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Fully suppressing edge-localized modes (ELMs), e.g., with resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs), is essential to reach and sustain high-performance steady-state H-mode plasmas because large ELMs can significantly reduce the lifetime of divertor components in future tokamak reactors. RMP-driven ELM suppression in KSTAR has been modeled by coupling the neoclassical transport code PENTRC to the nonlinear 3D MHD code JOREK. We have found that the radial transport from the combined effects of the kink-peeling, tearing response, and neoclassical toroidal viscosity can explain the pedestal degradation observed in experiments. In addition, it has been found that the RMP response can increase the inter-ELM heat flux on the lower outer divertor by redistributing the heat transport between the divertor plates. In addition to the degraded pedestal, ELM suppression is also attributable to the RMP-induced mode interactions. While the linear stability of peeling-ballooning mode (PBMs) improves owing to the degraded pedestal, the PBM and RMP interaction increases the spectral transfer between edge harmonics, preventing catastrophic growth and the crash of unstable modes. Here, it turns out that the magnetic islands near the pedestal top can play a vital role in mediating the mode interactions.

Background: Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) remains a challenging and frustrating disease to treat.Objective: To explore the efficacy of microsurgery in combined with Topical-PDT...

KSTAR has clarified a set of unresolved 3D physics issues utilizing the ITER-like in-vessel, three-row, resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) configurations. Since RMP-driven, edge-localized-modes (ELMs)-crash control elevates the divertor heat flux peak through its impact on edge plasma parameters and transport, a series of intentionally misaligned RMP configurations (IMCs) have been explored to investigate the relationship between RMP ELM control and divertor heat fluxes, while searching for an ideal IMC that could be favorable in both aspects. First of all, the contrasting influence of kink vs anti-kink phasing on the ELM-crash suppression has been articulated, demonstrating the synergistic benefit of ‘kink’ phasing on ELM-crash-suppression. On the other hand, the three-row IMC in the anti-kink phasing becomes more insensitive to the ELM-crashes at the sub-marginal level of RMP, consistent with theory. Meanwhile, the divertor ‘wetted’ area of ELM-crash-suppression gets narrower than that of ELM-crash-mitigation, suggesting that ELM-crash-mitigation remains advantageous over ELM-crash-suppression in terms of time-averaged divertor thermal loading. In comparison, based on a set of two-row IMCs, no evidence of divertor heat flux broadening was found during ELM-crash-suppression, supporting a hypothesis that the dispersal of the divertor heat flux in three-row IMCs cannot be driven by helically structured two-row RMPs alone. Among ITER-like three-rows, lower two-row RMPs have been found to be much more effective in suppressing the ELM-crashes than upper two-row RMPs. Although it is quite preliminary, the up/down asymmetric dependence of RMP coupling may be generically attributed to lower-single-null plasmas. Such a holistic understanding of RMP-driven, ELM-crash-control in KSTAR is expected not only to elucidate various subtle points in the vicinity of ELM-crash-suppression, but also to clarify the relevant divertor thermal loading issues for ITER and beyond.

Mitigation of deleterious heat flux from edge-localized modes (ELMs) on fusion reactors is often attempted with 3D perturbations of the confining magnetic fields. However, the established technique of resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) also degrades plasma performance, complicating implementation on future fusion reactors. In this paper, we introduce an adaptive real-time control scheme on the KSTAR tokamak as a viable approach to achieve an ELM-free state and simultaneously recover high-confinement (β N ∼ 1.91, β p ∼ 1.53, and H 98 ∼ 0.9), demonstrating successful handling of a volatile complex system through adaptive measures. We show that, by exploiting a salient hysteresis process to adaptively minimize the RMP strength, stable ELM suppression can be achieved while actively encouraging confinement recovery. This is made possible by a self-organized transport response in the plasma edge which reinforces the confinement improvement through a widening of the ion temperature pedestal and promotes control stability, in contrast to the deteriorating effect on performance observed in standard RMP experiments. These results establish the real-time approach as an up-and-coming solution toward an optimized ELM-free state, which is an important step for the operation of ITER and reactor-grade tokamak plasmas.

