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Background. Cataract is one of the main causes of decreased visual acuity in the world, and therefore scientists are continuing researches on the mechanisms of development of this ophthalmic pathology.The aim. To study metabolic changes in a cloudy lens using an experimental model.Materials and methods. The study was carried out on adult male Wistar rats (n = 60), which were divided into control (n = 30) and experimental (n = 30) groups. Experimental cataract were simulated by daily ultraviolet irradiation (λ = 300–350 nm) during 6 months for 20 minutes. At the months 2, 4 and 6 of the study, we carried out a biomicroscopic examination of the anterior eye of animals using a slit lamp to monitor the development of cataract. Lenses were collected to determine the content of stearoyl-coenzyme-A desaturases and melatonin using enzyme immunoassay.Results. At the stage of initial cataract, the content of the stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase was statistically significantly lower than the control values by 38 %; at the stage of immature cataract – by 30 %; at the stage of mature cataract – by 15.4 %. It was revealed that at the month 6 of the study, the concentration of melatonin in lens homogenates was 17 % lower when compared with the control. A statistically significant correlation was established between stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase and melatonin (r = 0.32).Conclusion. Melatonin and stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase play an important role in a number of biochemical processes that ensure the proper functioning of the visual analyzer. Changes in the concentration of these biological molecules can play a key role in the pathogenesis of cataract and a number of other ophthalmic diseases

Background. The presence of increased manganese concentrations in soils and water intakes areas for drinking and household purposes in a number of the Russian Federation subjects indicates the chronic influence of this metal on all segments of the population. This situation is aggravated by violation of the optimal nutrition principles, which leads to changes in the organism absorption of micronutrients. In this regard, the study of the elemental status of an organism against the background of manganese exposure is of particular importance.The aim. To study the effects of subchronic exposure to manganese on the mineral status of Wistar rats.Materials and methods. To conduct the study, 20 mature rats were selected, from which two groups were formed – control (n = 10) and experimental (n = 10). Animals in the control group received a general diet, animals in the experimental group received a diet with additional administration of manganese sulfate at a dose of 1433 mg/kg for 28 days. At the end of the preparatory period, blood and brain samples were taken to determine the content of chemical elements using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and of metal-ligand manganese forms using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Results. It has been established that subchronic oral exposure to manganese leads to an increase in the content of this microelement in the blood serum and to a decrease in the levels of calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron and copper. In the cerebral cortex, the level of manganese, lead, mercury and strontium increases against the background of a decrease in iron and iodine levels. An increase in the gross content of manganese in blood serum leads to an overload of the main high-molecular carriers and initiates the formation of low-molecular forms of manganese.Conclusion. Subchronic oral exposure to manganese leads to the accumulation of this microelement in the body of animals and to the development of an imbalance of a number of macro- and microelements.

Background. Worldwide, there is a rapid increase in the number of people suffering from various forms of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disorders. Modern studies show that the transport, distribution, excretion and accumulation of chemical elements in these types of metabolic disorders change in different ways and affect the further functional state of the body differently.The aim. To evaluate the level of macro- and microelements in the blood serum and liver, as well as the content of metal-ligand forms of zinc in the blood serum of a Wistar rat in a high-calorie diet.Materials and methods. Thirty male rats were selected for the experiment, from which two groups were formed: control (n = 15) and experimental (n = 15). The animals of the control group received the basic diet (270 kcal/100 g), and the animals of the experimental group received a high-calorie diet. During the experiment, the caloric content of the diet of the experimental group gradually increased from the caloric content of the total diet. During the study, body weight, biochemical parameters of blood and urine were evaluated. The analysis of macro- and microelements in the samples was carried out using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Determination of the content of individual zinc compounds in blood serum was carried out using a combination of a chromatograph and a mass spectrometer.Results. It was found that a high-calorie diet led to a decrease in the level of iron, chromium, iodine, zinc, potassium, calcium, and an increase in vanadium in blood serum. In the liver, there was a decrease in the level of lithium and an increase in the level of calcium, vanadium, chromium, iron, zinc, cobalt. When assessing the chemical forms of zinc in the blood serum, a percentage increase in the albumin fraction was recorded against the background of a decrease in amino acid complexes and low-molecular-weight forms of zinc.Conclusion. The data obtained suggest that a high-calorie diet leads to an imbalance of chemical elements, which can serve as one of the triggers for dysregulation of a number of physiological functions of the body.

The article has a research, practice-oriented nature and analyzes the problems of professional development and building a career trajectory of graduates through the prism of the personnel partnership of university and the business community. The purpose of the article is to explore the personnel cooperation between university and industrial partners in the context of professional development tracks and, in the light of this, develop a cyclogram of youth career development.The article presents the results of the study of factors influencing the formation of a career trajectory from the position of students of Orenburg State University (2022). The practice of implementing the formats of personnel partnership of the university and employers of Orenburg State University, including various activities within the framework of building the trajectory of professional and career development of a future specialist, is analyzed.The authors propose recommendations for the development of a cyclogram of students’ career development, improvement of the efficiency of interaction between the university and personnel partners by creating a student association of professional development focused on enhancement of career guidance activities at university, identifying creative, scientific, and entrepreneurial potential of students, developing skills necessary to increase competitiveness in the labor market, assistance in career planning and building of university students and graduates.

The article considers the implementation of the principle of continuing education through the system of additional professional education at Orenburg State University. Additional professional education is the main element of the system of lifelong education. The authors analyze the current trends in the development of additional professional education in the Russian Federation and the role of higher education in it, as well as the opportunities and problems of implementing additional professional programs at the University. The analysis of the dynamics and structure of additional professional programs of the Orenburg State University is carried out. The mechanisms of implementing additional professional programs based on a practice-oriented integrated approach aimed at strengthening the practical orientation of programs based on the integration of University’s educational activities and strategic partnership with enterprises and organizations of the region are proposed. The authors analyze the possibilities and prospects of using e-learning and technologies of distance education in the implementation of additional professional programs. The article highlights the mandatory conditions for building an effective system of additional professional education at the University, based on close interaction with the program’s customers, the development of professional competencies of teaching staff engaged in the implementation of additional programs, and the active use of modern educational technologies.