Iwakura, Y. Takagi, Kohei Yada, Y. Omura, Igor Tkachev, Naohiro Sone, H. Oda, N. Inoue, M. Ohnishi, Taichi Inadomi, Federico R. Urban, S. Udo, C. C. H. Jui, Kengo Sano, S. B. Thomas, Yasunori Saito, Yuichiro Tameda, John N. Matthews, S. W. Kim, Hiroyuki Matsumiya, M. Chikawa, Takafumi Uehama, Eiji Kido, M. V. Kuznetsov, Kazuhiro Machida, and Ryo Nakamura

Subjects
Physics, Pierre Auger Observatory, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, 01 natural sciences, Auger, Computational physics, law.invention, Telescope, Dipole, Amplitude, Space and Planetary Science, law, 0103 physical sciences, Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Anisotropy, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Motivated by the detection of a significant dipole structure in the arrival directions of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays above 8 EeV reported by the Pierre Auger Observatory (Auger), we search for a large-scale anisotropy using data collected with the surface detector array of the Telescope Array Experiment (TA). With 11 years of TA data, a dipole structure in a projection of the right ascension is fitted with an amplitude of 3.3+- 1.9% and a phase of 131 +- 33 degrees. The corresponding 99% confidence-level upper limit on the amplitude is 7.3%. At the current level of statistics, the fitted result is compatible with both an isotropic distribution and the dipole structure reported by Auger., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, Proofed title. Added journal reference and DOI

Published
2020
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45. Recent progress and future prospects of hyperon nucleon scattering experiment

Author

Koji Miwa, Takuya Nanamura, Tamao Sakao, J. K. Ahn, Y. Akazawa, T. Aramaki, S. Ashikaga, S. Callier, N. Chiga, S. W. Choi, H. Ekawa, P. Evtoukhovitch, N. Fujioka, M. Fujita, T. Gogami, T. Harada, S. Hasegawa, S. H. Hayakawa, R. Honda, S. Hoshino, K. Hosomi, M. Ichikawa, Y. Ichikawa, M. Ieiri, M. Ikedai, K. Imai, Y. Ishikawa, S. Ishimoto, W. S. Jung, S. Kajikawa, H. Kanauchi, H. Kanda, T. Kitaoka, B. M. Kang, H. Kawai, S. H. Kim, K. Kobayashi, T. Koike, K. Matsuda, Y. Matsumoto, S. Nagao, R. Nagatomi, Y. Nakada, M. Nakagawa, I. Nakamura, M. Naruki, S. Ozawa, L. Raux, T. G. Rogers, A. Sakaguchi, H. Sako, S. Sato, T. Shiozaki, K. Shirotori, K. N. Suzuki, S. Suzuki, M. Tabata, C. d. L. Taille, H. Takahashi, T. Takahashi, T. N. Takahashi, H. Tamura, M. Tanaka, K. Tanida, Z. Tsamalaidze, M. Ukai, H. Umetsu, S. Wada, T. O. Yamamoto, J. Yoshida, and K. Yoshimura

Abstract

A new hyperon-proton scattering experiment, dubbed J-PARC E40, was performed to measure differential cross sections of the Σ+p, Σ−p elastic scatterings and the Σ−p → Λn scattering by identifying a lot of Σ particles in the momentum ranging from 0.4 to 0.8 GeV/c produced by the π±p → K+Σ± reactions. We successfully measured the differential cross sections of these three channels with a drastically improved accuracy with a fine angular step. These new data will become important experimental constraints to improve the theories of the two-body baryon-baryon interactions. Following this success, we proposed a new experiment to measure the differential cross sections and spin observables by using a highly polarized Λ beam for providing quantitative information on the ΛN interaction. The results of three Σp channels and future prospects of the Λp scattering experiment are described.

