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We introduce a special issue of International Journal of Management Reviews that demonstrates how to use review articles to address societal grand challenges–complex, large-scale issues facing humankind, such as climate change, inequality, and poverty. First, we argue that review articles possess unique features that make them particularly useful for addressing societal grand challenges. Second, we discuss three distinct but related roles of review articles in addressing societal grand challenges: (1) advancing theoretical knowledge, (2) advancing methodological knowledge, and (3) advancing practical knowledge. The articles published in this special issue provide examples for each of these roles and, therefore, for how review articles can be used to address societal grand challenges. We conclude by providing future directions to enhance contributions of review articles for addressing societal grand challenges further by: (a) spanning disciplinary boundaries, (b) engaging practitioners, and (c) using alternative review approaches.

My research journey spans a period of exciting new theories informing innovative practices in businesses and other organizations and a period littered with concerns about the research-practice gap, questionable research practices, and a strong emphasis on the number of publications in top journals for hiring and promotions. These recent developments led to the dilution of both scientific freedom and scientific responsibility in our scientific work. I offer my research journey to illustrate the importance of both, with the most recent endeavor in a global responsible research movement to produce useful and credible knowledge that will enable business and management practices to serve all stakeholders and to solve the world's most challenging problems. Emerging institutional changes in business schools, journals, associations, and accreditation agencies provide hope that scholars will soon find the conditions favorable for both freedom and responsibility to support their aspiration to pursue research that will contribute to better societies and meaningful careers.

In addition to helping advance theory, replication studies offer rich and complementary learning experiences for doctoral students, enabling them to learn general research skills, through the process of striving to imitate good studies. In addition, students gain replication-specific methodological skills and learn about the important roles replications play for making management knowledge trustworthy. We outline best practices for enabling doctoral students and their supervisors to select studies to replicate, execute their replications, and increase the probability of successfully publishing their findings. We also discuss the crucial role of faculty mentors in supporting and guiding replication-based learning of doctoral students. Ultimately, educating doctoral students on how to execute high-quality replication studies helps to answer wider calls for more replication studies in the field of management, an important stepping stone along the journey toward open and responsible research.

Management research has been criticized for the gap between research and practice (the relevance issue) since the early 1990s. In recent years, there has been an equally important reckoning that bu...

Optimal or rational decision making is not possible due to informational constraints and limits in computation capability of humans (March & Simon, 1958; March, 1978). This bounded rationality serves as a filtering process in decision making among business executives (Hambrick & Mason, 1984). In this study, we propose the concept of CEO reflective capacity as a behavior-oriented cognitive capability that may overcome to some extent the pervasive limitation of bounded rationality in executive decision-making. Following Hinkin's (1998) method and two executive samples, we developed and validated a three-dimensional measure of CEO reflective capacity. Based on two-wave surveys of CEOs and their executive-subordinates in 213 Chinese small-medium sized firms, we tested and confirmed three hypotheses on how CEO reflective capacity is related to a firm's sustainability performance (including economic, societal, and environmental dimensions) through the mediating mechanisms of strategic decision comprehensiveness and CEO behavioral complexity. We discuss the contribution of this study to the literature on the upper echelons and information processing perspectives. We also identify the implications for future research on strategic leadership and managerial cognition in complex and dynamic contexts.

This article discusses the history and process of national selection of trainees, future workforce planning and projections in cardiothoracic surgery. In addition (and perhaps most importantly), it describes the challenges of the new, shorter, seven-year specialty training curriculum.

This essay takes a brief stock of the progress in the transformation of business research toward tackling the grand challenges and solving many wicked problems facing business and society today. Efforts are underway in journals, schools, academic associations and accreditation agencies to encourage attention on the societal impact of faculty research in business schools. This transformation is long overdue, and it reflects the will of the scientific community to self-correct the dual crises of research credibility and research-practice gap that dominated the business research ecosystem in the past three decades. Reflecting on the journey of this self-correction as a co-founder of the Responsible Research in Business and Management network, I draw on Robert Merton’s normative structure of science and the idea of scientific freedom and scientific responsibility, to suggest five scientific norms for the business and management research community as part of our third responsibility, in addition to our responsibilities for usefulness and credibility. Accepting this third responsibility will ensure that going forward, we will continuously and consistently deliver on our two major responsibilities of producing both credible and useful knowledge for better business practices and a better world.

