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The high design luminosity of the SuperKEKB electron-positron collider will result in challenging levels of beam-induced backgro\ unds in the interaction region. Understanding and mitigating these backgrounds is critical to the success of the Belle~II experi\ ment. We report on the first background measurements performed after roll-in of the Belle II detector, a period known as SuperKE\ KB Phase 2, utilizing both the BEAST II system of dedicated background detectors and the Belle II detector itself. We also repor\ t on first revisions to the background simulation made in response to our findings. Backgrounds measured include contributions f\ rom synchrotron radiation, beam-gas, Touschek, and injection backgrounds. At the end of Phase 2, single-beam backgrounds origina\ ting from the 4 GeV positron Low Energy Ring (LER) agree reasonably well with simulation, while backgrounds from the 7 GeV elect\ ron High Energy Ring (HER) are approximately one order of magnitude higher than simulation. We extrapolate these backgrounds for\ ward and conclude it is safe to install the Belle II vertex detector., Comment: 22 Pages, 33 figures

A total of 18 novel microsatellite markers in masu salmon, an important fisheries resource around the Far East, were isolated using a next-generation sequencing approach. The number of alleles and expected heterozygosity per locus ranged 5–15 and 0.55847–0.92944, respectively. Four loci also were polymorphic in three other salmonid species after cross-species amplification. These newly isolated loci will provide important information for the sustainable adaptive management of masu salmon.

Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) is an important fisheries resource around the North Pacific region. However, the genetic characteristics of this species mostly remain to be elucidated with competent molecular genetic markers for their effective resource management and sustainable use. A total of sixteen novel microsatellite markers in chum salmon were isolated using a next-generation sequencing approach. All loci were polymorphic with 6–21 alleles, with the observed and expected heterozygosities of 0.41667–0.97917 and 0.66184–0.92434, respectively. These new loci will provide a tool for examining the genetic diversity and population structure of chum salmon, which are an important information for the adaptive management of this species.

馬酔木(Pieris japonica)には、ピエリストキシン(Pieristoxin)やグラヤノトキシン(Grayanotoxin)、アセボトキシン(Asebotoxin)、アンドロメドトキシン(Andromedotoxin)と呼ばれる配糖体が含まれ、山羊、羊および牛における中毒例がしばしば報告されている。今回、福島県下A農場で飼育中の羊および山羊が呼吸困難と突然死を呈し、剖検により胃内から馬酔木の葉が回収されたことから、馬酔木中毒と診断した。剖検所見では、肺における重度の水腫、出血が特徴的であった。牧場の敷地には、観賞用に馬酔木が植えられており、刈り取られた葉が綿山羊に与えられたためであった。

The normal concentration levels of trace metals in several kinds of tissues of even-toed ungulates have been determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis, photon activation analysis, and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. In the present work the concentrations of 13 elements (Ag, Br, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Rb, Se, and Zn) were analyzed.

absence of control. Two physiotherapists carried out tests and retests and scored the child in the live situation as well as on the basis of video recordings. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test, ICC [2,1] and a descriptive measure for absolute reliability were used in the statistical analyses. Results: No systematic differences were found in scores between tests and retests with the exception of one rater’s reactive scores. All ICC values were excellent (ICC≥ 0.9) with the exception of one rater’s reactive scores. Complete agreements were seen in 73% of all scores between raters, days or between live versus video. In themajority of cases the scores with disagreement showed an absolute difference corresponding to one SATCo level for static, active and reactive scores respectively. Conclusion(s): This study shows that the relative reliability of the SATCo test is generally excellent. However, scores between raters, days or between live versus video differ by one or more levels in 27% of all separate analyses. This should be considered when using SATCo as a clinical outcome measure. Implications: SATCo is a relevant assessment tool with potential for implementation in clinical practise. Further refinements could increase the reliability of themeasure. This would increase the value of this test in research and in clinical practise.

This paper reports on the structure and performance of multichannel write and giant magnetoresistive (GMR) heads for a helical-scan tape system. The four-channel write head was fabricated with four layers stacked and shifted by a track pitch. The eight-channel read head was also stacked four layers, each of which has two spin-valve elements. The write head and read head were assembled into a commercial drive. Four channels are written in one revolution without a guard band and each of the eight channels is read, in half of the track pitch. The feasibility of a recording density over 4.3 Gb/in2 was established, which would make possible a tape system of over 1 TB using an 8 mm cassette

In this paper, we reports both a high transfer rate and a high track density in helical-scan tape systems was made possible by using a multi-channel writing head and a multi-channel reading GMR head. Using these heads we confirmed the feasibility of high transfer-rate tape system with track density over 10 KTPI.

