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Chinese wisteria (Wisteria sinensis), Glycine chinensis, is a genus of treelike deciduous lianas from the legume family (Fabaceae). In natural conditions, Glycine chinensis is found in the subtropical forests of China, Korea and Japan. Nowadays, the plant is widely cultivated in European countries. Leaves of the plant exhibit the antioxidant,cytostatic effect, flowers inhibit the growth of tubercle bacilli. The seeds are used in Chinese medicine to treat cardiovascular diseases and as a diuretic. Aim. To study macro- and microscopic features of Chinese wisteria leaves for standardization of the medicinal plant raw material and development of the quality control method. Materials and methods. The study object was the leaves of Chinese wisteria harvested in the period of mass flowering in the Kyiv region and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. The morphological features were studied visually. Preparations from the leaf surface were prepared according to conventional methods. Results and discussion. The main morphological and anatomical features of Chinese wisteria leaves have been determined. Macroscopic features include complex unpaired leaves that have a common petiole and its continuation – rachis, on which there are five pairs of opposite leaves and one apical one. The leaves are large, do not have a toothed edge, pubescent at first, but eventually become smooth; microscopic signs are the dorso-ventral type of theleaf blade structure. The epidermis is covered with a cuticle. The cells of the upper epidermis are parenchymal, slightly convoluted, with evenly thickened membranes. Above the vein, the cells are prosenchymal, elongated along the vein. The lower epidermis is represented by cells of various shapes, parenchymal or having a somewhat elongated shape, sinuous-walled, polygonal. Stomata are frequent and oval. The stomatal apparatus is of anisocyte type. There are numerous hairs along the central vein and on the petiole. The petiole of the leaf has a rounded shape. In the center there is a single conductive bundle surrounded by parenchymal cells. The epidermis consists of small erect cells. There are numerous simple unicellular hairs. The cross-section of the rachis has an oval-triangular shape, the tubercles are ribshaped. Stomata are present. Conclusions. As a result of the studies, the main macroscopic and microscopic features of Chinese wisteria leaves have been determined; they will be used to standardize the medicinal plant raw material and develop the quality control method.

Aim. To study the anatomical structure of Cercis siliquastrum L. leaves. Materials and methods. The study objects were leaves of Judas tree collected in the Botanical garden of the National University of Pharmacy in June, 2021. Micropreparations were made of fresh, dried material and fixed with a mixture of 96 % ethanol, water and glycerin (1 : 1: 1). Micropreparations were prepared and examined according to the methodsof the SPhU using a Granum microscope (Austria). A Canon PC1251 camera was used for photographing. Results and discussion. The type of the leaf blade is dorsoventral, hypostomatic, there are cells with the orange content. There are numerous stomata of anocytic (sometimes anisocytic) type. Simple multicellular hairs with a weakly warty cuticle were found on the lower and upper epidermis. A 2-3-layered collenchymatous parenchyma is located above the central vein. The bundle sheath is crystalliferous. On the xylem side, 5-6 layers of the sclerenchyma are observed. The petiole has an oval shape, slightly ribbed near the leaf blade. In the middle of the petiole there are three bundles: two radial on the sides and one central with two additional bundles. All bundles are surrounded by a common sclerenchymal ring. There are cells with the orange content in the parenchyma. On the abaxial side there is a layer of cells with calcium oxalate drusens under the sclerenchyma. The petiole is rounded, slightly ribbed. The bundle has a crescent shape in the center. The xylem rays are with the brown content. The sclerenchyma is well developed. There are drusens in the parenchyma of the petiole. Conclusions. The main anatomical features of Judas tree leaves have been determined; it will allow identifying and standardizing the plant raw material. The data obtained are necessary for the development of Drug Quality Control Methods (DQCM) for the medicinal raw material.

