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Abstract Background The Antarctic environment is susceptible to the introduction of non-native species due to its unique ecosystem, which has evolved under geographical isolation and extreme climatic conditions over an extended period. The recent introduction of the non-native winter crane fly, Trichocera maculipennis, to maritime Antarctica may pose a potential threat to the Antarctic ecosystem. In this study, we evaluated the possibility of the mechanical transmission of viruses by T. maculipennis. Methods We assessed the potential for the mechanical transmission of viruses using next-generation sequencing (NGS), quantitative PCR (qPCR), and virus isolation methods from T. maculipennis (Tm)-related samples (Tm body-wash fluid and Tm body-ground samples) collected from habitats and sewage treatment facilities located at three research stations in Antarctica. Results Virome analysis detected the genomic fragments of human adenovirus (AdV) and human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) in Tm-related samples. These viruses are commonly found in human feces. In addition, plant viruses, such as pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) and cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), both known indicators of enteric viruses, were identified in all Tm-related samples, likely originating from wastewater. However, the low quantities of AdV and HERV genomes detected in Tm-related samples through qPCR, coupled with the non-viability of AdV in virus isolation tests, indicate that T. maculipennis has limited potential for mechanical transmission under the conditions in the studies. Conclusions Our study represents the first evaluation of the potential risk of non-native species serving as vectors for viral pathogens in Antarctica. Although the viruses detected were in relatively low quantities and non-viable, this study highlights the importance of further evaluating the risks associated with non-native species, particularly as the likelihood of their introduction increases to Antarctica due to climate change and increased human activity. Graphical abstract

Abstract Background The white-blooded Antarctic icefishes is a representative organism that survive under the stenothermal conditions of the Southern Ocean without the hemoglobin genes. To compensate for inefficient oxygen transport, distinct features such as increased heart size, greater blood volume, and reduced hematocrit density enhance the amount of dissolved oxygen and the velocity of blood flow. Results Here, we investigated these unique characteristics by comparing high-quality genomic data between white-blooded and red-blooded fishes and identified the loss of FAAP20, which is implicated in anemia. Although the gene region containing FAAP20 is conserved in notothenioids as shown through collinear analysis, only remnants of FAAP20 persist in several icefish species. Additionally, we observed the loss of SOAT1, which plays a pivotal role in cholesterol metabolism, providing a clue for further investigations into the unique mitochondrial form of the icefish. Conclusions The loss of FAAP20, which is known to reduce erythrocyte counts under stress conditions in mice and humans, may provide a clue to understanding the genomic characteristics related to oxygen supply, such as low hematocrit, in Antarctic icefishes.

Despite increasing awareness of the threats they pose, exotic species continue to arrive in Antarctica with anthropogenic assistance, some of which inevitably have the potential to become aggressively invasive. Here, we provide the first report of the globally cosmopolitan species Psychoda albipennis (Diptera, Psychodidae; commonly known as moth flies) in Antarctica during the austral summer of 2021/2022, with the identification confirmed using traditional taxonomic and molecular approaches. The species was present in very large numbers and, although predominantly associated with the drainage and wastewater systems of Antarctic national operator stations in synanthropic situations, it was also present in surrounding natural habitats. While it is unclear if P. albipennis is capable of long-distance dispersal, adult psychodid flies are known to travel more than 90 m from their emergence sites, and up to 1.5 km with wind assistance. Thus, once established in the natural environment of King George Island there appears to be a high risk of the species rapidly becoming invasive. The introduction of non-native species such as P. albipennis can be a significant driver of future biodiversity change and loss, and seriously impact ecosystem health. In vulnerable low diversity ecosystems, such as in the terrestrial environments of Antarctica, non-native species can lead to step changes in ecological functions and interactions, displace native species and, potentially, lead to the extinction of native biota.

Abstract Background Chemotherapy-related cardiotoxicity is a significant concern because it is a major cause of morbidity. This study aimed to provide in-depth information on the symptoms of chemotherapy-related cardiotoxicity (CRCT) by exploring literature that concurrently reports the types and symptoms of CRCT in patients with breast cancer. Methods A scoping review was performed according to an a priori protocol using the Joanna Briggs Institute’s guidelines. The participants were patients with breast cancer. The concept was the literature of specifically reported symptoms directly matched with CRCT and the literature, in English, from 2010, and the context was open. The search strategy included four keywords: “breast cancer,” “chemotherapy,” “cardiotoxicity,” and “symptoms.” All types of research designs were included; however, studies involving patients with other cancer types, animal subjects, and symptoms not directly related to CRCT were excluded. Data were extracted and presented including tables and figures. Results A total of 29 articles were included in the study, consisting of 23 case reports, 4 retrospective studies, and 2 prospective studies. There were no restrictions on the participants’ sex; however, all of them were women, except for one case report. The most used chemotherapy regimens were trastuzumab, capecitabine, and doxorubicin or epirubicin. The primary CRCT identified were myocardial dysfunction and heart failure, followed by coronary artery disease, pulmonary hypertension, and other conditions. Major tests used to diagnose CRCT include echocardiography, electrocardiography, serum cardiac enzymes, coronary angiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. In all case reports, CRCT was diagnosed through an incidental checkup according to the patient’s symptom presentation; however, only 10 of these studies showed a baseline checkup before chemotherapy. The five most common CRCT symptoms were dyspnea, chest pain, peripheral edema, fatigue, and palpitations, which were assessed by patient-reported symptom presentation rather than using a symptom assessment tool. Dyspnea with trastuzumab treatment and chest pain with capecitabine treatment were particularly characteristic. The time for first symptom onset after chemotherapy ranged from 1 hour to 300 days, with anthracycline-based regimens requiring 3–55 days, trastuzumab requiring 60–300 days, and capecitabine requiring 1–7 days. Conclusions This scoping review allowed data mapping according to the study design and chemotherapy regimens. Cardiac assessments for CRCT diagnosis were performed according to the patient’s symptoms. There were approximately five types of typical CRCT symptoms, and the timing of symptom occurrence varied. Therefore, developing and applying a CRCT-specific and user-friendly symptom assessment tool are expected to help healthcare providers and patients manage CRCT symptoms effectively.