Ocular perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) is exceedingly rare. We reported two examples involving the choroid and subconjunctival tissue, respectively, in patients aged 17 and 20 years. Both tumors comprised packets and sheets of large polygonal cells with moderately pleomorphic nuclei and prominent nucleoli, traversed by delicate fibrovascular septa. Melanin pigmentation was present in one case. The tumors showed HMB45 and TFE3 immunoreactivity. TFE3 gene translocation was confirmed by FISH break-apart probes. RNA seq revealed PRCC-TFE3 and NONO-TFE3 fusions, with the former representing the first description of PRCC-TFE3 in PEComa. Critical reappraisal of the reported cases showed that ocular PEComa frequently affected young patents with melanin pigmentation, frequent TFE3 protein expression, and/or TFE3 gene translocation. No recurrence or metastasis was reported after complete excision despite the presence of cytologic atypia.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) was first introduced to the UK 25 years ago, and the UK national service is provided by a single hospital. The aim of this work is to summarize our experience and review activity and outcomes by era at a high-volume PTE center. During this period the understanding of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) increased and drug treatments and balloon angioplasty were developed. We also review our contribution to the better understanding of this surgery and CTEPH. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all patients undergoing PTE for CTEPH at our center between Jan 1997 and Sept 2019, dividing them into four equal cohorts. Pre-operative characteristics and post-operative outcomes are described by era. A MEDLINE search was performed and original scientific clinical publications from this unit were reviewed. Their contemporary relevance and influence to the evolution of the clinical service are discussed. RESULTS: Over this 23-year period from the commencement of our program, 2,116 consecutive PTE were performed. The mean patient age was 57.8 years (range, 11−89 years). The first 25% of our PTE were performed over 12 years whilst the most recent 25% were performed in less than three years. Over time, the average pre-operative mean pulmonary artery pressure has not changed significantly. The 30-day mortality by era quartile has progressively fallen from 12.3% to 1.9% most recently (P

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to disentangle individual-level gender differences and norm-based gender roles and stereotypes to provide a finer-grained understanding of why female and male entrepreneurs experience different growth returns from their social networks across different national cultures. Design/methodology/approach This research uses a survey of 637 (278 female and 359 male) entrepreneurs across four nations varying on relational culture (importance of social relationships) and gender egalitarianism (importance of gender equality or neutrality in social and economic roles). Findings The authors find evidence that male entrepreneurs in high relational cultures benefit the most in terms of growth in revenues from larger network size while women in low relational cultures benefit the least. In cultures with low gender egalitarianism, male entrepreneurs benefit more from their larger social networks than did the female entrepreneurs. Practical implications The study presents implications for female entrepreneurs’ behaviors to gain more benefits from their social networks, especially in cultural contexts where relationships are important or where there is equality in gender roles. In these contexts, they may need to develop other strategies and rely less on social networks to grow their ventures. Social implications This research suggests that female entrepreneurs still are disadvantaged in some societies. National policy may focus on developing more opportunities and providing more support to women entrepreneurs as a valuable contributor to economic growth of the nations. Originality/value The authors disentangle the effects of gender differences, norm-based gender stereotypes and networks on entrepreneurial outcomes.

Ocular perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) is exceedingly rare. We reported two examples involving the choroid and subconjunctival tissue, respectively, in patients aged 17 and 20 years. Both tumors comprised packets and sheets of large polygonal cells with moderately pleomorphic nuclei and prominent nucleoli, traversed by delicate fibrovascular septa. Melanin pigmentation was present in one case. The tumors showed HMB45 and TFE3 immunoreactivity. TFE3 gene translocation was confirmed by FISH break-apart probes. RNA seq revealed PRCC-TFE3 and NONO-TFE3 fusions, with the former representing the first description of PRCC-TFE3 in PEComa. Critical reappraisal of the reported cases showed that ocular PEComa frequently affected young patents with melanin pigmentation, frequent TFE3 protein expression, and/or TFE3 gene translocation. No recurrence or metastasis was reported after complete excision despite the presence of cytologic atypia.

Coenzyme Q (Q(n)) is a vital lipid component of the electron transport chain that functions in cellular energy metabolism and as a membrane antioxidant. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, coq1–coq9 deletion mutants are respiratory-incompetent, sensitive to lipid peroxidation stress, and unable to synthesize Q(6). The yeast coq10 deletion mutant is also respiratory-deficient and sensitive to lipid peroxidation, yet it continues to produce Q(6) at an impaired rate. Thus, Coq10 is required for the function of Q(6) in respiration and as an antioxidant and is believed to chaperone Q(6) from its site of synthesis to the respiratory complexes. In several fungi, Coq10 is encoded as a fusion polypeptide with Coq11, a recently identified protein of unknown function required for efficient Q(6) biosynthesis. Because “fused” proteins are often involved in similar biochemical pathways, here we examined the putative functional relationship between Coq10 and Coq11 in yeast. We used plate growth and Seahorse assays and LC-MS/MS analysis to show that COQ11 deletion rescues respiratory deficiency, sensitivity to lipid peroxidation, and decreased Q(6) biosynthesis of the coq10Δ mutant. Additionally, immunoblotting indicated that yeast coq11Δ mutants accumulate increased amounts of certain Coq polypeptides and display a stabilized CoQ synthome. These effects suggest that Coq11 modulates Q(6) biosynthesis and that its absence increases mitochondrial Q(6) content in the coq10Δcoq11Δ double mutant. This augmented mitochondrial Q(6) content counteracts the respiratory deficiency and lipid peroxidation sensitivity phenotypes of the coq10Δ mutant. This study further clarifies the intricate connection between Q(6) biosynthesis, trafficking, and function in mitochondrial metabolism.