This work has investigated changes in crystallinity and amorphism in the surface layers of commercial microfiltration films. Experimental studies of supramolecular formations and changes in the structure of microfiltration films were carried out by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffractometric measurements in reflection geometry in the region of large angles. In the process of water swelling of semipermeable films of the MMPA, MPS, and МFFK types, a change in the structure of the lattice of the films is observed due to an increase in the interatomic distance, that is, the size of the pore diameter is likely to change throughout the structure of both the active layer and the film substrate. The observed changes in the supramolecular structure of the films upon swelling occur to a greater extent due to the disordering of macrochains in all layers of the films. The decrease in the degree of crystallinity of the films upon sorption of water is most likely associated with the redistribution of the ratio between the number of perfect crystalline phases in polyamide crystallites with different values of the enthalpy of melting.

When studying the regularities inherent in the effect of intermolecular interaction between polishing powder particles and a treated material on the material removal rate in the process of polishing and the roughness of the polished surfaces of optical parts and elements, which are manufactured of glass, sitalls, and optical and semiconductor crystals, it has been established that the material removal rate linearly decreases with an increase in the Lifshitz constant and the potential of molecular interaction between a disperse phase particle and a treated surface. It has been shown that the material removal rate in the course of polishing and the roughness parameters of treated surfaces decrease with an increase in the transfer energy. It has been established that the ratio η/Ra linearly grows with a decrease in the Lifshitz constant. It has been demonstrated that the required level of material removal rate and roughness can be attained for treated surfaces by using a disperse polishing system of micro- and nanopowders.

The paper presents two methods for identifying microstructural heterogeneities on the surface of OFAM-K and OPMN-P nanofiltration membranes. Optical microscopy in combination with the AutoCad 2016 computer-aided design system and standard Microsoft Excel 2010 tools allows one to investigate microstructural heterogeneities of initial samples of OPMN-P and OFAM-K nanofiltration membranes. A method that enables the automated calculation of the average diameter of the fouling of semi-permeable membranes and the fouling coefficient of porous bodies is also developed. Using the capabilities of the Matlab 2017 software package, the application of modern tools to accomplish the set goal of the work is shown. Practical implementation of the method is exemplified by the nanofiltration process with semi-permeable polymer membranes of OFAM-K and OPMN-P types. The automated method combining optical microscopy studies, Otsu image processing, and software implementation in Matlab 2017 and optical microscopy in combination with the AutoCad 2016 computer-aided design system and standard Microsoft Excel 2010 tools, which more accurately reveals the structural heterogeneities of OFAM-K and OPMN-P nanofiltration membranes, are compared.

The design of a roll-type electrobaromembrane apparatus has been developed, in which a high efficiency of mixing of multicomponent solutions is ensured when separating colloidal process fluids and waste water from chemical industries. A method for calculating the total area of membranes in an electrobaromembrane apparatus, taking into account the areas of roll and tubular elements, has been developed.

Electrochemical and transport characteristics of systems equipped with OPMN-P and OFAM-K membranes during operation in electronanofiltration cell are studied experimentally. The reasons for changes in the characteristics of membrane systems under the influence of various factors in the process of electronanofiltration of solutions that simulate the ionic composition of the ammonium-nitrate- and potassium-sulfate-containing solutions from electroplating and mineral fertilizers production, as well as the process media of the Livshits АО ТАGAT electroplating plant, are revealed. The change in the local conductivity of the solution in the intermembrane channel and, as a consequence, the increase in current density at the studied solution electronanofiltration is shown to be connected with the flow restriction in the electrochemical cell and the solution heating. Analysis of the systems’ electrochemical characteristics during the electronanofiltration the galvanic-production process media gave the degradation range of the OPMN-P semi-permeable membrane active layer (15–30 V) because of surplus of the operation range certified value pH > 12. Improving of the transport characteristics of membrane systems during electronanofiltration of aqueous solutions (ammonium nitrate, and potassium sulfate) is associated with the increase in the pressure differential. Increase of the voltage in the electronanofiltration cell leads to decrease in the outlet flow for the near-anodic membrane OFAM-K and increase in the outlet flow for the near-cathoduc membrane OPMN-P. This is associated with the displacement of the pH value of the near-anodic permeate toward acidic environment; of the near-cathodic permeate, toward alkaline environment. It is found that during the electronanofiltration of the electroplating process media the surface of the near-cathodic membrane OPMN-P is coated with the Fe(OH)2 and Fe(OH)3 precipitates due to supersaturation. The precipitates act as an absorber of Zn2+, [Zn(OH)4]2–, and other ions at a constant pressure differential P = 1.6 MPa, which leads to the dynamic membrane formation. Empirical equations for the calculating of the specific outlet flux and the retention coefficient are proposed basing on the analysis of experimental data obtained during the membrane separation of the studied solutions under the action of the pressure differential and voltage.

