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Mental disorders constitute a wide spectrum ranging from sub-clinical states to very severe forms of disorders. Mental health problems can attain the disorder/disease/syndrome level, which are usually considered easy to recognize, define, diagnose and treat. To study the cost effectiveness of antidepressant drugs in a tertiary care teaching hospital of rural India and various factors associated with it. A cross sectional study was performed and the prescriptions were analyzed.The data from OPD was studied in a structured format.Drugs was categorized as per the pharmacological classification. The drugs were evaluated for their pharmacoeconomics. In an extensive study of 2months, 250 cases of psychiatric opd were evaluated.Depression (76%) was the most prevalent psychiatric ailment followed by anxiety (13%) and schizophrenia (11%). The prevalent age group was 21-40 years (38.4%). Females (71.54%) had the majority as compared to males (28.46%). Fluoxetine was the most prescribed antidepressant (45%). 76% of the patients were on monotherapy. Escitalopram-Clonazepam(45%) was the most frequently prescribed fixed dose combination. Average cost of therapy was calculated. Paroxetine(Rs 221) had maximum medication cost while Imipramine(Rs 21) had minimum medication cost.

Food composition of three cyprinid larvae (Cyprinus carpio, Carassius auratus and Alburnus mosulensis) in Al-Huwaiza marsh has been studied during March and April 2006. The diet of these cyprinid larvae were consist mainly of zooplankton dominated by copepods both adult and larval stages followed by Cladocera Rotifera, aquatic insects and Ostracoda. The food of plant origin also exists and consists of diatoms and filamentous algae. Costello graphical plot showed that these larvae are generalist feeders. This strategy result in lower competition and allow these three species to co-occur in relatively high density in this marsh area. The food similarity between C. carpio and C. auratus was 0.60, between C. carpio and A. mosulensis was 0.44, while it was 0.72 between C. auratus and A. mosulensis. The food overlap analysis showed that C. carpio; C. auratus and A. mosulensis larvae share a wide range of prey types. Competition for food is possible However, direct competition seemed to be avoided to some extent as a result of great food availability in Al-Huwaiza marsh which makes it as a suitable nursery and feeding site for many cyprinid fish.

A total of 48 Pond reared common carp C. carpio ranged between 2.5-11.8 cm in total length were obtained from University of Basrah's fish farm during May-June 2011. It was investigated for parasites, and it was infested with four different groups of ectoparasites, including Ciliophora (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina sp.), Monogenoidea (Dactylogyrus spp. and Gyrodactylus sp.), Trematoda (Ascocotyle coleostoma metacercariae) and Crustacea (Dermoergasilus sp. and Lernaea sp. copepodid larval stage). Differential count of leucocytes, total protein level, albumin and globulin in blood serum were determined in healthy (non-infested) and infested fish. No significant differences (p>0.05) have been reported between infested and non-infested fish in all blood parameters except in monocyte counts of the third group (infested with two species of Ciliophora) and sixth group (double infestation between A. coleostoma and Dermoergasilus sp.). This study showed that common carp can withstand different light and mild infestation of ectoparasites. We can considered common carp among a fish category having very good resistibility towards ectoparasites.

There are no approved drugs to treat COVID-19, and the vaccine is likely to be ready by early 2021. Many clinical studies are ongoing around the globe to find a cure or prevention of the disease. The objective of the proposed study is to determine the efficacy and safety profile of Mulmina Mango as an adjunct to standard of care treatment on COVID-19 positive subjects undergoing treatment for COVID-19 in Hospital Quarantine. Settings and Design: The enrolled subjects were randomized into either of the two treatment arms in the ratio of 1:1. The freshly diagnosed (24-48 hrs.) COVID-19 positive Male or Female is aged 20 to 65 years (both inclusive) hospitalized patients were approached and checked for their eligibility. They were recruited after signing the written informed consent form. The number of patients included in the study is 48. In efficacy, both the treatment arms and the reduction in clinical symptom scale value and ordinal scale value are seen on day 7. On the ordinal scale, 41.7% of subjects in Treatment arm A showed a reduction of 2 points on the day, and 16.7% of subjects show 2 points reduction in Treatment arm B. In Safety results, there was no clinically significant finding in safety parameters in Treatment arm B. Mulmina Mango showed encouraging results concerning RTPCR, CRP, Dopamine, IgG, CD4, and CD8 parameters. The properties of Mulmina Mango are highlighted below, along with the parameters for each property. Mulmina Mango, COVID-19, Treatment Arm A, Treatment Arm B, MoHFW (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare)