The striped notothen Trematomus hansoni is an Antarctic fish species belonging to the family Nototheniidae (cod icefishes) that is distributed throughout the Southern Ocean. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of T. hansoni was sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq platform. The circular mitochondrial genome is 19,218 bp long and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 23 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and one control region. Notably, there are two trnG-UCC genes and the second gene, located between trnE-UUC and trnI-GAU, has no D-arm structure. The base composition is 56.18% of A + T and 43.82% of G + C. The phylogenetic analysis supports that T. hansoni is grouped into a single clade with T. bernacchii. This study will be a valuable resource for further research on the phylogeny and evolution of the genus Trematomus.

Abstract Obesity, a worldwide epidemic, leads to various metabolic disorders threatening human health. In response to stress or fasting, glucocorticoid (GC) levels are elevated to promote food intake. This involves GC-induced expression of the orexigenic neuropeptides in agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) via the GC receptor (GR). Here, we report a selective GR modulator (SGRM) that suppresses GR-induced transcription of genes with non-classical glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) such as Agrp-GRE, but not with classical GREs, and via this way may serve as a novel anti-obesity agent. We have identified a novel SGRM, 2-O-trans-p-coumaroylalphitolic acid (Zj7), a triterpenoid extracted from the Ziziphus jujube plant, that selectively suppresses GR transcriptional activity in Agrp-GRE without affecting classical GREs. Zj7 reduces the expression of orexigenic genes in the ARC and exerts a significant anorexigenic effect with weight loss in both high fat diet-induced obese and genetically obese db/db mouse models. Transcriptome analysis showed that Zj7 represses the expression of a group of orexigenic genes including Agrp and Npy induced by the synthetic GR ligand dexamethasone (Dex) in the hypothalamus. Taken together, Zj7, as a selective GR modulator, showed beneficial metabolic activities, in part by suppressing GR activity in non-classical GREs in orexigenic genes. This study demonstrates that a potential anorexigenic molecule may allow GRE-specific inhibition of GR transcriptional activity, which is a promising approach for the treatment of metabolic disorders.

Slingshots, traditionally viewed as children’s toys, have recently been modified for malicious purposes, including firing steel balls at building windows, causing significant damage. This misuse necessitates the development of methods to estimate impact velocity and launch point based on glass damage patterns at incident scenes. To achieve this, a comprehensive database correlating glass damage shapes with steel ball diameters is essential. This study conducted experiments to investigate the damage patterns of 5 mm thick glass upon impact with 8 mm and 10 mm steel balls. The damage limit velocities for 8 mm and 10 mm steel balls to cause damage to 5 mm glass were approximately 40 m/s and 21 m/s, respectively. Glass damage was categorized into two types: cone cracks and perforated holes. While cone crack patterns were similar for both 8 mm and 10 mm steel balls, perforation patterns exhibited distinct tendencies. Consequently, the impact velocity of each steel ball can be estimated based on the size of the perforated hole. However, determining the steel ball diameter solely from the size of the cone crack and perforated hole remains challenging.

Abstract Aim To identify factors related to preoperative frailty in patients with cancer and map the tools that measure frailty. Design A Scoping review. Methods This scoping review based on Arksey and O'Malley's framework. Articles from CINAHL, PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases published between January 2011 and April 2021. The searched keywords were concepts related to ‘cancer’, ‘frailty’ and ‘measurement’. Results While 728 records were initially identified, 24 studies were eventually selected. Research on frailty was actively conducted between 2020 and 2021. Factors related to preoperative frailty were age (22.9%), sex (11.4%), body mass index (11.4%) and physical status indicators (54.3%). The most common result of preoperative frailty was postoperative complications (35.0%). 24 instruments were used to measure frailty. Implications for Patient Care Selecting an appropriate preoperative frailty screening tool can help improve patient postoperative treatment outcomes. Impact There are many instruments for assessing preoperative frailty, each evaluating a multi‐dimensional feature. We identified the frailty screening tools used today, organized the factors that affect frailty, and explored the impact of frailty. Identifying and organizing frailty measurement tools will enable appropriate evaluation. Reporting Method PRISMA‐ScR. Patient Contribution No patient or public contribution.