Imaging results in patients with high-grade osteosarcoma of the extremities were reviewed to determine whether scintigraphic appearance correlated with histologic response to preoperative chemotherapy.Histologically, the percent tumor necrosis in specimens from 30 patients were classified into three grades: grade 1 = necrosis less than 60%, grade 2 = 60%-89% necrosis and grade 3 = diffuse necrosis greater than 90% based upon whole transverse sections. Scintigraphically, we analyzed 201TI uptake before and after preoperative chemotherapy. The changes in the tumor-to-background ratio were defined by an alteration ratio.Of the 11 patients with a grade 1 response, the ratio showed -67.1% +/- 45.4% (mean +/- s.d.). Of the 9 patients with a grade 2 response, the ratio showed 37.9% +/- 29.9% of the 10 patients with a grade 3 response the ratio showed 105.5% +/- 12.4%. The ratios correlated well with the histologic grades (p0.0001; analysis of variance).Thallium-201 scintigraphy accurately assesses the effect of chemotherapy on osteosarcoma.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the accumulation of technetium-99m pertechnetate (99mTc) in malignant soft-tissue tumors. Twenty-one patients with malignant soft-tissue tumors were subjected to 99mTc scintigraphic studies. In 19 of 21 patients (90%), 99mTc accumulated extensively in the tumors. 99mTc accumulation was especially thorough in all cases of MFH and liposarcoma. Therefore, 99mTc is useful for the local evaluation of malignant soft-tissue tumors.

The clinical usefulness of scintigraphy with thallium-201 (201Tl) chloride injection was evaluated in 79 patients with suspected bone, soft tissue or mediastinal tumors. No abnormal changes of subjective or objective signs and clinical test values were observed post injection. It is considered that 201Tl chloride is a safe radiopharmaceutical. In comparison with benign tumors, malignant tumors showed longer retention or more increased uptake of the 201Tl in the lesions on delayed images. The results suggested that the evaluation of changes of 201Tl uptake might be useful to some extent to differentiate malignant tumor from benign tumor. It is considered that 201Tl scintigraphy is useful for evaluating the location and extent of tumor and differentiating malignant from benign tumor.

Indium-111-labeled tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (111In-TIL) were transferred as an intrahepatic arterial bolus to determine their in vivo distribution in patients with hepatic malignancies. In the in vitro culture system, TIL were expanded upon simultaneous stimulation by recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) and immobilized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody. This double activation led not only to a larger cell yield, but also to a significantly more dominant subpopulation with CD4+ phenotype than occurred with activation by rIL-2 alone. Accumulations of 111In-TIL in the liver were identified by scintigraphy in all of three patients, corresponding to the tumor localization by computed tomography. Such accumulation had persisted for at least 48 hours after infusion. After intraarterial chemoimmunotherapy that included TIL, two of three patients achieved a partial therapeutic response. The authors conclude that their method of culture and transfer can facilitate the accumulation of TIL at tumor sites, which may augment the antitumor effects of adoptive immunotherapy.

From January 1976 to October 1989, 15 patients with hepatoblastoma who underwent surgery at the National Cancer Center Hospital were evaluated by clinico-radiological techniques. Eight patients were boys and seven were girls; their average age was 3 years and 5 months. Abdominal mass or distention was initially noted in 12 patients. Alpha-fetoprotein level was extremely high (average, 327 micrograms/ml) in all cases but one. Hepatitis B surface antigen was negative in all cases. Tumors occupied mainly the right lobe of the liver in 67% of patients, and the mean tumor diameter was 11.1 cm. Of 15 hepatoblastomas, 10 were grossly classified as massive type and five as multinodular. Histopathological diagnosis was well differentiated (fetal type) hepatoblastoma in 10 patients and poorly differentiated (embryonal type) hepatoblastoma in five. Fibrous capsule was also recognized in eight. The noncancerous liver was normal in all cases. Ultrasonography (US) (n = 7 patients) demonstrated an inhomogeneous internal echo with well demarcated margin in five cases and without such margin in two. Nonenhanced CT (n = 6) showed an isodense or low density mass in all cases. Drip infusion CT (n = 5) revealed isodensity in the early phase. Dynamic CT performed in one patient showed a well enhanced mass that appeared hypervascular on angiography. Preoperative chemotherapy and radiation therapy provoked histological changes such as necrosis, fibrosis and calcifications. These changes were reflected on CT images. Both US and CT demonstrated the characteristic internal structure and gross appearance of hepatoblastoma.