The present study deals with the stratigraphy, petrography and facies analysis of the stratigraphic succession of Mitla-El Giddi stretches (west Central Sinai, Egypt). Lithostratigraphically, the study area is covered by a thick succession extending from Late Jurassic to early Eocene time. This succession is subdivided into the Masajid Formation (Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) at the base followed upwardly by the Risan Aneiza Formation (Lower Cretaceous (? Aptian- Albian), the Galala Fm. (Cenomanian), the Abu Qada Formation (lower Turonian), the Buttum Formation (middle Turonian), the Wata Formation (middle–upper Turonian), the Themed Formation (Coniacian–Santonian), the Sudr Chalk (Campanian–Maastrichtian), the Mitla Formation (= Esna Shale) (Paleocene–lower Eocene), the Thebes Formation (lower Ypresian) and the Minia Formation (upper Ypresian) at top. The Aptian – Albian Risan Aneiza Formation is first recorded at G. El Hamra in the study area. As well, a new formational name (the Mitla Formation) is used to describe the Paleocene – lower Eocene unit equivalent to the Esna Shale due to variation in lithology mainly represented by chalky limestone and argillaceous limestone. Many unconformities, represented by variable sedimentologic features, i.e., red paleosols, conglomerates, crustified laminated limestone and glauconitic facies were investigated and mostly attributed to the Syrian Arc System. The petrographic investigations especially for the lithified rocks revealed eighteen limestone microfacies, three dolostone microfacies and four sandstone microfacies, besides the non-lithified shale, sandy shale, clay and marl lithofacies. The recognized facies and their related paleoenvironments document lateral and common vertical transition between inner, middle and outer ramp setting. These facies could be subdivided into eight associations that are related to six depositional environments: peritidal flat/beach clastics, peritidal flat carbonates, lagoonal clastics, lagoonal carbonates, high energy shoal of ooids and patch reefs (oolitic shoal), intertidal-subtidal open marine, storm influenced subtidal open marine (mid-ramp) and hemipelagic outer ramp facies. The study indicates that, the area was controlled by a long-term transgressive phase and several higher order sea level fluctuations during the deposition of the studied succession. The main factors controlling the ramp deposition and the described events are; structure control mainly Syrian Arc deformation, eustatic sea level fluctuations combined with environmental influences such as autochthonous carbonate productivity-siliciclastic supply and paleorelief conditions.

The prime objective of the present paper is to analyze the effects of the rotation, magnetic field and gravity in a thermo-elastic half-space containing heat source on the boundary of the half-space. The medium assumed under consideration is traction free, homogeneous, isotropic, as well as without energy dissipation. The normal mode analysis and eigenvalue approach technique are used to solve the resulting non-dimensional coupled equations. The comparisons for the physical quantities are established numerically and represented graphically in different cases with respect to the used effects. A comparative and remarkable study has been carried out through various graphs to deliberate the consequences of different parameter on the displacement components, stress components and temperature. Keywords: Green–Naghdi theory, Thermo-elasticity, Energy dissipation, Rotation, Magnetic field, Gravity field