Obesity is caused by excessive adipogenesis and leads to metabolic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and degenerative arthritis. Therefore, there is an ever-increasing need to identify new anti-obesity compounds. In this study, the anti-obesity effects of (E)-3-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-N-isobutyl-2-methylacrylamide (BPIMA) were evaluated using pre-adipocytes and a high-fat-fed C57BL/6J mouse model. As the results, BPIMA effectively inhibited adipocyte differentiation (64.3% at 40 μM) without exhibiting any cytotoxicity. Additionally, BPIMA decreased the protein levels of PPARγ, FAS, C/EBP, and SREBP in 3T3-L1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. In C57BL/6J mice, a significant decrease in body weight, adipose tissue, and fatty liver was observed in the BPIMA-treated high-fat group compared to that observed in the vehicle-treated high-fat group; the serum levels of total cholesterol and glucose also significantly decreased in the BPIMA-treated high-fat group. Moreover, the weight and fat level of liver and serum AST, ALT activity in the BPIMA-treated high-fat group were similar to low fat diet-control group. These findings show that BPIMA may be a potential anti-obesity compound.

Abstract Aim To analyse the literature on nurses' psychological experiences caring for COVID‐19 patients, focusing on qualitative research. Design An integrative review. Review Methods Whittemore & Knafl's approach was used. Data Sources Six databases were searched using the terms ‘nurses’, ‘psychological experiences’ and ‘COVID‐19’. Results Ten studies were selected and analysed. Five characteristics related to nurses' negative psychological experiences, four characteristics related to positive psychological experiences and seven coping strategies of nurses were identified. Conclusion This study demonstrated the need for psychological, social, financial and organizational support for nurses to improve mental well‐being and the level of nursing care. No Patient or Public Contribution.

Abstract Background Polar microalgae contain unique compounds that enable them to adapt to extreme environments. As the skin barrier is our first line of defense against external threats, polar microalgae extracts may possess restorative properties for damaged skin, but the potential of microalgae extracts as skin protective agents remains unknown. Purpose This study aimed to analyze compound profiles from polar microalgae extracts, evaluate their potential as skin epithelial protective agents, and examine the underlying mechanisms. Methods Six different polar microalgae, Micractinium sp. (KSF0015 and KSF0041), Chlamydomonas sp. (KNM0029C, KSF0037, and KSF0134), and Chlorococcum sp. (KSF0003), were collected from the Antarctic or Arctic regions. Compound profiles of polar and non-polar microalgae extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The protective activities of polar microalgae extracts on human keratinocyte cell lines against oxidative stress, radiation, and psoriatic cytokine exposure were assessed. The potential anti-inflammatory mechanisms mediated by KSF0041, a polar microalga with protective properties against oxidative stress, ultraviolet (UV) B, and an inflammatory cytokine cocktail, were investigated using RNA-sequencing analysis. To evaluate the therapeutic activity of KSF0041, an imiquimod-induced murine model of psoriatic dermatitis was used. Results Polar microalgae contain components comparable to those of their non-polar counterparts, but also showed distinct differences, particularly in fatty acid composition. Polar microalgae extracts had a greater ability to scavenge free radicals than did non-polar microalgae and enhanced the viability of HaCaT cells, a human keratinocyte cell line, following exposure to UVB radiation or psoriatic cytokines. These extracts also reduced barrier integrity damage and decreased mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines in psoriatic HaCaT cells. Treatment with KSF0041 extract altered the transcriptome of psoriatic HaCaT cells toward a more normal state. Furthermore, KSF0041 extract had a therapeutic effect in a mouse model of psoriasis. Conclusions Bioactive compounds from polar microalgae extracts could provide novel therapeutics for damaged and/or inflamed skin.

Abstract We report the first record of the microlepidopteran Plodia interpunctella beyond the South Shetland Islands at the Chilean Yelcho scientific station (64°52′33.1428″ S; 63°35′1.9572″ W), Doumer Island, close to the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. It is notable that P. interpunctella, a globally distributed stored product pest species, exhibits a remarkable capacity for prolonged viability within food storage facilities. The dual challenges of food transportation and storage in the context of Antarctica's challenging operational conditions may have facilitated P. interpunctella's initial arrival to the Antarctic region. Non‐perishable food items, such as grains, flour and rice, provide practical options for the bulk food transportation and storage required in the long‐term operation of Antarctic research stations. The presence of P. interpunctella in Antarctica, even if restricted to synanthropic environments within buildings, is a clear threat to Antarctic biodiversity, not only through being an invasive species itself but also as a potential vector for other non‐native species (bacteria, acari, between others.), which could carry diseases to the native species.