A case of iatrogenic sclerosing cholangitis secondary to hepatic intra-arterial 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and Mitomycin C (MMC) chemotherapy is described. When any unexplained elevation of liver function results in alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin level, chemotherapy should be discontinued, and further examination carried out using ultrasonography, transhepatic cholangiography and endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP). Although percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage has been effective in some cases, in our case, the clinical course was irreversible and the patient died of hepatic failure and gastrointestinal bleeding. When clinical signs of hepatic dysfunction occur in the absence of tumor progression, iatrogenic sclerosing cholangitis must be suspected.

This investigation was undertaken to evaluate the level of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) as a marker of liver tumors. TBG examination was performed on 42 patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC) and 50 postoperative patients with metastases to the liver. alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) concentrations were determined at the same time. AFP was positive in 90.5% of the patients with PHC, and TBG was higher than normal in 69% of patients with PHC. In the 50 patients with liver metastasis, the TBG was higher than normal in 72%, and CEA was also increased in 64%. CEA was negative in 18 of 50 patients with liver metastasis. On the other hand, of the 18 CEA-negative patients, 14 (77.8%) had a higher than normal TBG concentration. This was a significant, but not specific, increase. Therefore, elevated TBG levels are a sensitive, although nonspecific, tumor marker to determine the presence of liver tumors, especially in cases of metastasis to the liver.

Eight hundred and thirty-six patients with metastatic cancer in the bone excluding autopsy findings, occurring between January, 1976 and December, 1985 were reviewed. The most frequent site of primary focus was the breast (33.2%), followed by lung (24.6%). Three hundred and forty-two patients (40.9%) were male and 494 (59.1%) female. Diagnosis of bone metastasis was based on abnormal accumulation in the bone scintigram and abnormal findings in the bone X-ray at the same site. Out of 836 patients, 285 had metastatic skeletal lesion including extremities and 43 had a solitary lesion of the extremity. The most frequent site of bone metastases in the extremity was proximal femur and involvement of the femur was 65.2% and that of humerus was 25.6%. The majority of the patients were treated by irradiation (24.9%), irradiation with chemotherapy and/or hormone therapy (21.1%), chemotherapy (18.6%) and chemotherapy with hormone therapy (17.2%), on the other hand, only 25(8.8%) of 285 patients were treated by surgical procedures. Cumulative survival rate after diagnosis of bone metastasis varied with site of primary focus and 5 year survival rate of all cases was 6.1%. Clinical courses after skeletal metastasis were separated into two types, and one type was breast type which was slow and other type was lung type which was rapid. The most important factor for the prognosis of the patients with bone metastasis is thought to be the primary site of origin.

Radionuclide Computed Tomography (RCT) was studied from the technical standpoint of view. In this study, a gamma camera (Ohio Nuclear sigma 410S) and a rotating chair designed by one of us were used. The computer used was Scintipac 1200 (32 kW memories and 2.4 MB X 2 disk memories). A cylindrical phantom having a diameter of 20 cm was also designed by us into which various-sized tubes could be inserted for resolution study. The phantom was set on the chair, the center of which was 20 cm off from the surface of the detector. The chair was rotated manually 10 degrees, and finally 36 digital images in the form of 64 X 64 elements were obtained, covering an entire circumference. RCT images were displayed in the form of 128 X 128 elements on a X-ray film through a Microdot Imager. At first, the phantom was filled with 99mTc solution and the uniformity of the RCT image on it was checked using several formulae for count rate correction to find out which one of the formulae was best fitted. For the reconstruction of the RCT image, "filtered back projection" was used. Then, we found that, as far as out phantom study was concerned, simple geometrical mean on the data from the two opposing directions was found the best for the count rate corrections, which was exclusively used thereafter. The fluctuation on the uniform source was found to be approximately 15%. For the resolution study, hot tubes having diameters of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 cm and cold tubes of 1.5, 2.4, 3.5, and 4.7 cm were inserted into the phantom. As for the hot tubes, all the tubes were depicted on the RCT image whereas 2.4 cm was the smallest depicted for the cold tubes. FWHM was checked with a fine line source in the phantom and was found to be 2.0 cm regardless to its depth. The Alderson liver phantom was also used to detect defects in the air and it was found both balls having diameters of 2.7 and 3.7 cm could be depicted on the RCT image. Now we are evaluating clinical usefulness of this technique on the liver. The results will be published in the near future.

What we call a lymphoscintigram is a simple and noninvasive examination designed to help us see the regional lymph nodes of a prospective cancer patient. In order to achieve the best possible localization of the lymph nodes in esophageal carcinoma, we have superimposed the lymphoscintigram image on the patient’s chest roentgenogram. With such a superimposed image, we try to diagnose the spread of the esophageal carcinoma to the regional lymph nodes and to evaluate the correlation between the visualized regions and the suspected existence of lymph node metastases.