Supplemental material, DS_10.1177_0022034519854704 for The Function of Wnt Ligands on Osteocyte and Bone Remodeling by J.H. Du, S.X. Lin, X.L. Wu, S.M. Yang, L.Y. Cao, A. Zheng, J.N. Wu and X.Q. Jiang in Journal of Dental Research

Objectives To introduce a more effective surgical technique for the repair of spontaneous incurable cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage (CSF otorrhea). Methods The cases of five Chinese patients with Mondini dysplasia and CSF leakage were reviewed. All patients presented with rhinorrhea or otorrhea from childhood and recurrent meningitis attacks. CSF leakage was repaired surgically using the translabyrinthine approach. Results Facial paralysis occurred in the first two patients, but was cured 2 months later. The other three patients recovered well and had no facial paralysis or complication. CSF leakage did not recur in any patient after follow-up periods of 0.5–3 years. Conclusion Mondini dysplasia with CSF leakage is rare. Adequate diagnosis and treatment are required to avoid life-threatening complications, such as meningitis. We recommend the translabyrinthine approach as an alternative surgical technique that reduces recurrence.

This study aims to explore the effects and advantages of coblation combined with microscopy to treat epiglottis cysts. Ninety patients with epiglottis cysts were randomly assigned to three groups: the first group: marsupialisation + electric coagulation group, n = 30; the second group: marsupialisation + coblation, n = 30; and the third group: marsupialisation + coblation + microsurgery, n = 30. To compare the cure rate, intraoperative bleeding volume, postoperative pain, operation time and postoperative complications were investigated among these three groups. The comparison among three procedures showed a significant difference for intraoperative bleeding volume, operation time and postoperative pain (P 0.05). These three procedures are effective in treating epiglottis cysts. Microscopic surgery with coblation has the advantages of less bleeding, short procedure duration, less pain and few complications. Thus, microscopic surgery is worthy of clinical application.

The diagnosis of occult otogenic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage is challenging and it can easily be misdiagnosed. Some characteristics of clinical presentation can supply important clues and confirmed diagnosis should be obtained according to these clues and suitable imaging studies before meningitis develops. Different surgical techniques should be adopted to treat the CSF leakage according to different leakage etiologies, and good results can be obtained.The aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnosis and surgical treatment of occult otogenic CSF leakage, including the characteristics of clinical presentation, imaging studies, and operation methods in order to decrease the rate of misdiagnosis and obtain a good curative effect.We performed a retrospective review of 11 cases of CSF leakage that were all misdiagnosed and accompanied by meningitis, operated in our department from 2007 to 2012 after a mean follow-up of 3 years. In this context, the characteristics of clinical presentation, imaging studies, and management of CSF leakage were studied.The CSF leakage had arisen traumatically (n = 9) or congenitally (n = 2). The medical history and special clinical presentation such as repeated otorrhea or rhinorrhea, fever, headache, and unilateral deafness can supply important diagnostic clues. Imaging studies including high-resolution noncontrast CT (HRCT), CT cisternography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are very important diagnostic methods. The surgical repairs were performed via a transmastoid approach (n = 8), packing the vestibule (n = 1) or a translabyrithine approach (n = 2). Recurrent leakage did not occur.

Nowadays, many economists and scientist worry about sharply increased to fuel consumption. New energy sources have to be investigation now. This was a base on the low-emission gas, high-energy efficiency, permanence and possible with co-generation. Especially, transportation system has been restricted to system’s total weight. Light weight of a transportation system offers to increase performance. By using light weight in a transportation system, it gives another benefit that reduced oil consumption, improved fuel efficiency and increased Market-value. Fuel cell is one of the new energy systems for next generation. Normally, fuel cell consists of bipolar plate, MEA (Membrane Electrode Assembly) and GDL (Gas Diffusion Layer). Conventional bipolar plate material was used to graphite. Graphite has been very weak at external shock. Machining process is not easy, and the main problem is that the graphite material supplied by oxidizing and reducing agent composition of the gas leak comes. Thus, the manufacturing cost is increased by this reason. This study will be tried to bipolar plate material replacement from graphite materials to metallic material. In this experiment, STS316 base on austenite stainless steel was used. This experiment was observing an effect of surface conditions with corrosion behavior with Non-coated and CrN coated STS316 on a similar PEMFC operating condition. By the results of experimental, CrN coated condition has better corrosion resistance than that of Non-coated condition due to passivation layer on CrN coated surface.