BackgroundParticipants' satisfaction is an important factor in securing competitiveness in clinical trials. In many industries, such as healthcare, customer service quality has been analyzed to increase customer satisfaction. However, no study so far has attempted to measure participants' perceptions of service quality in the clinical trial area and identify its effect on participant satisfaction.ObjectiveThis study examined the experiences and perceptions of clinical trial participants in terms of service quality and identified the factors that impact participant satisfaction in clinical trials.MethodsThis study used a cross-sectional descriptive and explanatory research design. Data were collected from March 29 to May 26, 2023, via a survey. The survey was conducted with 206 adults participating in clinical trials at two hospitals in Korea. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and multiple linear regression analysis.ResultsParticipants' perceptions of the service quality and their satisfaction in clinical trials were generally positive. The variables that significantly predicted participant satisfaction in clinical trials included quality of interaction with researchers, physical environment, performance results in clinical trials, changes in health status after participating in the trial, and consideration of discontinuing the trial.ConclusionsParticipants' perception of the service quality significantly affected their satisfaction in clinical trials. Thus, all components of service quality should be considered in the overall clinical trial process to increase participants' satisfaction.

IntroductionA correlation between health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and physical activity has been identified. Many studies have discussed whether this correlation is significantly associated with depression in the general and diabetic populations. However, the role of depression in this relationship, especially in individuals with diabetes, remains incompletely understood.ObjectiveThis study investigated the relationship between PA and HRQoL, with depression as a potential mediator, in individuals with diabetes.MethodsThis cross-sectional study involved 1,472 individuals with diabetes who participated in the Korea Health Panel Survey (KHPS) from 2019 to 2020. Their sociodemographic characteristics, PA, depressive symptoms, and HRQoL based on EuroQol-five-dimension (EQ-5D) scores were extracted from the KHPS. The mediating effect of depression on PA and HRQoL was investigated using multiple regression and a mediation effect test.ResultsHRQoL was positively associated with PA, regular exercise, and varying degrees of walking activity. Conversely, depression was substantially negatively associated with HRQoL. Mediation analysis confirmed that depression partially mediated the relationship between PA and HRQoL. Specifically, for PA and regular exercise, the indirect effect of depression accounted for 46.61% (B = 0.002, p < 0.05) and 33.82% (B = 0.003, p < 0.001).ConclusionIn individuals with diabetes, depression was found to mediate the effect of PA on HRQoL. Therefore, conducting depression screening and managing depressive symptoms in this population is crucial to enhancing HRQoL through PA interventions. Consequently, strategies to enhance HRQoL can be effectively implemented and customized in response to particular depression screening outcomes.

Abstract Aim This study was a descriptive correlation investigation to determine the effects of metacognition and self‐directed learning readiness on learning performance of nursing students in online practice classes during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Design and Methods In this descriptive cross‐sectional study, 135 subjects were randomly selected from junior students of one university in South Korea. Results In this study, metacognitive knowledge in nursing students showed a positive relationship with subjective learning performance (r = 0.34, p = 0.002) and objective learning performance (r = 0.38, p = 0.016). Metacognitive control in nursing students also showed a positive relationship with subjective learning performance (r = 0.37, p = 0.001) and objective learning performance (r = 0.41, p

Changes in ice shelf dynamics significantly impact the discharge rate of grounded ice, sea ice formation, and marine environments. In particular, changes of a sub-shelf pinning point induce complex dynamics of an ice shelf. In this study, we investigated decadal changes (2010–2020) in the area, ice velocity, and grounding line position of Campbell Glacier Tongue (CGT) in East Antarctica, which has an ice pinning point at the southwestern end, and analyzed the effect of the pinning conditions on the dynamics of CGT. Panchromatic band images of Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus and Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager, COSMO-SkyMed X-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR), and Sentinel-1 C-band SAR datasets were employed. The surface area of CGT digitized from the optical and SAR imagery decreased by 8% in the last decade, during which four ice calving events that caused icebergs with an area range of 3.8–5.4 km2. The largest calving at the ice pinning point occurred in March 2014, which created an iceberg with 4 km2. The ice velocity of CGT was measured via the normalized cross-correlation-based image matching of the Landsat panchromatic images. The ice velocity along the flow direction and its anomaly of CGT hardly changed in the hinge zone from 2011 to 2020. The ice velocity increased by ~7% and the flow direction steered abruptly ~7° to the east in the freely floating zone after the 2014 calving at the ice pinning point. Considering the retreat of the local grounding line at the pinning point analyzed by COSMO-SkyMed double-differential interferometric SAR, the advancing glacier tongue came in contact with the sloping eastern flank of the locally elevated seabed at the pinning point after the calving, and the ice-bed contact area decreased, causing a sudden acceleration and eastward rotation of ice flow. It is expected that continuous calving at the ice pinning point of CGT may lead to an abrupt changes in glacier tongue dynamics again, and continuous monitoring is necessary.

Monitoring of cytokine storm markers is critical for determining the disease progression and treatment efficacy. In this study, we developed a novel fourplex electrochemical (EC) biosensor using nanohole array (NHA) structures containing several nanoholes on a single electrode for detecting cytokines with a low limit. A framework was developed for fabricating and optimizing multiplexed EC sandwich immunoassays using NHA electrodes because an NHA can enhance the EC detection of molecular binding by controlling the binding sites of captured biomolecules. For detecting multiple cytokines, the captured antibodies were immobilized on the surface-modified NHA and sandwich immunoassays with amperometric signal amplifications using poly-streptavidin horseradish peroxidase conjugates and 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine. Under the optimal conditions, the EC NHA immunosensors exhibited high sensitivity and specificity with a limit of detection of 1 pg/mL and a detection range of 1–300 pg/mL. The results revealed that the developed NHA sensor exhibits reliable EC characteristics and could be used to analyze multiple cytokines using small sample volume and subsequently developed for other applications.

