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Abstract Background Canonical babbling—producing syllables with a mature consonant, full vowel, and smooth transition—is an important developmental milestone that typically occurs in the first year of life. Some studies indicate delayed or reduced canonical babbling in infants at high familial likelihood for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or who later receive an ASD diagnosis, but evidence is mixed. More refined characterization of babbling in the first year of life in infants with high likelihood for ASD is needed. Methods Vocalizations produced at 6 and 12 months by infants (n = 267) taking part in a longitudinal study were coded for canonical and non-canonical syllables. Infants were categorized as low familial likelihood (LL), high familial likelihood diagnosed with ASD at 24 months (HL-ASD) or not diagnosed (HL-Neg). Language delay was assessed based on 24-month expressive and receptive language scores. Canonical babble ratio (CBR) was calculated by dividing the number of canonical syllables by the number of total syllables. Generalized linear (mixed) models were used to assess the relationship between group membership and CBR, controlling for site, sex, and maternal education. Logistic regression was used to assess whether canonical babbling ratios at 6 and 12 months predict 24-month diagnostic outcome. Results No diagnostic group differences in CBR were detected at 6 months, but HL-ASD infants produced significantly lower CBR than both the HL-Neg and LL groups at 12 months. HL-Neg infants with language delay also showed reduced CBR at 12 months. Neither 6- nor 12-month CBR was significant predictors of 24-month diagnostic outcome (ASD versus no ASD) in logistic regression. Limitations Small numbers of vocalizations produced by infants at 6 months may limit the reliability of CBR estimates. It is not known if results generalize to infants who are not at high familial likelihood, or infants from more diverse racial and socioeconomic backgrounds. Conclusions Lower canonical babbling ratios are apparent by the end of the first year of life in ASD regardless of later language delay, but are also observed for infants with later language delay without ASD. Canonical babbling may lack specificity as an early marker when used on its own.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is an adjuvant novel non-invasive treatment technique in the field of plastic surgery for treating different wounds. This technique utilizes 100% oxygen at pressures above the atmospheric pressure. In our study, we are discussing about eight different cases in the field of plastic surgery. HBOT plays an important role in the treatment for different pathological conditions. It involves a hundred percent breathing of oxygen in a closed chamber for a certain period of time. HBOT main mechanism of action is hyper oxygenation but also enhances the immunity by antimicrobial properties and improves stem cell production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second largest cause of mortality worldwide is breast cancer, and it mostly occurs in women. Early diagnosis has improved further treatments and reduced the level of mortality. A unique deep learning algorithm is presented for predicting breast cancer in its early stages. This method utilizes numerous layers to retrieve significantly greater amounts of information from the source inputs. It could perform automatic quantitative evaluation of complicated image properties in the medical field and give greater precision and reliability during the diagnosis. The dataset of axillary lymph nodes from the breast cancer patients was collected from Erasmus Medical Center. A total of 1050 images were studied from the 850 patients during the years 2018 to 2021. For the independent test, data samples were collected for 100 images from 95 patients at national cancer institute. The existence of axillary lymph nodes was confirmed by pathologic examination. The feed forward, radial basis function, and Kohonen self-organizing are the artificial neural networks (ANNs) which are used to train 84% of the Erasmus Medical Center dataset and test the remaining 16% of the independent dataset. The proposed model performance was determined in terms of accuracy (Ac), sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sf), and the outcome of the receiver operating curve (Roc), which was compared to the other four radiologists' mechanism. The result of the study shows that the proposed mechanism achieves 95% sensitivity, 96% specificity, and 98% accuracy, which is higher than the radiologists' models (90% sensitivity, 92% specificity, and 94% accuracy). Deep learning algorithms could accurately predict the clinical negativity of axillary lymph node metastases by utilizing images of initial breast cancer patients. This method provides an earlier diagnostic technique for axillary lymph node metastases in patients with medically negative changes in axillary lymph nodes., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper., (Copyright © 2022 N. Ashokkumar et al.)

Background: 8-isoprostane is one of the stable oxidative stress marker formed by the lipid peroxidation of arachidonic acid. It is present in detectable quantities in all biological fluids. Elevation of 8-Isoprostane has been reported in various neurological, cardiological disorders, and periodontal diseases., Aim: The present study was conducted to estimate and compare the level of 8-isoprostane in plasma and saliva in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), and in controls. The study also aimed to find out if 8-isoprostane can be used as an effective oxidative stress marker in evaluating the disease progression in OSCC., Materials and Methods: Plasma and salivary samples were taken from 10 cases each of clinically diagnosed OSMF, clinically and hisotpathologically diagnosed cases of OSCC and controls. The samples were subjected to 8-Isoprostane ELISA procedure and analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software., Results: The levels of 8-isoprostane in plasma showed an average increase from normal to OSMF to OSCC but was not statistically significant. The variations in the level of salivary 8-isoprostane were found to be statistically significant ( P = 0.037) suggesting that there is a gradual increase in levels of isoprostane from controls to OSMF to OSCC., Conclusion: The results showed that the concentration of isoprostane in saliva showed a progressive and steady increase from control through OSMF to OSCC indicating that saliva could be used as an effective diagnostic tool in estimating tumor markers. Large scale studies correlating with other potentially malignant oral disorders are required to ascertain the role of 8-Isoprostane as an ideal tumor marker., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology.)