Pathological and microbiological studies were conducted on lesions in the lungs of 194 calves from mass rearing facilities. Macroscopically, the lesions were classified into six forms: nonlesion, atelectasis, mild pneumonia, moderate pneumonia, advanced pneumonia, and advanced pneumonia accompanied with abscess. Histopathological examination revealed bronchopneumonia in most of the calves. Lesions more advanced than moderate pneumonia were complicated with desquamation, severe exudation, and necrosis. Bacteriologically, Pasteurella sp. was isolated often in combination with Staphylococcus sp. from about a half of the atelectatic cases. With the development of pneumonic lesions, Pasteurella sp. was isolated at a high frequency in combination with Haemophilus sp., Streptococcus sp., and Corynebacterium sp. Prominent necrosis was more often seen in cases with Pasteurella haemolytica isolated than in cases with only Pasteurella multocida isolated. Mycoplasma sp. and Ureaplasma sp. were isolated from distinctly pneumonic lesions. Advanced pneumonic lesions were observed in many calves over 30 days of age. The importance of environmental and managerial improvement was also emphasized, since calf pneumonia tended to break out in facilities under unsatisfactory conditions in the present work.

Gamma dose to the gastric wall from a capsule containing 1.85 GBq (50 mCi) of 131I was estimated in 6 patients who had received total thyroidectomy for thyroid carcinoma some years before. The tests were done with a 37 MBq (1 mCi) capsule each in 5 patiens and with a 185 MBq (5 mCi) capsule in one patient. All the patients were requested to fast in the morning. The capsule was given with a glass of water (200 ml). Then, the patient kept supine position under the scintillation camera for a period of one hour except one patient on whom the test was suspended at 30 minutes because of early clearance of the radioactivity from the stomach. In one of 5 patients who were tested for a period of one hour, serial scinticamera images showed almost no movement and minimum dissolution of the capsule. The remaining 4 patients showed slight to moderate movements of the capsules with a variety of dissolution speeds. Data processings were done by Scintipac-1200. The estimated doses at the distance of 0.5 cm from the source were 3.820, 2.074, 1.445, 1.154 and 1.462 grays (382.0, 207.4, 144.5, 115.4 and 146.2 rads) per initial one hour and 375 mGy (37.5 rad) per initial 30 minutes, respectively. From these data, it is thought to be wise to advise the patient to rotate or shake the body on bed occasionally after swallowing the capsules containing a large dose of 131I for the treatment of thyroid cancer. It is also desirable to recommend the patient to walk around even though the controlled patient's room is small. Additional water may be also meaningful to avoid unnecessary irradiation to the gastric wall.

To achieve the visualization of regional lymph nodes using lymphoscintigraphy, 100 preoperative patients with breast cancer were studied, with [99mTc]rhenium colloid having been injected into the periosteum of their ribs. In order to identify the exact location of the visualized nodes, the obtained lymphoscintigram was superimposed onto the patient's chest roentgenogram. The visibility of the internal mammary region was 91% on the affected side, and 93% on the healthy side, whereas the visibility of the axillary region was 85% and 86%, respectively. The injection resulted in simultaneous visualization of both the internal mammary and the axillary nodes: in our series, it meant the visualization of 82 patients (82%) on the affected side and 83 patients (83%) on the healthy side. Our technique appears to be a rather efficient method for imaging the regional lymph nodes in breast cancer patients.

To find out a critical point of physiological responses of steers which would finally lead to death due to heat stress, four Holstein steers weighing about 300 kg were housed in an artificial climatic room and exposed to each of the following room temperature and relative humidity: 35 degrees C and 70 per cent, 36 degrees C and 80 per cent, 38 degrees C and 70 per cent, and 42 degrees C and 60 per cent. Sequential clinical and hematological examinations were carried out during thermal loads on the steers, and pathological examinations after their death or slaughter. All the steers manifested panting, rise of rectal temperature, reduction or disappearance of peristalsis, hypersalivation, dysfunction of the skin reflex, and remarkable decrease in white blood cell count and pressure of CO2 (Pco2) value of jugular blood. At the end of heat stress, an animal would be survived if it meet the following conditions: (1) rectal temperature was below 42.7 degrees C, (2) the respiration rate did not decrease to one half (about 100/minute) of the maximum rate during the exposure period, (3) peristalsis and skin reflex disappeared almost completely, (4) the white blood cell count did not decrease to less than 50 per cent of the normal level, and (5) the Pco2 value of venous blood was maintained at a level of more than 15 mmHg. Cloudy discoloration with a boiled-meat appearance was noticed in the skeletal muscle of the hind part of the body in two dead cases. No significant changes were detected in any other steer slaughtered several days after release from the thermal stress.