The formation of N-heterocycles with multiple substituents is important in organic synthesis. Herein, we report a novel method for the construction of functionalized dihydropyridinone rings through the annulation of an amide α-carbon with a tethered alkyne moiety. The reaction of the amide with the alkyne was achieved via O-silyl N,O-ketene acetal formation and silver-mediated addition. Furthermore, the developed method was applied for the total synthesis of phenanthroindolizidine and phenanthroquinolizidine alkaloids. By varying the coupling partners, a concise and collective total synthesis of these alkaloids was achieved.

Although accurately estimating the early age compressive strength of concrete is essential for the timely removal of formwork and the advancement of construction processes, it is challenging to estimate it in cool, cold, hot, or unmanaged conditions. Various nondestructive testing methods, including recent IoT-based techniques, have been proposed to determine the compressive strength of concrete. This study evaluates the maturity method using the wireless thermocouple sensor in assessing the early age compressive strength of concrete slabs, particularly those not subjected to watering and protection in a cool environment below 20 °C. For this purpose, wire and wireless thermocouple sensors were installed in reinforced concrete (RC) slabs, whereas wire thermocouple sensors were installed in concrete cylinders. In addition, the compressive strengths of standard-cured cylinders, field-cured cylinders, and core samples extracted from the RC slab were measured. On day 7, the maturity index (M) values for the field-cured cylinders were 7% lower than those of the standard-cured cylinders, and the M values for the RC slabs with wire and wireless sensors were 6% lower. The compressive strengths of the field-cured cylinders and core samples extracted from the RC slabs were 19% and 14% lower than those of the standard-cured cylinders, respectively. Thus, while the difference in M values was 6–7%, the difference in compressive strength was significantly higher, at 14–19%. In a cool environment without watering or protection, the difference in strength can be even greater. Consequently, a commercial IoT-based thermocouple sensor can replace conventional wire sensors and adopt to estimate early age compressive strength of concrete in unmanaged curing condition.

Abstract While hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has led to higher survival rates, the number of patients experiencing adverse reactions is also increasing. Based on the symptom management model, we aimed to analyze the relationships between symptom experience, symptom management strategies, self-management behavior, and quality of life among patients undergoing HSCT in South Korea and to identify the factors affecting their quality of life. The data of 67 conveniently sampled patients undergoing HSCT at a university-affiliated hospital, for the period from March 23 to June 7, 2016, were collected using a self-reported structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlations and multiple regression analysis. Quality of life showed a significant negative correlation with symptom experience and significant positive correlations with symptom management strategies. Factors influencing quality of life included symptom distress, symptom management strategies, and self-management behavior; these explained 39.4% of the variance. To improve quality of life in patients undergoing HSCT, the efficient management of multiple co-existing symptoms is important. There is a need for tailored nursing interventions based on a patient-focused and person-centered approach for patients undergoing HSCT.

Abstract Safety profiles of the influenza vaccine and its subtypes are still limited. We aimed to address this knowledge gap using multiple data mining methods and calculated performance measurements to evaluate the precision of different detection methods. We conducted a post-marketing surveillance study between 2005 and 2019 using the Korea Adverse Event Reporting System database. Three data mining methods were applied: (a) proportional reporting ratio, (b) information component, and (c) tree-based scan statistics. We evaluated the performance of each method in comparison with the known adverse events (AEs) described in the labeling information. Compared to other vaccines, we identified 36 safety signals for the influenza vaccine, and 7 safety signals were unlabeled. In subtype-stratified analyses, application site disorders were reported more frequently with quadrivalent and cell-based vaccines, while a wide range of AEs were noted for trivalent and egg-based vaccines. Tree-based scan statistics showed well-balanced performance. Among the detected signals of influenza vaccines, narcolepsy requires special attention. A wider range of AEs were detected as signals for trivalent and egg-based vaccines. Although tree-based scan statistics showed balanced performance, complementary use of other techniques would be beneficial when large noise due to false positives is expected.

Abstract Parochlus steinenii is the only flying insect native to Antarctica. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying its adaptation to cold environments, we conducted comparative genomic analyses of P. steinenii and closely related lineages. In an analysis of gene family evolution, 68 rapidly evolving gene families, involved in the innate immune system, unfolded protein response, DNA packaging, protein folding, and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis were detected. Some gene families were P. steinenii-specific and showed phylogenetic instability. Acyl-CoA delta desaturase and heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70) were representative gene families, showing signatures of positive selection with multiple gene duplication events. Acyl-CoA delta desaturases may play pivotal roles in membrane fluidity, and expanded Hsc70 genes may function as chaperones or thermal sensors in cold environments. These findings suggest that multiple gene family expansions contributed to the adaptation of P. steinenii to cold environments.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Antarctic fairy shrimp Branchinecta gaini Daday, 1910 was sequenced, assembled and annotated using next-generation sequencing technology. The mitogenome of B. gaini is circular at 15,536 bp in length, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 23 tRNAs, two rRNAs and two major non-coding regions. In particular, there are two tRNAGly genes and one non-coding region between these two tRNAGly genes. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using concatenated amino acid sequences of 13 protein-coding genes. It reveals that B. gaini is clustered with the Anostraca group within the Branchiopoda clade. This study helps us understand the evolution of Anostraca.

