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Gel polymer electrolyte based on poly (vinyl alcohol)(PVA)–magnesium triflate (MgTf) incorporating with different weight percentage (wt.%) of ethylene carbonate (EC) as plasticizer has been prepared by using solution casting method. The ionic conductivity of PVA–MgTf–EC gel polymer electrolyte has been determined by using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and has achieved an optimum value at 1.26 x 10-4 S.cm-1 when 50 wt.% of EC is added into the system. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) has been performed to study the molecular interaction between components in PVA-MgTf-EC gel polymer electrolyte. The complexations between the materials used in the electrolyte system are observed based on the shifting of bands and changes in the intensity of peaks in FTIR spectra. The morphological behaviour of electrolytes has been studied by using Field Emission Scanning Electron Spectroscopy (FESEM) to observe the changes of PVA-based gel polymer electrolytes when EC is added to the system. The amorphous peak of PVA-based electrolyte is observed to become broaden with the addition of plasticizer, results in increment in the amorphousness nature of the electrolyte which is determined by X-ray Diffractometer (XRD).

This study focuses on preparation and characterization of polymer gel electrolytes (PGEs) based on agarose–LiBOB–DMSO and poly(1-vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate)–LiBOB–DMSO. Two systems of PGEs were prepared by dissolving a different amount (1-8 wt.%) of agarose and (1-8 wt.%) P(VP-co-VAc) as host polymer in 0.8 M of LiBOB–DMSO solution. The addition of host polymer into 0.8 M of LiBOB–DMSO solution will result an optimum conductivity which is 6.91 x 10-3 S.cm-1 for agarose–LiBOB–DMSO system and 7.83 x 10-3 S.cm-1 for P(VP-co-VAc)–LiBOB–DMSO system. In the temperature range of conductivity studies discovered that the agarose–LiBOB–DMSO and P(VP-co-VAc)–LiBOB–DMSO polymer gel electrolytes abide by Arrhenius rule indicating that this PGEs could run at elevated temperature conditions. Furthermore, lithium transference number confirms that both electrolyte systems have 0.03 and 0.12 respectively at room temperature (298 K). Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) measurements demonstrate the agarose–LiBOB–DMSO system has a potential of 4.26 V and P(VP-co-VAc)–LiBOB–DMSO system has a potential of 4.50 V which is good in electrochemical stability.

Polymer electrolytes based on agarose dissolved in DMSO solvent complexed with different weight percentages of Mg(NO3)2 ranging from 0 to 35 wt% were prepared using a solution casting method. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was applied to study the electrical properties of this polymer electrolyte, such as ionic conductivity at room and different temperatures, dielectric and modulus properties. The highest conducting film has been obtained at 1.48 × 10−5 S·cm−1 by doping 30 wt% of Mg(NO3)2 into the polymer matrix at room temperature. This high ionic conductivity value is achieved due to the increase in the amorphous nature of the polymer electrolyte, as proven by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), where broadening of the amorphous peak can be observed. The intermolecular interactions between agarose and Mg(NO3)2 are studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy by observing the presence of –OH, –CH, N–H, CH3, C–O–C, C–OH, C–C and 3,6-anhydrogalactose bridges in the FTIR spectra. The electrochemical properties for the highest conducting agarose–Mg(NO3)2 polymer electrolyte are stable up to 3.57 V, which is determined by using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and supported by cyclic voltammetry (CV) that proves the presence of Mg2+ conduction.

The purpose of this paper is to identify the suitable design to develop a prototype of keyless anti-theft bicycle lock system. Student bicycle commuters are not satisfied with the present selection of bicycle locks accessible. Many express that locking their bicycle isn’t a simple procedure. User contemplates showed that u-locks are seen to be the strongest and rent powerless to breaking; anyway they are inconvenient and badly designed to utilize. Cable locks are light weight; however, they are can get effortlessly cut. Different methods are costly and require significant modifications to the bicycle. These regular locks are not by any means effective in theft anticipation and this is an outstanding issue. The attempts to tackle this issue included either designing brand new locking system or enhancing the current locks by adding features.

Treated water is an improved water quality and very essential for aquaculture or for domestic usage at remote area. One of the process to treat water is by filtration. A solar powered water treatment device (SWAD) prototype was built to cater this demand. SWAD is basically a floating water filter which operates in a self-sustainable way on calm water body such as lake or pond. Solar panel is used to generates electricity to power the pumps to suck water into the filter. This paper discusses the filtering performance of the prototype by taking UNITEN Lake as the venue for the test. The tests show significant results on the activated carbon filter where the contaminants are removed effectively. The activated carbon is able to filter water in an effective and efficient way.

Water is the most essential element for life, there are still some remote areas in Malaysia where clean freshwater is not accessible, this problem had troubled the locals for decades. Solar powered water treatment device is basically a floating water filter which operates in a self-sustainable way on calm water body such as lake. The pumps used for the device will obtain the energy from the solar panel to pump water into the filter. For this project, the device is being tested at the UNITEN lake. The main objective of development solar powered treatment device prototyope (SWAD) is to improve the water quality by selecting a suitable water filter while the device is supported by a stable structure. The project undergoes preliminary design, CAD drawings with simulation, prototype fabrication and prototype testing. The structure of the device is made of combination aluminium which is light weight, sturdy and not reactive to water. The solar panel that has been selected is rated at 250W and it is sufficient to power four pumps rated at 30W.