Molecular margins were a more important prognostic factor in laryngeal carcinoma in Chinese patients than histopathological margins. eIF4E was the most sensitive molecular index of those that we tested for in these patients.Safe surgical margins are closely related to prognosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of molecular margins, not traditional histopathological margins, as prognostic factors in laryngeal carcinoma in Chinese patients. An additional aim of the study was to investigate the prognostic significance of tumor markers in the primary site of laryngeal carcinoma.From January 1992 to January 2000, the data for 321 Chinese patients with laryngeal carcinoma who were divided into a recurrent laryngeal carcinoma group and a non-recurrent group were analyzed. Tumor markers in surgical margins and primary site, such as cyclin D1, p53, and eIF4E, were detected in the two groups with immunohistochemical staining.There was a significant difference in the expression of cyclin D1, p53, and eIF4E in surgical margins between the recurrent laryngeal carcinoma group and the non-recurrent group. The eIF4E-positive rate in surgical margins was higher than that for the other two factors. There was a significant difference in cyclin D1 and p53 in the primary site of laryngeal carcinoma and no significant difference in eIF4E in the two groups.

In this paper, the shape design process is briefly discussed emphasizing the use of topology optimization in the conceptual design stage. The basic idea is to view feasible domains for sensitivity region concepts. In this method, the main process consists of two steps: as the design moves further inside the feasible domain using Taguchi method, and thus becoming more successful topology optimization, the sensitivity region becomes larger. In designing a double-eccentric butterfly valve, related to hydrodynamic performance and disc structure, are discussed where the use of topology optimization has proven to dramatically improve an existing design and significantly decrease the development time of a shape design. CFD analysis results demonstrate the validity of this approach.

This paper will discuss the design and construction of BESIII, which is designed to study physics in the tau-charm energy region utilizing the new high luminosity BEPCII double ring e+e- collider. The expected performance will be given based on Monte Carlo simulations and results of cosmic ray and beam tests. In BESIII, tracking and momentum measurements for charged particles are made by a cylindrical multilayer drift chamber in a 1 T superconducting solenoid. Charged particles are identified with a time-of-flight system based on plastic scintillators in conjunction with dE/dx (energy loss per unit pathlength) measurements in the drift chamber. Energies of electromagnetic showers are measured by a CsI(Tl) crystal calorimeter located inside the solenoid magnet. Muons are identified by arrays of resistive plate chambers in the steel magnetic flux return. The level 1 trigger system, Data Acquisition system and the event filter system based on networked computers will also be described., 57 pages, 75 figures

The design of a solar cell should have into consideration a multiplicity of factors, including the incorporation or not of the BSF (back surface field), surface passivation and the contact grids. The cell series resistance plays an important role on efficiency determination. Thus, the cell structure and contact grids should be carefully designed taking into account the mentioned factors. The contacted fraction, defined as metal–semiconductor contacted area divided by total cell area, emerges as a key parameter to be optimized because it affects simultaneously the photogenerated current and the series resistance of the solar cell. Here we present a detailed analysis of the different contributions to the series resistance of a c-Si solar cell considering different scenarios. Using a proposed model to describe the cell behaviour based on a 1-D approach, the contacted fraction of the rear contact was optimized for cells with and without BSF. The results obtained show a larger series resistance for cells without BSF leading to higher values of optimum contacted fraction. The dependence of this optimum on cell thickness and base resistivity was also analyzed. In cells with BSF was found a weak dependence on both parameters, while in cells without BSF this dependence was more pronounced. Finally, the influence of metal–semiconductor contact resistance was considered. A higher limit of 0.01 Ω cm2 was found to the metal–semiconductor resistance without affecting seriously the efficiency of the device.

The purpose of this paper is the development of measurement algorithm for green-sheet based on the digital image processing technique. The Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic(LTCC) technology can be employed to produce multilayer circuits with the help of single tapes, which are used to apply conductive, dielectric and/or resistive pastes on. These single green-sheets must be laminated together and fired at the same time. Main function of the green-sheet film measurement algorithm is to measure the position and size of the punching hole in each single layer. The line scan camera coupled with motorized X-Y stage is used. In order to measure the entire film area using several scanning steps, an overlapping method is used.