Objective: We developed a new scale—the Social Adjustment Scale for Youth Cancer Survivors—and examined its psychometric properties. Methods: In the scale's development stage, preliminary items were constructed based on the results of a concept analysis of the hybrid model, literature review, and interviews. These items were then reviewed through content validity and cognitive interviews. In the validation stage, 136 survivors were recruited from two children's cancer centers in Seoul, South Korea. An exploratory factor analysis was performed to identify a set of constructs, and validity and reliability were tested. Results: Starting with 70 items constructed through literature review and interviews with youth survivors, the final scale comprised 32 items. The exploratory factor analysis identified four domains—namely, role achievement in one's present position, harmony in relationships, disclosure and acceptance of cancer history, and preparation and expectation for future roles. Correlations with quality of life indicated good convergent validity (r ​= ​0.82, P ​

Abstract Background Non-cancer patients experience the chronic process of disease that increases the patients’ suffering as well as families’ care burden. Although two-thirds of deaths are caused by non-cancer diseases, there is a lack of studies on palliative care for non-cancer patients. This study identified the palliative care needs and satisfaction, anxiety and depression, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of non-cancer patients and identified the factors influencing their HRQOL. Methods A cross-sectional survey design was employed. Participants were 114 non-cancer patients with chronic heart failure, stroke, end-stage renal disease, or end-stage liver disease who were admitted to the general ward of a tertiary hospital in South Korea. Measures included the Palliative Care Needs and Satisfaction Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Medical Outcome Study 36-items Short Form Health Survey version 2. Data were analysed with descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, analyses of variance, Pearson’s correlations, and multiple linear regression analyses. Results The average score of palliative care needs was 3.66 ± 0.62, which falls between ‘moderate’ and ‘necessary’. Among the four domains, the average score of palliative care needs in the psychosocial domain was the highest: 3.83 ± 0.67. Anxiety was nearly in the normal range (7.48 ± 3.60; normal range = 0–7) but depression was higher than normal (9.17 ± 3.71; normal range = 0–7). Similar to patients with cancer, physical HRQOL (38.89 ± 8.69) and mental HRQOL (40.43 ± 11.19) were about 80% of the general population’s score (50 points). Duration of disease and physical performance were significant factors associated with physical HRQOL, whereas physical performance, anxiety, and depression were significant factors associated with mental HRQOL. Conclusion It is necessary to maintain non-cancer patients’ physical performance and assess and manage their mental health in advance for effective palliative care. This study provides relevant information that can be used to develop a tailored palliative care model for non-cancer patients.

We propose a technique that allows designers to develop energy-efficient buildings focused on occupants from the early design stage. The technique integrates the physiological responses of occupants and the energy performance of buildings. Among the architectural design elements, we considered the aspect ratio, ceiling height, and window-to-wall ratio as design variables and created 30 design alternatives for a single-occupancy room in a postpartum care center. These design alternatives were recreated in virtual reality, allowing 33 female participants to immerse themselves in the designed rooms. During the experiment, we collected electroencephalography (EEG) data from the participants. Furthermore, we used DesignBuilder to simulate 30 design alternatives and calculated the primary energy consumption per unit area for each alternative. By integrating the EEG data and energy performance analysis, we identified the design alternative among the 30 options that positively influenced the physiological responses of occupants while also being energy efficient. The selected alternative was designed with an aspect ratio of 1:1.6, a ceiling height of 2.3 m, and a window-to-wall ratio of 60%. This research represents a creative exploration that demonstrates how studies combining human physiological responses and architecture can evolve through integration with other subjects. Our findings provide a robust framework to explore the relationship between physiological responses and energy optimization for detailed architectural design elements.

Abstract The mechanical properties of lightweight aggregate concrete developed with the use of bottom ash aggregate (LWAC-BA) as a partial or full replacement of lightweight aggregate differ from those of general lightweight concrete made using natural fine and/or coarse aggregates. The mechanical properties of LWAC-BA are difficult to predict using the existing equations proposed by codes or researchers. Therefore, in this study, empirical equations using nonlinear regression analysis are proposed to predict the mechanical properties of lightweight concrete mixed with bottom ash aggregate, based on the collected measured values from other studies (Yang "Development of replacement technology for ready mixed concrete with bottom ash aggregates", 2020; Kim et al. Appl Sci, 10: e8016, 2020; Constr Build Mater 273: e121998, 2021). The collected data include density, compressive strength, elastic modulus, modulus of rupture, splitting tensile strength, and stress–strain relation of LWAC-BA featuring varying amounts of bottom ash fine aggregate and/or coarse aggregate. The proposed empirical equations for each mechanical characteristic are developed considering the replacement volume of bottom ash fine/coarse aggregates. The mean values of the ratios of the measured to predicted values obtained using the proposed equation range from 1.00 to 1.05, with a standard deviation ranging from 0.002 to 0.013, indicating a reasonably positive agreement.