Setting Shanghai is a mega city where 39% of the population comprises internal migrants. Objective To examine the different roles played by migrants and permanent residents in the transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Design We conducted a population-based cohort study to assess MDR-TB transmission in Shanghai between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2012 using genotyping and geospatial analyses. Results A total of 367 MDR-TB cases formed the study cohort. Significant differences between MDR-TB cases who were internal migrants and those who were permanent residents were found with regard to age, sex, region, genetic characteristics and treatment outcomes. Permanent residents had a higher transmission rate than internal migrants (OR 3.36, 95%CI 1.86-6.09). Permanent residents and genotypic clustering cases had similar clusters in central downtown and some parts of suburban areas. Most of the clusters of internal migrants were found in rural areas bordering suburban areas. Clusters of genotypic non-clustering cases showed patterns that closely matched those of internal migrants, suggesting acquired drug resistance in migrants. Conclusion In Shanghai, permanent residents were significantly associated with recent transmission of MDR-TB in central downtown areas. Clustered cases of internal migrants in rural areas were most likely to have contracted MDR-TB through acquired resistance.

The mission ofManagement and Organization Review, founded in 2005, is to publish research about Chinese management and organizations, foreign organizations operating in China, or Chinese firms operating globally. The aspiration is to develop knowledge that is unique to China as well as universal knowledge that may transcend China. Articulated in the first editorial published in the inaugural issue of MOR (2005) and further elaborated in a second editorial (Tsui, 2006), the question of contextualization is framed, discussing the role of context in the choices of the research question, theory, measurement, and research design. The idea of ‘engaged indigenous research’ by Van de Ven, Meyer, and Jing (2018) describes the highest level of contextualization, with the local context serving as the primary factor guiding all the decisions of a research project. Tsui (2007: 1353) refers to it as ‘deep contextualization’.

Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone or CoQ) is an essential lipid that plays a role in mitochondrial respiratory electron transport and serves as an important antioxidant. In human and yeast cells, CoQ synthesis derives from aromatic ring precursors and the isoprene biosynthetic pathway. Saccharomyces cerevisiae coq mutants provide a powerful model for our understanding of CoQ biosynthesis. This review focusses on the biosynthesis of CoQ in yeast and the relevance of this model to CoQ biosynthesis in human cells. The COQ1–COQ11 yeast genes are required for efficient biosynthesis of yeast CoQ. Expression of human homologs of yeast COQ1–COQ10 genes restore CoQ biosynthesis in the corresponding yeast coq mutants, indicating profound functional conservation. Thus, yeast provides a simple yet effective model to investigate and define the function and possible pathology of human COQ (yeast or human gene involved in CoQ biosynthesis) gene polymorphisms and mutations. Biosynthesis of CoQ in yeast and human cells depends on high molecular mass multisubunit complexes consisting of several of the COQ gene products, as well as CoQ itself and CoQ intermediates. The CoQ synthome in yeast or Complex Q in human cells, is essential for de novo biosynthesis of CoQ. Although some human CoQ deficiencies respond to dietary supplementation with CoQ, in general the uptake and assimilation of this very hydrophobic lipid is inefficient. Simple natural products may serve as alternate ring precursors in CoQ biosynthesis in both yeast and human cells, and these compounds may act to enhance biosynthesis of CoQ or may bypass certain deficient steps in the CoQ biosynthetic pathway.

Author(s): Brunt, Elizabeth; Aishima, Shinichi; Clavien, Pierre-Alain; Fowler, Kathryn; Goodman, Zachary; Gores, Gregory; Gouw, Annette; Kagen, Alex; Klimstra, David; Komuta, Mina; Kondo, Fukuo; Miksad, Rebecca; Nakano, Masayuki; Nakanuma, Yasuni; Ng, Irene; Paradis, Valerie; Nyun Park, Young; Quaglia, Alberto; Roncalli, Massimo; Roskams, Tania; Sakamoto, Michiie; Saxena, Romil; Sempoux, Christine; Sirlin, Claude; Stueck, Ashley; Thung, Swan; Tsui, WMS; Wang, Xin-Wei; Wee, Aileen; Yano, Hirohisa; Yeh, Matthew; Zen, Yoh; Zucman-Rossi, Jessica; Theise, Neil | Abstract: Primary liver carcinomas with both hepatocytic and cholangiocytic differentiation have been referred to as "combined (or mixed) hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma." These tumors, although described over 100 years ago, have attracted greater attention recently because of interest in possible stem cell origin and perhaps because of greater frequency and clinical recognition. Currently, because of a lack of common terminology in the literature, effective treatment and predictable outcome data have been challenging to accrue. This article represents a consensus document from an international community of pathologists, radiologists, and clinicians who have studied and reported on these tumors and recommends a working terminology for diagnostic and research approaches for further study and evaluation.ConclusionIt is recommended that diagnosis is based on routine histopathology with hematoxylin and eosin (HaE); immunostains are supportive, but not essential for diagnosis. (Hepatology 2018;68:113-126).