Neti kriya is an integral part of shatkarmas/the six cleansing techniques that form the most important aspect of hatha yoga. Neti helps in preventing and managing upper respiratory tract diseases. An attempt is being made to collate and review articles that highlight the therapeutic effects of neti kriya. Databases like PubMed (January 1980-April 2016), Scopus and Ayush Portal were searched. We used keywords like jala neti, neti kriya, neti combined with terms such as yoga, sinusitis, rhinitis, common cold, vision, snoring, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and mental health for the search. As only a few results were obtained, we reviewed relevant studies with saline nasal irrigation. Evidence emerging from this review suggests that neti offers manifold benefits and relief from the antibiotic grip. Most studies support the role of neti in treating sinusitis, rhinosinusitis, allergic conditions and in improving vision. Jala neti has a significant role in improving the presence of mind and intelligence. We identified that it can be applied in mitigating post irradiation rhinosinusitis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. However, randomized control trials must be conducted to substantiate the therapeutic efficacy of this simple cost-effective, non-pharmacological mode of treatment., (Copyright © 2018 Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore and World Ayurveda Foundation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Reactive oxygen species are the intermediates that are formed during the normal metabolic process which are effectively neutralized by the antioxidant system of the body. Any imbalance in this neutralization process causes oxidative stress which has been implicated as one of the cause in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disorders, cancer etc. Research has enabled the use of antioxidants as therapeutic agents in the treatment of various diseases. Literature also puts forth the negative effects of using antioxidants in the treatment of diseases. This review is a compilation of both the beneficial and detrimental effects of use of antioxidants in the treatment of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and oral diseases., (Copyright © 2017 Hainan Medical University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Oral ulcers are a common symptom in clinical practice. Among various causative factors, different types of ulcers in oral cavity exist. Among this, traumatic ulcerative granuloma with stromal eosinophilia (TUGSE) appears to be quite neglected by the clinicians due to the limited knowledge and awareness. On reviewing with a detailed approach to titles and abstracts of articles eliminating duplicates, 40 relevant articles were considered. Randomized studies, review articles, case reports and abstracts were included while conference papers and posters were excluded. Of importance, TUGSE cases been reported only to a minimal extent in the literature. Lack of its awareness tends to lead clinicians to a misconception of cancer. Thus, this particular lesion needs to be differentiated from other malignant lesions to provide a proper mode of treatment. The present article reviews various aspects of the TUGSE with emphasis on the clinical manifestation, pathogenesis, histological, and immunohistochemical study. This study provides the clinician contemporaries, a humble expansion to their knowledge of the disease, based on the searched literature, enabling a more comprehensive management of this rare occurrence.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a form of primary hyperlipoproteinemia, is an autosomal co-dominant disorder, characterized by an increase in serum LDL cholesterol concentrations, presence of xanthomas and premature atherosclerosis. Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia is of rare occurence in which approximately 1 in 1 million persons in the general population are affected. Here we report an interesting case of familial homozygous hypercholesterolemia for its classical presentation and rarity.

Blood erythrocytes of 25 confirrhed malarial patients infested with P. vivax were analyzed for peroxidation and hemolysis and results compared with 10 uninfected normal control samples. Results indicated significant increase in peroxide formation measured as malondialdehyde, both in presence and absence of H2O2, in parasite infested erythrocytes. These changes induced hemolysis of infected erythrocytes which was increased manifold in presence of H2O2 and could probably be the reason for extensive anemia reported in malaria.

Naphthalene oxygenase has been purified 420-fold from naphthalene-adapted Corynebacterium renale. The purified enzyme was obtained in 32% yield and gave an apparent single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It has a molecular weight of approximately 99,000 and contains two non-identical polypeptide chains of molecular weights 43,000 and 56,000. The enzyme requires molecular oxygen for its activity and gave a single products, cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene. The absorption spectrum of the enzyme protein shows a maximum at 278 nm and no absorption in the Soret region, indicating that it is non-heme protein. Absence of cytochrome P-450 was also confirmed when the protein, treated with CO, showed no absorption at 450 nm. The enzyme followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with Km values of 2.9 mM and 1.42 mM for naphthalene and NADH respectively. It exhibited maximal activity at 30 degrees C and pH 6.4. Studies on the stoichiometry of the reaction showed that one molecule of oxygen is consumed for each molecule of NADH oxidised or product formed.