Background & Aims: Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors (S1PRs) are a group of G-protein–coupled receptors that confer a broad range of functional effects in chronic inflammatory and metabolic diseases. S1PRs also may mediate the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), but the specific subtypes involved and the mechanism of action are unclear. Methods: We investigated which type of S1PR isoforms is activated in various murine models of NASH. The mechanism of action of S1PR4 was examined in hepatic macrophages isolated from high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HFHCD)-fed mice. We developed a selective S1PR4 functional antagonist by screening the fingolimod (2-amino-2-[2-(4- n -octylphenyl)ethyl]-1,3- propanediol hydrochloride)-like sphingolipid-focused library. Results: The livers of various mouse models of NASH as well as hepatic macrophages showed high expression of S1pr4. Moreover, in a cohort of NASH patients, expression of S1PR4 was 6-fold higher than those of healthy controls. S1pr4+/- mice were protected from HFHCD-induced NASH and hepatic fibrosis without changes in steatosis. S1pr4 depletion in hepatic macrophages inhibited lipopolysaccharide-mediated Ca++ release and deactivated the Nod-like receptor pyrin domain-containning protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. S1P increased the expression of S1pr4 in hepatic macrophages and activated NLRP3 inflammasome through inositol trisphosphate/inositol trisphosphate–receptor–dependent [Ca++] signaling. To further clarify the biological function of S1PR4, we developed SLB736, a novel selective functional antagonist of SIPR4. Similar to S1pr4+/- mice, administration of SLB736 to HFHCD-fed mice prevented the development of NASH and hepatic fibrosis, but not steatosis, by deactivating the NLRP3 inflammasome. Conclusions: S1PR4 may be a new therapeutic target for NASH that mediates the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in hepatic macrophages.

BackgroundDigital care has become an essential component of health care. Interventions for patients with cancer need to be effective and safe, and digital health interventions must adhere to the same requirements. ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to identify currently available digital health interventions developed and evaluated in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) targeting adult patients with cancer. MethodsA scoping review using the JBI methodology was conducted. The participants were adult patients with cancer, and the concept was digital health interventions. The context was open, and sources were limited to RCT effectiveness studies. The PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Cochrane Library, Research Information Sharing Service, and KoreaMed databases were searched. Data were extracted and analyzed to achieve summarized results about the participants, types, functions, and outcomes of digital health interventions. ResultsA total of 231 studies were reviewed. Digital health interventions were used mostly at home (187/231, 81%), and the web-based intervention was the most frequently used intervention modality (116/231, 50.2%). Interventions consisting of multiple functional components were most frequently identified (69/231, 29.9%), followed by those with the self-manage function (67/231, 29%). Web-based interventions targeting symptoms with the self-manage and multiple functions and web-based interventions to treat cognitive function and fear of cancer recurrence consistently achieved positive outcomes. More studies supported the positive effects of web-based interventions to inform decision-making and knowledge. The effectiveness of digital health interventions targeting anxiety, depression, distress, fatigue, health-related quality of life or quality of life, pain, physical activity, and sleep was subject to their type and function. A relatively small number of digital health interventions specifically targeted older adults (6/231, 2.6%) or patients with advanced or metastatic cancer (22/231, 9.5%). ConclusionsThis scoping review summarized digital health interventions developed and evaluated in RCTs involving adult patients with cancer. Systematic reviews of the identified digital interventions are strongly recommended to integrate digital health interventions into clinical practice. The identified gaps in digital health interventions for cancer care need to be reflected in future digital health research.

Abstract Background Nursing students’ practical training should begin when students can apply core knowledge, skills, and attitudes related to patient safety. This necessitates an integrated curriculum in nursing education that links practice to the theory concerning patient safety to enhance patient safety competencies and quality in nursing care. This study aimed to develop an integrated curriculum that incorporates patient safety factors in the existing curriculum to increase patient safety competencies in nursing students. Method A case study approach was adopted to explain the development processes of a new curriculum integrating patient safety in the existing outcome-based curriculum of a nursing college. Based on the existing outcome-based curriculum of a nursing college, a four-step process was performed to integrate patient safety component, including quality improvement, into the curriculum: 1) literature review, 2) analysis of course syllabus, 3) selection of courses related to patient safety topics, and 4) development of evaluation tool. Results The integrated patient safety curriculum was based on six topics: patient safety principles, teamwork, communication, patient engagement, risk management and, quality improvement, and International Patient Safety Goals. Based on the characteristics of the course according to the level of students in each year, the curriculum was integrated to address patient safety topics in seven courses (four theoretical and three practical). A Patient safety Competency self-assessment checklist was developed for students to naturally acquire patient safety competencies in clinical settings. Conclusions This study demonstrated that patient safety topics should be addressed in both theoretical and practical settings across the entire nursing curriculum per the continuity and sequence of education principles.