Published
2022

47. Survey of IMRT in Japan

Author

Yoshiaki Murakami, Ikuno Nishibuchi, Minoru Nakao, Hideharu Miura, Yasushi Nagata, S. Ozawa, and Daisuke Kawahara

Subjects
Cancer Research, medicine.medical_specialty, Radiation, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Patient specific, Esophageal cancer, medicine.disease, Radiation therapy, Breast cancer, Oncology, Medicine, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Lung tumor, Medical physics, External beam radiotherapy, business, Radiation treatment planning, Quality assurance
Abstract

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) This study evaluated the current status, quality assurance (QA) and technique of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in Japan. MATERIALS/METHODS IMRT is a new technique, introduced in the late 1990s. Since 2000, the number of institutions providing IMRT has increased. Therefore, to recognize the current status of IMRT in Japan, a nation-wide survey was conducted by the Japan 3-Dimensional Conformal External Beam Radiotherapy Group (J-CERG). The questionnaires, which consists of the clinical part and physics part, was sent by mail or e-mail to 835 institutions. By the end of Feb. 2021, 427 institutions and 534 institutions responded to the clinical part and physics part, respectively. RESULTS In the clinical part, Two-hundreds and ninety-two (68%) institutions indicated that they have used IMRT technique for 44,409 cases out of 177,285 total in a year of 2019. Among these patients, 10,905 (25%) were prostate cancer, 7,772(18%) were head & neck cancer, 2,621 (6%) brain tumor, 2,027 (5%) lung tumor for SBRT, followed by liver tumor for SBRT, GYN cancer, esophageal cancer, breast cancer and GI tumor. The percentage of IMRT in all treatment was 75-100% in 18 institutions (6%), 50-75% in 22 institutions (8%), 20-50% in 144 institutions (49%), 10-20% in 68 institutions (23%), 5-10% in 28 institutions (10%), 5-1% in 11 institutions (4%) and < 1% in 2 institutions (1%). Target and OAR delineation was done by physician in 92% institutions and 69% institutions, respectively. In the physics part, 340 institutions (64%) use IMRT technique, and 80 institutions (24%) have commissioned their treatment planning systems with the beam data provided by the manufacturer. The measurement-based patient specific IMRT QAs are performed by 99% of institutions. The dose distribution measurement on films, 3D arrays, and 2D arrays are 42%, 41%, and 16%, respectively. CONCLUSION The updated status of IMRT in 2019 in Japan was surveyed. The number of institutions where IMRT was started continuously increased in number.

Published
2021

48. Cribriform carcinoma in the lymph nodes is associated with distant metastasis, recurrence, and survival among patients with node-positive colorectal cancer

Author

Hirotaka Tabata, T Yoshimura, M Oka, Y Fujita, S Ozawa, Shozo Yokoyama, S Matsumura, Takashi Watanabe, Y Nakatani, T Tsuji, T Tamaki, and I Kinoshita

Subjects
Adult, Male, Oncology, medicine.medical_specialty, Colorectal cancer, Adenocarcinoma, Young Adult, Text mining, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Neoplasm Metastasis, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, business.industry, Node (networking), Distant metastasis, Middle Aged, Prognosis, medicine.disease, Lymphatic Metastasis, Female, Surgery, Lymph, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, Colorectal Neoplasms, business, Follow-Up Studies, Cribriform Carcinoma
Abstract

Cribriform lymph node pattern is an independent risk factor for metachronous or synchronous distant metastasis in patients with stage III and IV node-positive colorectal cancer. Multivariable analysis in patients with stage III disease indicated that the cribriform pattern of carcinoma in the lymph nodes was an independent risk factor for recurrence and survival. Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated that the group with stage III cribriform-type lymph node carcinoma had shorter recurrence-free and overall survival times than the stage III group with the tubular type (P < 0.001).

Published
2021

49. Clinicopahological features of superficial basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus

Author

Yamato Ninomiya, Sakura Tomita, Miho Nitta, Junya Oguma, S Ozawa, and Akihito Kazuno

Subjects
Male, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Esophageal Neoplasms, Lymphovascular invasion, viruses, Malignancy, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Humans, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Esophagus, Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Pathological, Survival rate, Lymph node, Aged, Lymphatic Vessels, Retrospective Studies, Aged, 80 and over, urogenital system, business.industry, Gastroenterology, Retrospective cohort study, General Medicine, Middle Aged, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, medicine.disease, Survival Rate, stomatognathic diseases, medicine.anatomical_structure, Lymphatic Metastasis, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Female, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Lymph Nodes, business
Abstract

Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSC) of the esophagus is classified as an epithelial malignant tumor and is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Most previous reports have suggested that advanced BSC has a poorer prognosis than typical SCC because of its high biological malignancy, but the biological activity of superficial BSC remains unclear. Twenty cases of superficial BSC, which underwent surgical resection in Tokai University Hospital between January 2004 and December 2013, were analyzed retrospectively. Among these cases, 19 cases with a T1 depth of invasion (BSC group) were compared with 180 cases of SCC that were resected during the same period and were pathologically diagnosed as T1 (SCC group). The frequency of lymph node metastasis in the T1 BSC group was significantly lower (2 patients, 11%) than that in the SCC group (84 patients, 47%) (P = 0.005). The frequency of lymphatic invasion in the BSC group was also lower (9 patients, 47%) than that in the SCC group (131 patients, 73%) (P = 0.021). The pathological type of the metastatic lymph node was BSC in all the superficial BSC cases with lymph node metastasis. This study demonstrated that lymph node metastasis was less likely to occur in cases with superficial BSC than in cases with superficial SCC.