This article develops concepts of microdivisionalization and microbusiness units or MBUs. The structure and operation of the microdivisionalized firm and its MBUs are shown in the context of the Ha...

Coenzyme Q (CoQ or ubiquinone) serves as an essential redox-active lipid in respiratory electron and proton transport during cellular energy metabolism. CoQ also functions as a membrane-localized antioxidant protecting cells against lipid peroxidation. CoQ deficiency is associated with multiple human diseases; CoQ(10) supplementation in particular has noted cardioprotective benefits. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Coq10, a putative START domain protein, is believed to chaperone CoQ to sites where it functions. Yeast coq10 deletion mutants (coq10Δ) synthesize CoQ inefficiently during log phase growth and are respiratory defective and sensitive to oxidative stress. Humans have two orthologs of yeast COQ10, COQ10A and COQ10B. Here, we tested the human co-orthologs for their ability to rescue the yeast mutant. We showed that expression of either human ortholog, COQ10A or COQ10B, rescues yeast coq10Δ mutant phenotypes, restoring the function of respiratory-dependent growth on a nonfermentable carbon source and sensitivity to oxidative stress induced by treatment with PUFAs. These effects indicate a strong functional conservation of Coq10 across different organisms. However, neither COQ10A nor COQ10B restored CoQ biosynthesis when expressed in the yeast coq10Δ mutant. The involvement of yeast Coq10 in CoQ biosynthesis may rely on its interactions with another protein, possibly Coq11, which is not found in humans. Coexpression analyses of yeast COQ10 and human COQ10A and COQ10B provide additional insights to functions of these START domain proteins and their potential roles in other biologic pathways.

Harley's (2019) encouragement of senior scholars to play an influential role in the conduct of management research is vital. His epistle multiplies the voices convicting this scholarship for its lack of rigour and relevance. Many scholars find the last 30 years of research to have failed both its internal standards (Bedeian, Taylor, & Miller, 2010; Honig, Lampel, Siegel, & Drnevich, 2014; Tsui, 2016) and its external expectations (Aguinis, Suarez-Gonzalez, Lannelongue, & Joo. 2012; Ghoshal, 2005; Tsui, 2015; Harley & Cornelissen, 2018). This vociferous ‘hue and cry’ for a new pathway invites science to self-correct, with the recent responsibility turn demanding that greater attention be paid to producing credible and useful research findings.

Ubiquinone (UQ) is a conserved polyprenylated lipid essential to cellular respiration. Two papers, one in this issue of Cell Chemical Biology (Hajj Chehade etal., 2019) and another in Molecular Cell (Lohman etal., 2019), identify lipid-binding proteins that play crucial roles in chaperoning UQ-intermediates.

Extrahepatic biliary atresia, paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts, viral hepatitis, and malformations of bile ducts are the main causes of neonatal cholestasis. Biliary atresia occurs due to inflammation and destruction of extrahepatic bile duct systems in utero and during the perinatal period. Malformations of bile ducts are associated with abnormal remodeling of embryonic bile duct plate and fibrocystic lesions are developed, and they include congenital hepatic fibrosis [1], Caroli’s disease [2], microhamartoma [3], and choledochal cyst, and they carry an increased risk of bile duct carcinoma. Differing from other cystic lesions, ciliated hepatic cyst arising from embryonic foregut is detected incidentally in adults and should be differentiated from bile duct lesions [4]. Infantile and adult types of hereditary polycystic disease cause renal failure, and hepatic failure is rare [5, 6].

Liver disease may occur in association with various systemic diseases. These primary diseases are predominantly extrahepatic, but associated hepatic dysfunction may develop and often is of clinical significance and diagnostic importance. In some cases, liver disease simply represents a manifestation of the systemic disease process involving the liver, as in disseminated malignancy, systemic infection, and some metabolic diseases. Rarely, it may constitute a relatively unique manifestation of a systemic disease, as in primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with ulcerative colitis.

Hepatic granulomas develop through the interactions of T lymphocytes and macrophages. Granulomas are relatively common in liver samples, identified in 2–10% of cases. Granuloma formation is mainly due to infections, sarcoidosis, drug reactions, and primary biliary cholangitis. This article concisely reviews the classification, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options of granulomatous liver diseases.