Objective This article describes a simplified endonasal approach compared with traditional techniques for the correction of crooked noses by using endoscopic tension-relaxing septoplasty in the absence of nasal splints, with attempts to improve both the aesthetic appearance and functionality. Study Design A retrospective study was conducted at our institution with all 26 patients who underwent tension-relaxing rhinoseptoplasty by endoscope between November 2008 and January 2013. Methods Patients who were concerned about their aesthetic appearance and nasal obstruction were subjected to anterior rhinoscopy, endoscopic examination of the nasal cavity, and computed tomography for the evaluation of correlations among deformity of the nasal structures and nasal airway. The tension-relaxing method was used in the endoscopic rhinoseptoplasty by an endonasal approach. We introduced this technique in the surgery for patients with a C- or an I-shaped crooked nose. Subjective (visual analog scale) and objective (quantitative electronic meter measurement) assessments were used to evaluate aesthetic appearance. Validated Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation scale and active anterior rhinomanometry were used to assess nasal obstruction. Results All the patients indicated cosmetic satisfaction and reduced nasal obstruction. In cases with I-shaped and C-shaped crooked nose deformities, pre-and postoperative angle values (mean ± standard deviation) were 13.35 ± 3.36° versus 1.85 ± 1.66° (n = 15) and 153.69 ± 6.48° versus 176.64 ± 2.32° (n = 11), respectively. Postoperative correction rates were statistically significant (p < 0.001) in both groups. Results from active anterior rhinomanometry indicated significant improvement in objective nasal obstruction from a mean baseline value of 0.56 ± 0.07 Pa/cm3/s (range, 0.43- 0.69 Pa/cm3/s), to a 12-month value of 0.26 ± 0.02 Pa/cm3/s (range, 0.23-0.29 Pa/cm3/s) (p < 0.001). The mean rhinoseptoplasty duration time was 19.00 ± 3.53 minutes. The nose deformities were significantly improved, with no recurrences of septal deviation or crooked nose, nor complications of septal perforation and nasal infection 12 months after the operation. Conclusion This simple technique is feasible and minimally invasive, and may be particularly beneficial to patients with a deviated septum who seek to improve both their aesthetic appearance and nasal functionality. However, this method is not appropriate for those with a crooked nose caused by nasal bone deformity, lateral cartilages, and severe septal deformity.

The surfaces of titanium oxide nano-crystals were modified with γ-aminopropyl-triethoxy silane and N-phenyl-γ-aminopropyl-trimethoxy silane. Polymerizations of aniline on the modified titanium oxide nano-crystals were conducted. The composites were characterized by FTIR, ESCA and TEM. FTIR spectra indicate the formation of polyaniline. ESCA spectra of the composites show peaks of N with similar environment of N in polyaniline indicating the formation of polyaniline on the surface. The shape of the particles in the composite is spherical which is different from that of titanium oxide crystal and fibular structure of polyaniline polymerized under the same condition.

A composite of polythiophene (PT) and titania nanotubes was synthesized. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize these nanocomposites. The interaction between polythiophene and titania was analyzed by XPS and TGA. The XPS spectra of the composites show that the Ti 2p peak shifts to a lower binding energy and S 2p peak shifts to a higher binding energy. The TGA results also show that phase segregation occured when the nanocomposites contained 35% polythiophene.

We present the results of a five-dimensional resonant amplitude analysis of the $\Lambda_c^+{\to}pK^{-}\pi^{+}$ system based on $946\pm 38$ reconstructed decays. These data were produced in 500 GeV/$c$ $\pi^-$-N interactions by Fermilab experiment E791. We report measurements of the amplitudes for $\Lambda_c^+$ decay into nonresonant $pK^-\pi^+$ and to $p\bar{K}^{*0}(890)$, $\Delta^{++}(1232)K^-$, and $\Lambda(1520)\pi^+$ and we comment on other possible resonant enhancements. This is the first complete amplitude analysis of the $\Lambda_c^{+}{\to}pK^{-}\pi^{+}$ system. We find that $(54.8\pm5.5\pm3.5)$% of the decays are nonresonant, $(19.5\pm2.6\pm1.8)$% of the decays are via the $\bar{K}^{*0}$ resonance, $(18.0\pm2.9\pm2.9)$% of the decays are via the $\Delta^{++}$ resonance, and $(7.7\pm1.8\pm1.1)$% of the decays are via the $\Lambda(1520)$ resonance. We find evidence for an increasingly negative polarization of the $\Lambda_c^+$ baryons as a function of $p_T^2$, in agreement with a recent model\cite{dha} and with a related measurement\cite{jez}.