Published
2017

50. The bursts of high energy events observed by the telescope array surface detector

Author

Hiroshi Yamaoka, T. Suzawa, Robert M. Anderson, Hideaki Shimodaira, Isaac Myers, M. Abe, Kenta Yashiro, T. Goto, Elliott Barcikowski, Dmitri Ivanov, Keijiro Mukai, Maxim Pshirkov, Sergey Troitsky, A. L. Sampson, Takaaki Ishii, Kanako Yamazaki, Priti Shah, K. Tsutsumi, S. Kitamura, Fumiya Shibata, D. C. Rodriguez, Hidemi Ito, S. Kawakami, J. P. Lundquist, Keiji Saito, Igor Tkachev, R. Ishimori, John Belz, R. W. Springer, Pierre Sokolsky, Naoaki Hayashida, Akimichi Taketa, Ben Stokes, K. Oki, Koichi Sekino, H. Yoshii, Tareq Abu-Zayyad, R. Yamane, Federico R. Urban, Kiyoshi Tanaka, Y. Yoneda, N. Inoue, M. Ohnishi, Michiyuki Chikawa, Hiroyuki Sagawa, R. Zollinger, S. Udo, C. C. H. Jui, Heungsu Shin, M. Takeda, Shigehiro Nagataki, Ryuji Takeishi, Akitoshi Oshima, Y. Uchihori, Y. J. Kwon, Hideyuki Ohoka, K. Nagasawa, S. B. Thomas, Tomohiro Matsuda, H. Kawai, Mai Takamura, T.-A. Shibata, Fumio Kakimoto, Peter Tinyakov, Gordon Thomson, K. Hibino, Samuel Blake, Byung Gu Cheon, Tom Stroman, Robert Cady, Shoichi Ogio, Zach Zundel, Hang Bae Kim, G. Vasiloff, L. M. Scott, J. Ogura, K. Martens, Hideki Tanaka, Jyunsei Chiba, Dongsu Ryu, B. K. Shin, Takayuki Tomida, Masato Takita, Mayuko Minamino, K. Honda, Yasunori Kitamura, Rasha Abbasi, A. Nozato, Y. Hayashi, Yoshiki Tsunesada, Daisuke Ikeda, M. Allen, Inkyu Park, S. R. Stratton, K. Kawata, Masaaki Tanaka, Nobuyuki Sakurai, Tiffany Wong, Masaki Fukushima, Douglas Bergman, Takahiro Fujii, V. Kuzmin, Ryota Onogi, J. H. Kim, S. Yoshida, Naoto Sakaki, O. Kalashev, Toru Nakamura, Eiji Kido, Kazuhiro Machida, Kenichi Kadota, T. Matsuyama, S. Ozawa, Yasunori Saito, K. Kasahara, Shoichi Kishigami, R. Azuma, Yuichiro Tameda, John N. Matthews, Masaomi Ono, G. Rubtsov, Shingo Kawana, William Hanlon, T. Okuda, J. Yang, H. Tokuno, J. D. Smith, J. Lan, and Toshiyuki Nonaka

Subjects
Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Gamma ray, General Physics and Astronomy, Astronomy, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Lightning, Particle detector, law.invention, Telescope, Air shower, law, 0103 physical sciences, Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray, 010306 general physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Terrestrial gamma-ray flash
Abstract

The Telescope Array (TA) experiment is designed to detect air showers induced by ultra high energy cosmic rays. The TA ground Surface particle Detector (TASD) observed several short-time bursts of air shower like events. These bursts are not likely due to chance coincidence between single shower events. The expectation of chance coincidence is less than 10 − 4 for five-year's observation. We checked the correlation between these bursts of events and lightning data, and found evidence for correlations in timing and position. Some features of the burst events are similar to those of a normal cosmic ray air shower, and some are not. On this paper, we report the observed bursts of air shower like events and their correlation with lightning.

Published
2017

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