An integrated active vehicle control system implementing fuzzy-logic control (FLC) is introduced. The system integrates three commercially- available active vehicle control systems, namely, Active Front Steering (AFS), Electronic Stability Control (ESC) and Torque Vectoring System (TVS) aiming at enhancing vehicle handling and cornering stability and rollover prevention. Two different vehicle models were constructed to simulate the dynamic behavior of the system with and without the proposed integration controller, namely, a 14-DOF vehicle dynamic model with nonlinear tire characteristics and a 2DOF bicycle reference model. Last model was utilized to generate controller’s reference values of vehicle’s yaw rate and body side slip angle at a given forward speed and driver’s steering input. Simulation was carried out in the MATLAB/SIMULINK software environment. The effectiveness of the system was investigated applying five different standard cornering test maneuvers at different vehicle forward speeds of 10, 20 and 30m/s. Simulated test maneuvers are: step, J-turn, single lane change (SLC), sine with dwell, (SWD) and fishhook.Results reveal that, for stability enhancement, AFS is most effective at low vehicle speeds with declining efficacy as speed goes up. Both ESC and TVS have been found to be equally effective at moderate to high speeds. In conclusion, an integrated chassis control (ICC) strategy has been proposed that improves vehicle handling and cornering performance across the entire operating range of speed using a forward-speed-based stability criterion to allocate stability control authority and ensure smooth transition of control between the three AFS, ESC, and TVS systems.

Sugarcane crop is heavily damaged by a complex of rodent species and wild boar. The damaged sugarcane becomes infested with microorganisms and other physiological stresses, resulting in reduction of weight and sugar recovery. In this regard a study was carried out to know the damage caused by rodents to four varieties of sugar cane grown at Thatta. In these studies maximum damage by rodents was observed to BL-4 (10.29±0.44%) variety followed by BL-129 (10.23±0.35) and Thatta-10 (7.31±0.22%) in the month of November. To manage the vertebrate pests Integrated Pest Management approach was tested and the pest management model is designed for its adoption by the sugarcane growers after research and practical studies. In these studies egg mixed brodifacoum bait proved the most promising one in achieving (92.55±0.55%) rat reduction followed by bromdiolone (89.87±0.6%) and Zinc Phosphide bait (84.10±1.00%). Paraffinized Zinc Phosphide Capsular Technology used to kill wild boar population proved very successful by reducing the activity upto 98.11 Percent on the fifth day. The proposed model is a combination of mechanical, chemical and habitat manipulation approaches, which will help to enhance the crop yield through minimizing pest infestation.

The outcome of efforts to detect He-4 in the sunlit lunar exosphere as evinced by the CHACE mass spectrometer aboard the Moon Impact Probe in Chandrayaan-1 is reported. The in situ observations by CHACE were carried out in the lunar dayside, covering a broad range of lunar latitudes, when the Moon was on the verge of exiting the Earth’s magnetotail. A combination of daytime He depletion and decrease during magnetotail passage of the Moon, along with low flux of alpha particles in the solar wind at the time of CHACE observations present a case when the He abundance in the Moon had hit one of its lowest values. CHACE, thus had the opportunity to explore the lunar exosphere in an extreme combination of the factors that control the lunar He abundance. Based on the observations and instrument sensitivity, an upper limit of ∼ 8.0 × 10 2 cm − 3 for the surface density of lunar He-4 in the sunlit hemisphere is proposed. This result is expected to provide realistic constraints to the lunar He exosphere models under similar extreme conditions.

The distribution of neutral Neon at the mid and high latitudes in the sunlit lunar exosphere observed by CHandra’s Altitudinal Composition Explorer (CHACE) aboard the Moon Impact Probe (MIP) of the Chandrayaan-1 is reported. The CHACE observation was made when Moon was in the Earth’s magnetotail. The upper limits of the surface number density are found to vary from (7–22) × 10 3 cm − 3 at the pole, to (3–5) × 10 3 cm − 3 in mid (50°S) latitudes and to (0.5–1.1) × 10 3 cm − 3 in lower (20°S) latitudes. The surface number densities estimated at lower latitudes from CHACE observations are consistent with the LADEE Neutral Mass Spectrometer (NMS) observations.