We have measured the form factor ratios r_V = V(0)/A_1(0) and r_2 = A_2(0)/A_1(0) for the decay D_s^+ -> phi ell^+ nu_ell, phi -> K^+ K^-, using data from charm hadroproduction experiment E791 at Fermilab. Results are based on 144 signal and 22 background events in the electron channel and 127 signal and 34 background events in the muon channel. We combine the measurements from both lepton channels to obtain r_V = 2.27 +- 0.35 +- 0.22 and r_2 = 1.57 +- 0.25 +- 0.19.

We report the results of a precise measurement of the Ds meson lifetime based on 1662 +/- 56 fully reconstructed Ds -> phi pi decays, from the charm hadroproduction experiment E791 at Fermilab. Using an unbinned maximum likelihood fit, we measure the Ds lifetime to be 0.518 +/- 0.014 +/- 0.007 ps. The ratio of the measured Ds lifetime to the world average D0 lifetime is 1.25 +/- 0.04. This result differs from unity by six standard deviations, indicating significantly different lifetimes for the Ds and the D0., 12 pages, 3 figures, 2 table. LaTeX

We investigated the role of glutamatergic synapses in the expression of Fos protein at the nucleus tractus solitarii following baroreceptor activation in rats anaesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. Microinjection of l -glutamate (1 nmol) bilaterally into the nucleus tractus solitarii elicited significant hypotension and bradycardia. There was a concurrent increase, as determined immunohistochemically, in the expression of Fos protein at the commissural, medial and dorsomedial subnuclei of the caudal nucleus tractus solitarii. These effects were blunted when l -glutamate was co-administered with either the selective N -methyl- d -aspartate or non- N -methyl- d -aspartate glutamate receptor antagonist, dizocilpine maleate (200 pmol) or 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2, 3-dione (8 pmol), into the caudal nucleus tractus solitarii. Repeated and scheduled transient hypertension evoked by phenylephrine (2.5, 5.0 or 10.0 μg/kg, i.v. also appreciably increased the number of Fos-immunoreactive neurons at the commissural, medial and dorsomedial subnuclei of the caudal nucleus tractus solitarii. The expression of Fos protein in this fashion was reduced, simultaneous with a discernible depression in baroreceptor reflex response, when baro-receptor activation was coupled with microinjection bilaterally of dizocilpine maleate (200 pmol) or 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2, 3-dione (8 pmol) into the nucleus tractus solitarii. Regression analysis showed that the depressive action on the baroreceptor reflex response by both glutamate receptor antagonists correlated positively to the reduction in Fos-immunoreactivity in the nucleus tractus solitarii after baroreceptor activation. Double immunohistochemical staining revealed that nucleus tractus solitarii neurons that showed Fos immunoreactivity were generally also immunoreactive to α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate receptor subunit 1. On the other hand, Fos immunoreactivity was usually absent from neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarii that were immunoreactive to N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor subunit 1. These results suggest that glutamatergic neurotransmission plays an active role, via comparable contributions from both N -methyl- d -aspartate and non- N -methyl- d -aspartate receptors, in the expression of Fos protein at the caudal nucleus tractus solitarii in response to baroreceptor activation.

The synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical properties of LiNi y Co 1 − y VO 4 (0 ≤ y ≤ 1) as the new cathode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries were investigated. A series of LiNi y Co 1 − y VO 4 ( y = 0.1 − 0.9) compounds were synthesized by either a solid-state reaction of LiNi y Co 1 − y O 2 and V 2 O 5 at 800 °C for 12 h or a solution coprecipitation of LiOH · H 2 O, Ni(NO 3 ) 2 · 6H 2 O, Co(NO 3 ) 2 · 6H 2 O and NH 4 VO 3 , followed by heating the precipitate at 500 °C for 48 h. The products from both preparation methods were analyzed by scanning electron microcopy and inductively-coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. These compounds are inverse spinels based on the results from Rietveld analysis and the fact that the cubic lattice constant a is a linear function of stoichiometry y in LiNi y Co 1 − y VO 4 . Either a 1 M LiC1O 4 -EC + PC (1:1) or 1 M LiBF 4 -EC + PC + DMC (1:1:4) electrolyte can be used as the electrolyte for Li/LiNi y Co 1 − y VO 4 cells up to y = 0.7. The charge and discharge capacity of a Li/1 M LiBF 4 -EC + PC + DMC (1:1:4) /LiNi 0.5 Co 0.5 VO 4 cell were 43.8 and 34.8 mAh/g, respectively, when the cathode material was prepared by the low temperature coprecipitation method.