A design of a tubular electrobaromembrane apparatus for cleaning industrial solutions of chemical plants is developed. An optimized version of the apparatus with an effective solution separating area is presented and the volume of the body components and the mass of the body are calculated. The economic merits of the materials for fabrication of the apparatus for electrobaromembrane and baromembrane separation are compared. The merits of the developed apparatus design are enlarged solution separation area, increased throughput, improved solution separation quality, and reduced material content per unit volume of the apparatus.

A tubular electrochemical membrane apparatus that enables efficient mixing of chemical plant solutions to be separated and of colloidal process solutions is designed and a procedure for calculating the total working area of the membranes in a tubular electrobaromembrane apparatus is developed. The areas of the cathodic and anodic membranes are calculated.

This paper presents an analytical overview of the study of the kinetic and physicochemical characteristics of composite membrane films. UAM-100, UAM-150, and MGA-95 composite films have been studied using thermogravimetry in the temperature range from 30 to 300°C. A kinetic analysis of experimental data by the Freeman–Carroll method is carried out. It was found that hydrated water for all the studied semi-permeable films evaporates in the temperature range from ~95 to ~180°C. Comparison of the ratios of the amount of removed water in the film samples correlates with the geometric parameters of the pores. The values of the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor (E = 26.9 kJ/mol and ln(A ≈ 6.3 (min–1)) in the range 0.2 < α < 0.7 of the degree of dehydration indicate the same regularity in the distribution of water molecules in the polymolecular layer for all composite films. The high dehydration values, e.g., for a sample of a composite semipermeable film MGA-95 at the temperature of the maximum on the thermogravimetry curve (Tmax = 169.6°C) indicate that water molecules form hydrogen bonds both with ionogenic groups of cellulose acetate and with each other.

The study of the regularities of the polishing of optical glass and glass ceramics showed that the coefficient of surface tension, the coefficient of dynamic viscosity of the polishing dispersed system, and the contact angles of the surfaces of the treated surface and lapping tool affect the thickness of the gap between them and, accordingly, the productivity of removing the processed material and the roughness parameters of the treated surfaces. The energy transfer is directly related to the coefficient of volumetric wear, which determines the productivity of polishing. The validity of the ratio between the coefficients of volumetric wear and thermal diffusivity, depending on the specific heat capacity, transfer energy, and temperature, is confirmed. An increase in the thickness of the gap between the treated surface and the lapping tool leads to a decrease in the most probable size of sludge particles and an improvement in the roughness of polished surfaces.

A procedure has been developed for calculating end flanges of a flat-chamber type of electrobaromembrane apparatus weakened by a porthole for feeding solution to be separated in accordance with permissible stresses, taking account of the loading time.

Experimental data have been obtained, and the characteristics of the moisture content and permeability of cellulose acetate porous materials were analyzed via thermal action. Dynamic thermogravimetric analysis found that the destruction process in an air-dry sample of the membrane begins at 21°C. It is accompanied by a 2% weight loss and an endothermic effect. The destruction ends at 50°C. With a subsequent increase in temperature, the manifestation of endothermic effect continues a temperature of 120–175°C with the maximum rate of mass loss at 146°C. The weight loss ends at about 190°C and is 6.5%. The study of MGA-80 and MGA-95 porous cellulose acetate films at transmembrane pressure upon temperature exposure showed that the permeability and specific output flow to water increase as the temperature rises to 50°C. Analysis of dependences of the specific output flow on temperature revealed that the specific output flow to water increases by ~18% upon an initial temperature rise of 10°C. This is due to structural changes in the cellulose acetate layer. A further increase in temperature by 15°C leads to an increase in permeability by ~10%. These phenomena are associated with the process of structural transformation in the active layer and the polymer substrate of the MGA-95 and MGA-80P membranes, respectively.