The purpose of this paper is to present examples of independent water and wastewater treatment methods in a way to provide clean water to the community. Out there, tons of method exists to reduce the effect of the water pollutant and improve the water quality problems. In order to reduce the water problems, this paper focuses on the process of water and wastewater treatment by using three different methods which are natural and independent water and wastewater treatment, independent artificial water, and wastewater treatment and hybrid water and wastewater treatment. Natural independent method mostly using vegetation as a medium or mechanism to purify water. For the hybrid method, green energy artificial floating island(GAFI), solar power artificial floating Island (SAFI) and solar power lake and pond aeration system were studied the removal efficiency by all the devices. The methods were reviewed in order to find the efficiencies and effectiveness of each method.

In this study, poly(methyl 2- methylpropenoate) (PMMA)- 50 % epoxidized natural rubber (ENR 50) -ammonium thiocyanate (NRISCN) polymer electrolytes were successfully prepared using solution casting technique. The maximum ionic conductivity of 2.51 × 10-8 Scm-1 was achieved for sample with 12 wt.% NH4SCN at room temperature. From Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses it was observed the shifting of the C=O, C-OC and C-O stretching bands in PMMA/ENR 50- NH4SCN polymer electrolyte films. The force constant values for selected bands with various composition of salts was determined and correlated with ionic conductivity.

Ion association and dissociation influences the transport properties in polymer electrolytes. The interaction between PMMA/ENR 50 blend and NH4SCN salt was investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and also to determine the effect of ion dissociation and association. Deconvolution of spectra band in the SCN− mode of NH4SCN has been carried out to estimate the spectroscopically free form of SCN−. The variation in the number of available free mobile ions has influenced the variation of dielectric constant of polymer electrolyte blends.

Polymer gel electrolytes based on cellulose acetate with lithium bis(oxalato)borate salt were prepared by dissolving in γ-butyrolactone solvent. The ionic conductivity and dielectric constant of the polymer gel electrolyte samples are investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy over a frequency range from 100 Hz to 1 MHz. The ionic conductivity increased with increasing in the cellulose acetate concentration up to 2.4 wt.% (1.41 × 10−2 S cm−1) and thereafter decreased. The relationship between the dielectric constant and ionic conductivity has been interpreted. The optimum conducting polymer gel electrolyte shows electrochemical stability up to 4.7 V versus Li.

Polymer gel electrolytes (PGE) belonging to salt–solvent–polymer hybrid systems are prepared using a mixture of lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), γ-butyrolactone (γ-BL), and cellulose acetate (CA). The increase in ionic conductivity of PGE is due to the dissociation of ion aggregates, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared analysis. The highest conductivity attained by the PGE is 7.05 mS cm−1 at 2.4 wt.% CA. The plots of conductivity–temperature show a classical Arrhenius relationship. The electrical properties of the sample with the highest conductivity are analyzed using electrical permittivity and electric modulus formalism studies. Meanwhile, the frequency-dependent conductivity of the polymer gel electrolyte adheres to Jonscher’s power law. Conduction mechanism study also shows that the 2.4 wt.% CA PGE is in agreement with the small polaron hopping model.

Composite grafted polymer electrolyte based on chitosan grafted poly(methyl methacrylate) (Ch-g-PMMA) have been prepared and investigated. The lithium triflouromethanesulfate salt (LiCF3SO3 or LiTf), ethylene carbonate (EC) and SiO2 are applied as a salt, plasticizer and ceramic filler, to the polymer host system. Impedance spectroscopy was performed at room temperature. The highest conductivity of 1.63 x 10-4 Scm-1 was obtained for the grafted polymer with 50 wt. % of LiCF3SO3 and enhanced to 2.23 x 10-4 Scm-1 with the addition of 30 wt. % EC. The conductivity is further enhanced to 4.21 x 10-4 Scm−1 with the addition of 6 wt. % SiO2. Both additives caused a reduction of the Ch-g-PMMA crystalline phase content and increased segmental flexibility leading to conductivity enhancement.

Magnesium-based polymer gel electrolytes consist of magnesium triflate (MgTf) salt, a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) solvents as well as cellulose acetate as a polymeric agent were prepared via direct dissolution method. The highest ionic conductivity obtained for MgTf-EC:DEC(1: 1) liquid electrolytes was 2. 66 x 10-3 S cm·1 and enhanced to 2.73 x 10-3 S cm·1 with the addition of cellulose acetate. These results were in agreement with the activation energy obtained with the lowest value of 0.11. The best explanation on the enhancement in ionic conductivity of PGE is due to the "breathing polymeric chain model". The plots of conductivity-temperature were shown to obey an Arhenius rule. The electrical properties of the sample with the highest conductivity were analyzed using electrical permittivity-based frequency and temperature dependence in the range of JOO Hz-1 MHz and 303-373K, respectively. The variation in dielectric permittivity (e, and e) as a function of frequency at different temperatures exhibited decays at higher frequencies and a dispersive behavior at low frequencies. Based on the observed electrical properties, it can be inferred that this polymer gel electrolyte could be a promising candidate as an electrolyte in electrochemical devices.