Conclusion: Compared with traditional animal models, the miniature pig may be a better model for biomedical research because its morphology has many similarities with that of humans. Objective: To investigate the suitability of the miniature pig as an animal model for otological research as regards morphology. Methods: Microdissection of the temporal bone of 10 miniature pigs was performed and recorded on photographs. Results: The morphology and measurements of the external, middle, and inner ear, and the lateral recess of the miniature pigs were completed by microdissection. The temporal bone structures, including the external, middle, inner ear, and the lateral recess, were similar in the miniature pig and humans.

The pitch rate control of a missile is analyzed by an H/sup /spl infin// controller. The system dynamics governing the aerodynamic stability derivatives and airframe structure vibration is formulated in a generalized state space realization form. This formulation facilitates the /spl gamma/-iteration method in solving the associated Ricatti equation of the 4-block H/sup /spl infin// control problem. It is shown that the H/sup /spl infin// controller, because of its loop shaping capabilities, can provide improved tracking performance and stability robustness compared with H/sub 2/ (linear-quadratic-Gaussian (LQG)) and classical proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller in the rigid airframe model. When airframe flexibility effect is considered, the H/sup /spl infin// controller is also shown to be robust under structure natural frequency variations.

A 3—D probe for measuring the diameter and form errors at any particular section for small blind holes or slots with diameter or width down to 0.2 mm and depth to diameter ratio up to 20 was developed. Since optical methods are difficult to use for measuring the diameter of blind hole at any cross section, a method with mechanical stylus was used. The stylus is treated as an elastic element and a theory of elastic transmission was developed. The stylus can be introduced to small holes automatically and the deflection of the measuring stylus is compensated. Experiments show that the accuracy is better than 1μm.

The main purpose of this study is to use pattern recognition methods to control an autonomous mobile robot (AMR) and then achieve the purpose of navigation. The AMR is equipped with a video camera and is controlled to search for patterns on the ground. First, the AMR will go ahead to approach the pattern, and then identify it, and then perform the action according to the instruction the pattern gave. When this pattern action is completed, the next pattern is sought and the action will continue, so the circle continues to achieve the navigation control of the AMR.

Polyaniline films of different thickness were formed on Pt and Au electrodes. In-situ epr spectra at different applied potentials in various pH media were reported in order to clarify the conducting mechanism. The results indicate that upon electrochemical doping of polyaniline, an equilibrium between polaron and bipolaron occurs. The thicker the film, the more stable the polaron. The more acidic the medium, the more stable the polaron. The stability of the polaron of polyaniline formed on Pt is better than those formed on Au electrode. A small epr spin density maximum appear before the major spin density maximum on the plot of spin density versus applied potential of polyaniline formed on Pt electrode. This phenomenon may result from polarons in different environments.

A manufacturing technique is developed for embedding piezoelectric material in composite laminates while maintaining the structure strength and piezoelectric effectiveness. An ultrasonic C-scan test is applied to screen out the specimen with possible delamination along the interface of the piezoelectric material and glass fiber layer. It is shown that the problem of electrical insulation and piezoelectric material cracking can be prevented. In addition, tensile and static tests are conducted to validate the manufacturing technique. An analytical model is also presented to predict the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a composite structure with embedded piezoelectric materials, and the predictions are verified by modal testing.

In this work, effects of square cut-outs on the natural frequencies and mode shapes of cross-ply laminates made of S-glass/epoxy, unidirectional pre-preg tape (Fiberite, Hy-E 9134B) are reported. The first three natural frequencies and mode shapes of cantilever plates (with or without cut-out defects) are investigated both experimentally and numerically. Holographic interferometry and piezo-electric sensing techniques are applied in the tests to record vibration mode shapes and natural frequencies, respectively. A finite element code based on the shear deformation theory of plates is developed to analyze the problem numerically. The test findings and calculated results for the first three natural frequencies agree well. The computed mode shapes and laser holograms resemble each other closely for all cases studied. Effects of the size of cut-outs, the location of defects, and the number of layers removed on the vibration frequencies are reported.

The esr and optical spectra of aniline oligomers indicate the formation of radicals in the potential range between the first and second redox waves of cyclic voltammogram. The hyperfine structure of the esr signal indicate the unpair electron is localized on a phenyl group and two adjacent -NH- groups. The difference in conductivity between the polymer and the oligomer may be attributed to the degree of delocalization of the unpair spin.