A developed design of a combined-type electro-baromembrane apparatus for separating solutions into two successive circuits is presented. As well as allowing differential ion separation in the flows of cathode and anode permeate in the form of bases and acids at the first stage of separation, the baromembrane design leads to reduced hydraulic resistance per unit volume and improved solution separation efficiency. The methodology used for calculating the technological characteristics of the apparatus is described.

The methods of atomic-force- and scanning-electron microscopy are used to study the surface morphology of polymeric microfiltration membranes. Commercial membranes of the MFFK (on the basis of a hydrophobic fluoroplastic composite membrane, pore size of 0.45 μm) and MPS (polyethersulfone membrane, pore size of 0.45 μm) brands produced by OOO NPP Tekhnofil’tr (Vladimir, Russia) are used as the objects of study. A mature molasses brew produced by OAO Biokhim (Rasskazovo, Tambov Oblast) is used as the technological fluid for the working samples of MFFK and MPS membranes in the microfiltration process. An analysis of the surface morphology of the microfiltration membranes makes it possible to determine the regions of the location of pores, yeast, and polysaccharides, and the interpore connecting regions. By analyzing microscopic images, the flow lines of the solution to be separated are revealed in the profile hollows on the surface of the working microfiltration membranes. The initial MFFK and MPS membranes are found to have slit pores (0.4–0.6 μm in length and width), and the working membranes are contaminated (clogged) by yeast, polysaccharides, and their fragments, which is associated with residual dynamic membrane formation. The surface-roughness parameters of the working MFFK and MPS membranes are shown to be different: the Ra and Rz values differ by factors of 1.69 and 1.87, respectively; and the Rmax values in the case of oblique and frontal sections differ by factors of 1.67 and 1.05, respectively. This is explained by the specific features accompanying the process of the microfiltration separation of solutions containing yeast, polysaccharides, and their fragments (the presence of an adsorption layer on the membrane surface and cracks in the residual layer of the dynamic membrane, i.e., the clogged layer).

An efficient design of the flat-chamber-type electrobaromembrane apparatus was developed and based on it a calculation method that allows to determine the total working area of the membranes, the useful area of the near-cathode, near-anode membranes and the volume of the solution to be separated per unit volume of the developed apparatus.

A tubular-type electro-baromembrane apparatus design has been developed, which makes it possible to efficiently separate chemical production solutions and differentially extract ions from multicomponent systems. A method for calculating the working area of membranes in the apparatus is proposed, which makes it possible to determine the area of near-cathode and near-anode membranes, as well as the total area of membranes in the apparatus.

Objective: to study the effect of recombinant superoxide dismutase, included in the complex intensive care, on the antioxidant properties of the blood of patients with acute posthypoxic encephalopathy syndrome. Material and methods. The study included 34 patients who were treated in the intensive care unit with a diagnosis of acute posthypoxic encephalopathy. Group 1 (n=21) was represented by patients who underwent standard intensive care. In group 2 (n=13), the treatment was supplemented with recombinant superoxide dismutase, administered intravenously with a drug dispenser at a dose of 12.8 million units within 12 hours. Consciousness was evaluated on a scale of Glasgow com and activation — sedation on a scale of Richmond. Spontaneous and induced biochemoluminescence (BCL) of whole venous blood was determined. Results: In patients of group 2 the phenomena of posthypoxic encephalopathy stopped faster than in group 1. In group 2, all patients were extubated 24 hours after the start of respiratory support, in group 1–57% of patients were extubated after 24 hours, the rest 48 hours after the start of treatment. By the end of the first day, in patients of group 1, spontaneous and induced venous blood BCL considerably increased, significantly exceeding the control values. In group 2, spontaneous venous blood BCL by the end of the first day of intensive care was, on average, lower than in patients of group 1 by 43, 85%, and induced by 52, 49% (p

A design is proposed for an electrobaric membrane system of coil type for use in the separation of solutions. The effective total working area of the membranes is calculated. The volume of solution that may be separated by the refined system here proposed is compared with that for the prototype system (described in the literature).