A series of square-planar palladium(II) benzisothiazolinate (bit) of the general type [Pd(bit)2L2] have been prepared and characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods. Two synthetic routes have been employed, namely reactions of [Pd(bit)2]·H2O with two equivalents of ligands (L = amine, amide, phosphine) or nucleophile displacement of chloride by benzisothiazolinate starting from trans-[PdCl2L2]. Both routes afford the new complexes in good yields as easily isolated, air and moisture stable, colored solids. The precursor, [Pd(bit)2]·H2O, is itself prepared in high yields upon reaction of Na[bit] with Na2[PdCl4] in methanol and the analogous platinum complex, [Pt(bit)2]·H2O, is similarly prepared from K2[PtCl4]. It is not clear if these species are mono- or dimeric, and formulation as [M2(μ-bit)4(H2O)2] with the four benzisothiazolinate spanning the metal-metal vector and possibly binding through coordination of nitrogen and oxygen is suggested. Diphosphine adducts, cis-[Pd(bit)2{κ2-Ph2P(CH2)nPPh2}] (n = 1-4) can be prepared both upon addition of the diphosphine to [Pd(bit)2]·H2O and from reactions of cis-[PdCl2{κ2-Ph2P(CH2)nPPh2}] with two equivalents of Na[bit]. A crystal structure of cis-[Pd(bit)2(κ2-dppe)] reveals that the benzisothiazolinate ligands are bonded in a monodentate fashion through nitrogen and this binding mode is proposed for all [Pd(bit)2L2] and [Pd(bit)2L] complexes. With dppb (n = 4) a second product is seen by NMR spectroscopy being proposed to be the part-substituted complex cis-[PdCl(bit)(κ2-dppb)], while with dppm (n = 1) two further products are seen spectroscopically, proposed as trans-[Pd(bit)2(κ1-dppm)2] and (more tenuously) [Pd2(bit)4(dppm)2]. The former is also prepared in good yields from reaction of [Pd(κ2-dppm)2]Cl2 with Na[bit]. These studies show that palladium benzisothiazolinate are easily accessed and show good air and moisture stability.

The measurements carried out by Chandra׳s Altitudinal Composition Explorer (CHACE) onboard the Moon Impact Probe (MIP) of Chandrayaan I mission is used to obtain information on the 2-D distribution of the lunar atmospheric H2 by a novel approach that makes use of the basic fact that the Moon has a Surface Boundary Exosphere (SBE).These are the ‘first’ daytime in situ measurements of lunar H2 covering the 20°S to 88°S latitude region centered ~14°E longitude. A critical examination of the observed spatial features of the surface number density of H2 vis-a-vis the surface topography delineated from the Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI) in the main orbiter Chandrayaan-I, indicates that that lunar surface process may be important in introducing small scale variations in the H2 number density. Another constituent which exhibited spatial variation in the observed partial pressure is 40Ar and it was hypothesized that it is indicative of the spatial heterogeneity in the radiogenic activity of the Lunar interior ( Sridharan et al., 2013a ). The absolute number density at the surface and also the latitude/altitude variation of the densities that are reported for the first time, highlight the complexities of the sunlit lunar atmosphere.

Rubber nanocomposites based on styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) and organophilic layered silicate were prepared. Clay structures based on dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA), nonyl phenol ethoxylate (NPE), and DBSA/NPE (50/50%) were prepared and characterized. The results indicate the intercalation of the used surfactants within the clay layers. Varying amount of organoclay, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 (phr), was added to the SBR matrix. X-ray diffraction revealed exfoliated structure for the modified clay–SBR composites. No new component in the rubber was found by fourier transform infrared measurements (FTIR). Scanning electron microscopy showed a uniform distribution of the modified clay with mixed DBSA/NPE (6 phr) in the matrix. The rheometric characteristics and physicomechanical properties of the SBR compounds were analyzed. The effect of DBSA/NPE clay loading on aging resistance of SBR nanocomposites at 90 ± 1°C for 4 and 7 days was also investigated. Rubber nanocomposites displayed an increase in the minimum and maximum torques, acceleration of the vulcanization process, and improved mechanical properties, with organoclay content up to 6 phr. This effect was more noticeable in the presence of the treated clay with DBSA/NPE. Also incorporation of DBSA/NPE-clay (6 phr) resulted in significant improvement of the degradation profile of the nanocomposites at 90 ± 1°C for 4 days. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:1293–1302, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers

In the past, clues on the potential radiogenic activity of the lunar interior have been obtained from the isotopic composition of noble gases like Argon. Excess Argon (40) relative to Argon (36), as compared to the solar wind composition, is generally ascribed to the radiogenic activity of the lunar interior. Almost all the previous estimates were based on, ‘on-the-spot’ measurements from the landing sites. Relative concentration of the isotopes of 40Ar and 36Ar along a meridian by the Chandra’s Altitudinal Composition Explorer (CHACE) experiment, on the Moon Impact Probe (MIP) of India’s first mission to Moon, has independently yielded clues on the possible spatial heterogeneity in the radiogenic activity of the lunar interior in addition to providing indicative ‘antiquity’ of the lunar surface along the ground track over the near side of the moon. These results are shown to broadly corroborate the independent topography measurements by the Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI) in the main orbiter Chandrayaan-1. The unique combination of these experiments provided high spatial resolution data while indicating the possible close linkages between the lunar interior and the lunar ambience.

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is a major winter-sown legume crop grown in the Mediterranean region, and has considerable importance as food and fodder. The SDS–PAGE and ISSR-PCR techniques were used to detect some biochemical and molecular markers associated with drought tolerance in six local and exotic genotypes of lentil (Sinai 1, Giza 9, L 9, L 16, L 20 and L 25) under rainfed conditions at El-sheikh Zowaid, North Sinai. Sinai 1 and L 25 gave the highest level of yielding capacity and could be considered as drought tolerant genotypes, while L 20 and L 9 as moderately sensitive ones. Seed proteins gave low levels of genetic diversity. Five ISSR primers were used and six bands considered as molecular markers for drought tolerant genotypes.

The altitudinal/latitudinal profile of the lunar atmospheric composition on the sunlit side was unraveled for the first time by the Chandra’s Altitudinal Composition Explorer (CHACE) on the Moon Impact Probe, a standalone micro-satellite that impacted at the lunar south pole, as a part of the first Indian mission to Moon, Chandrayaan-1. Systematic measurements were carried out during the descent phase of the impactor with an altitude resolution of ∼250 m and a latitudinal resolution of ∼0.1°. The overall pressure on the dayside and the neutral composition in the mass range 1–100 amu have been measured by identifying 44 and 18 amu as the dominant constituents. Significant amounts of heavier (>50 amu) species also have been detected, the details of which are presented and discussed.

Direct detection of water in its vapour phase in the tenuous lunar environment through in situ measurements carried out by the Chandra’s Altitudinal Composition Explorer (CHACE) payload, onboard the Moon Impact Probe (MIP) of Chandrayaan I mission vindicates the presence of water on the surface of the moon in form of ice at higher lunar latitudes inferred from IR absorption spectroscopy, (especially that of OH), by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M 3 ) of Chandrayaan I. The quadrupole mass spectrometer based payload, CHACE, sampled the lunar neutral atmosphere every 4 s with a broad latitudinal ( 401 Nt o 901S, with a resolution of 0.11) and altitudinal (from 98 km up to impact on the lunar surface with a resolution of 0.25 km) coverage in the sunlit side of the moon for the first time. These two (CHACE and M 3 ) complementary experiments are shown to collectively provide unambiguous signatures for the distribution of water in solid and gaseous phases in Earth’s moon.

The susceptibility of various populations to multiple sclerosis (MS) and the clinical patterns of the disease are thought to be different. Nineteen articles related to incidence, prevalence and clinical patterns of MS in Arab populations were identified by keyword searching of Medline and Embase, and review of references in all relevant papers. Data were only available for the Kuwaiti, Jordanian, Libyan, Saudi, Iraqi, Palestinian (including Arabs living in Israel), and Omani populations. The publications ranged from 1975 to 2007. In Israel the incidence of MS was 0.7 per 100,000 per year in Arabs born and living in Greater Jerusalem. In Kuwait, the incidence of MS was 2.08 per 100,000. Prevalence varied from 4 to 42 per 100,000 population. The clinical pattern of MS was generally similar to that in western countries. However, one study from Oman found a high rate of optic-spinal disease (affecting one third of patients) and a low rate of oligoclonal bands (OGBs) (only one third of patients); this pattern resembles that of MS described in Asian countries. In conclusion, the prevalence of MS among Arabs has a wide reported range. The clinical pattern is generally similar to "Western type" MS but apparent differences in optic-spinal disease and OGBs positivity need further evaluation. There is significant opportunity for further evaluation of MS in Arabs, especially in unstudied areas, including the populous countries of Egypt, Algeria, Syria, and Morocco. Studies of Arab-Americans and Arab immigrants in Europe could help in defining the effect of immigration on MS. Such studies are likely to enhance our knowledge of the environmental, genetic and clinical variation of MS in Arabs.

The present study is based on identification of stomach contents of three commensal rodents (Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus, Mus sp.) and the common house shrew (Suncus murinus), which were collected from the Thole Produce Yard rice godowns, Karachi. The relative frequency of individual plant and animal food items were calculated as percentages. The stomachs of 88% of 65 R. rattus and 85% of 39 R. norvegicus contained insect remains as did the stomachs of 93% of 84 Mus sp. All stomachs of S. murinus contained remains of economically important stored-grain insect pests. It is concluded that insects can be a significant component of the diet of these commensal rodents.

Marrat Formation of Toarcian age is one of the major reservoirs in Kuwait. Middle unit of the formation, the Middle Marrat, has the greatest reservoir potential and is commercially producing in many areas scattered over the country. Available biodata indicate that the Middle Marrat is probably early Toarcian to possibly middle Toarcian in age, with the likelihood of a moderate duration hiatus at the top, resulting in the absence of late Toarcian and possibly part of the middle Toarcian. The unit is dominantly composed of limestone with sub-ordinate dolomite and anhydrite. The carbonate microfacies consist of mudstone, wackestone, packstone to grainstone with occasional algal boundstone. Reservoir quality ranges from nil in lime mudstone facies to very good in the oolitic grainstones. These grainstones contain moderately well interconnected interparticle porosity. Sourced by the Najmah Shales, grain-prone facies developed in different sequences of the unit in structurally favourable locales provide the avenues for the hydrocarbon accumulations. The reservoirs are capped by thin intraformational anhydrites. Key for successful exploration lies in developing a predictive facies model for pinpointing areas of reservoir development. In a synergistic approach employing core, log and seismic data, high-resolution sequence stratigraphic studies have been carried out. The Middle Marrat represents a third order sequence comprising a total of eight high resolution transgressive and regressive cycles. Core data has been utilized for understanding of gross depositional patterns of individual sequences. Country-wide isopach maps of the depositional sequences were calibrated with lithofacies data deciphered from the cores to prepare paleogeographic maps. The gross depositional environments cover an entire spectrum of environments of a typical carbonate ramp ranging from sabkha, tidal flats, lagoon, barrier / shoal, outer ramp to basin. Mostly, the transgressive systems tracts are represented by muddier facies. Coarser facies with well-developed interparticle porosity preferentially occur in highstand systems tracts corresponding to the progradation of the clinoforms sloping towards the basin. Successively younger sequences show gradual basinward shift of the facies belts in an overall regressive phase. Basinward shift of potential reservoir facies can be linked to shift in prospective locales and provide a predictive tool for identification of prospective areas for future exploration.

Background Off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery has been successfully used in diverse patient populations and has been postulated to be safer than conventional coronary artery bypass (CCAB) surgery in some high-risk patients, including the elderly. Objective To compare the safety of OPCAB surgery versus CCAB surgery in the octogenarian population of two large southwestern Ontario cardiac surgical units. Results Two hundred thirty-six consecutive octogenarians underwent primary isolated coronary artery bypass sugery from November 2000 to March 2005. Patients undergoing OPCAB surgery tended to have higher Parsonnet scores, while patients undergoing CCAB surgery had a greater number of emergent operations. The Canadian Cardiovascular Network predicted that mortality risk was similar in both groups. In-hospital mortality was similar between groups, as was postoperative myocardial infarction and new onset of renal dysfunction. However, in the OPCAB group, there was a decreased incidence of postoperative neurological dysfunction (2.3% in the OPCAB group versus 10.5% in the CCAB group, P=0.01), in particular cerebrovascular accidents (1.5% in the OPCAB group versus 7.6% in the CCAB group, P=0.05), and a decreased incidence of prolonged intubation (5.3% in the OPCAB group versus 13.3% in the CCAB group, P=0.04). Multivariable analysis found that cardiopulmonary bypass had no significant impact on mortality or length of stay. Conclusions In octogenarian patients, OPCAB surgery is as safe as CCAB surgery in terms of mortality and major morbidity. Furthermore, a significant reduction in neurological dysfunction and prolonged intubation was seen in the OPCAB group compared with the CCAB group.

The electron impact emission function of the P(3) branch for the (0, 4) band of the H2 B 1? u+?X 1? g+ band system has been measured from threshold to 1800 eV. The emission function exhibits structure indicating strong contributions from both resonance and non-resonance excitation. The non-resonance component contains direct and cascade contributions. A combination of experimental and theoretical considerations permits separation of resonance, dipole-allowed direct, dipole-allowed indirect, and dipole-forbidden excitation components for the Jj = 2, vj = 0 level of the B 1? u+ state. An effective excitation function for the EF 1? g+?X 1? g+ band system has been obtained from a nonlinear least-squares analysis of the dipole-forbidden component of the B 1? u+ state emission function. The absolute value of EF 1? g+?X 1? g+ cross section is established on the basis of earlier experimental results of Liu et al 1995 Astrophys. J. Suppl. 101 375?99 and 2002 Astrophys J. Suppl. 138 229?45 and Abgrall et al 1997 Astrophys. J. 481 557?66 and 1999 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 32 3813?38. A near-threshold apparent resonance excitation cross section of (8.1 ? 3.2) ? 10?18 cm2 is obtained for the B 1? u+ (Jj = 2 and vj = 0). An EF 1? g+?X 1? g+ Born cross section has been calculated from the electronic form factor of Kolos et al 1982a J. Chem. Phys. 77 1335?44. Analysis shows that the Born asymptotic shape function of the EF 1? g+?X 1? g+ band system starts at ~400 eV, a significantly higher energy than previously expected. The excitation function is especially important for interpreting outer planet atmospheric dayglow and auroral activity and can be used to infer energy deposition and heating rates.

A dendrimer dye was prepared from a generation 2 polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer, which possesses 16 terminal amine groups. Reaction with 4-acetamidobenzene sulphonyl chloride yielded a fully substituted sulphonamide, as demonstrated by mass spectrometry and NMR. This was hydrolysed to the sulphanilamide hydrochloride, diazotised and coupled with 2-naphthol-3,6-disulphonic acid disodium salt, to yield an orange dye. The degree of substitution of chromophore units was ca. 85%, as determined by NMR and reductive titration. A pH 11 buffer was found suitable for gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis both of the initial dendrimer and of the dye product. GPC coupled with light scattering allowed molar masses to be determined.

Excitation functions of the H2 Lyman (Ly) ( B1∑∑u - X1∑∑g) and Werner (W) (C1∏u - X1∑∑g ) band systems have been reanalyzed using a combination of measurements and theoretical considerations. These systems are prominent emitters in outer planet atmospheric dayglow and auroral activity and can be used to infer energy deposition and heating rates. Earlier measurements of the cross sections reported by Shemansky et al. [1985a] have been found to be inaccurate in the threshold energy region. A combination of high-resolution spectral and shape function measurements obtained at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in low- and medium-energy regions have been used to obtain relative excitation shape functions of the two systems. At energies above 250 eV, we have used the measurements obtained earlier by De Heer and Carriere [1971] in order to define the first two terms of the Born electric dipole collision strength. The complete set of collision strength terms is obtained by combining the JPL and De Heer and Carriere [1971] data. We have found that, contrary to results of Shemansky et al. [1985a], the shape functions of the H2 Ly and W systems, expressed in units of threshold energy, are the same within experimental error. Absolute cross sections of the H2 Ly and W systems are established using the theoretical oscillator strengths of Abgrall et al. [1987, 1993a, b, c] and Abgrall and Roueff [1989]. The atomic hydrogen H Ly α emission cross section resulting from dissociative excitation of H2 at 100 eV obtained from relative intensities of H2 W emission lines is also derived and compared with other experimental measurements. At a gas temperature of 300 K and electron energy of 100 eV, the cross sections for the H Ly α, H2 Ly, and W emissions are (0.716 ± 0.095) × 10−17, (2.62 ± 0.34) × 10−17, and (2.41 ± 0.31) × 10−17 cm2, respectively. The accuracy of the absolute values and shape functions is limited primarily by electron gun performance, as was the case for Shemansky et al. The rotational dependence of the transition dipole matrix elements and perturbations between the B 1∑+u and C1∏+u states have a significant effect on the cross sections.

This article investigates the relationship between financial sector development and economic growth for three majors South-Asian economies, namely, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The standard Granger causality tests are employed to determine the pattern of causal linkage between various measures of financial sector development and economic growth. Also, several regression equations are estimated, using the Cobb-Douglas production function framework, in order to analyze the impact of financial sector development on economic growth. Results from causality analysis indicate that financial sector development causes economic growth in the Granger sense. This seems to validate the supply-leading hypothesis. The regression results, using pooled data based on time-series and cross-sectional observations, reinforce the findings of the causality analysis, suggesting that financial sector development has indeed made a significant contribution to economic growth in these countries.

In this Letter, we report the first temperature-dependent measurements (at 295, 373, 473 and 573 K) of the O 2 photoabsorption cross sections at the aeronomically important NI airglow and auroral emission lines (at 1200, 1492 and 1742 A) in the far ultraviolet spectral region. A high-current low-voltage argon mini-arc source was used as the light source in the present measurements. The measurements were carried out at a spectral resolution of 0.30 A at full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM). Direct application of the Beer-Lambert absorption equation yielded the absolute photoabsorption cross sections for O 2 at each NI emission lines of interest.

Cobalt (II) nickel (II) and copper (II) salts reacted with a-benzoinoxime in polar and non-polar solvents to give mono-, di-, and trimetallated porducts via replacement of hydroxy hydrogen followed by electrophilic substitution on organic moiety, bond cleavages and bond formation. The mechanism of the reactions were studied. The structures were confirmed by analytical dala, IR, UV and mass spectra.

We report the first temperature-dependent measurements (at 295, 373, 473, and 573 K) of the O2 photoabsorption cross sections at the aeronomically-important OI-1304 A triplet emission lines. A high current, low voltage argon mini-arc source was used as the light source. The measurements were carried out at a spectral resolution of 0.5 A at full-width-at-ahlf-maximum (FWHM). Direct application of the Beer-Lambert absorption equation yielded the absolute photoabsorption cross sections for O2 at each line of the OI triplet.