Abstract During the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, the media reported different kinds of issues that global fashion retailers face. They had to unexpectedly dismiss garment workers and employees internally, while they had to perform CSR practices for their suffering communities externally. The purpose of this study is to investigate how global fashion retailers responded to these external and internal crises during the pandemic through a case study. Based on corporate social responsibility (CSR) contribution types and the Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT), various secondary sources which are related to three selected global fashion retailers’ (Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo) responses to external and internal crises during the pandemic are analyzed. The findings indicate that global fashion retailers showed some different approaches in their responses to external and internal crises during the pandemic. Externally, all of them practiced CSR by providing monetary and in-kind contributions to the society. However, toward the internal issues related to their factory workers and employees, some of them denied or diminished the problems that had been raised, while all of them attempted to make a deal with the parties who had been affected. The results of this study propose an agenda to discuss global fashion retailers’ responsibilities during the pandemic, as well as to inform fashion retailers of how leading retailers have responded to the crises.

Abstract Background Although nurses are crucial to ensure patients’ peaceful death in hospitals, many nurses experience various ethical conflicts during end-of-life care. Therefore, research on nurses’ entire ethical decision-making process is required to improve nurses’ ethical decision-making in end-of-life care. This study aimed to identify Korean nurses’ ethical decision-making process based on their moral sensitivity to end-of-life patients. Methods In total, 171 nurses caring for terminal patients responded to the survey questionnaire. To measure the participants’ moral sensitivity and ethical decision-making process, we used the Korean version of the Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire and Nurses’ Ethical Decision-Making around End of Life Care Scale. Finally, multiple linear regression analysis was used to investigate the effect of moral sensitivity on nurses’ ethical decision-making. Results The mean of moral sensitivity was 4.8 ± 0.5 (out of 7), and that of ethical decision-making was 4.6 ± 0.5 (out of 6). Among the sub-dimensions of ethical decision-making, the highest score was in perceived professional accountability (5.2 ± 0.5), and the lowest in moral reasoning and moral agency (3.9 ± 0.6); the score of moral practice was 4.4 ± 0.7. In the multiple linear regression model, moral sensitivity (β = 0.852, p

Polar microorganisms produce biologically active compounds that enable them to survive in harsh environments. These compounds have potential biomedical applications. The green microalga Chlamydomonas latifrons KNF0041, isolated from Arctic sea ice, has been found to produce polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including omega-3 and omega-6, which have antioxidant properties. To improve the biomass production of strain KNF0041, statistical methods such as the Plackett–Burman design, Box–Behnken design, and response surface methodology (RSM) were utilized for medium optimization. The optimized medium was designed with increased potassium phosphate content and reduced acetic acid (AcOH) content. The use of the optimized medium resulted in an increase in the cell number as biomass of strain KNF0041 by 34.18% and the omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid (FA) content by 10.04% and 58.29%, respectively, compared to that in normal TAP medium, which is known as the growth medium for Chlamydomonas culture. In this study, Chlamydomonas latifrons was discovered for the first time in the polar region and identified using morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses, the secondary structures of the internal transcribed spacers, and optimized culture conditions. The results of this study provide an efficient method for the application of polar microalgae for the production of bioactive compounds.

Although the anchorage location of longitudinal reinforcing bars is a significant design element for flexural behavior, the conventional anchorage method of using longitudinal reinforcing bars has limited applications in new types of structures, such as composite structures. Therefore, this study examined the effect of the anchorage location of longitudinal reinforcing bars on the flexural behavior of slabs at the junctions of developed composite basement walls (SCBW) under monotonic loads at the top free end of the slab. The test results showed that the slab with longitudinal reinforcing bars anchored to the cast-in-place pile (CIP) in the composite basement wall exhibited ductile behavior accompanied by the yielding of the longitudinal reinforcing bars, a relatively wide area of vertical cracks propagating along the slab length, and a plastic plateau flow in the load–deflection relationships. In particular, the slab with longitudinal reinforcing bars anchored to the basement wall experienced severe crack concentration localized at the junction of the composite basement walls and concrete spalling in the basement walls, which resulted in no yielding of the longitudinal reinforcing bars and no cracks in the slab. Consequently, in a slab, it is recommended that longitudinal reinforcing bars be anchored into the CIP by penetrating the steel plate.

Purpose Community child centers (CCCs) were introduced to provide after-school activities and care, including meal services to children from low-income families. The assistant cooks, who have the main responsibility for making and serving food at CCCs, are a major factor influencing the eating habits of children using CCCs. In this study, we tried to identify and understand who the assistant cooks are, what their job responsibilities are, and what they need in order to be able to provide children with healthy meals. Methods Three focus group interviews were held with 17 workfare program participants who worked as assistant cooks at CCCs, and content analysis methods were applied using the NVivo 12 qualitative data analysis software. Results The assistant cooks reflected on their perceptions of the children’s health at the CCCs, their own cooking style, and their role at the CCCs. Additionally, barriers to the optimal provision of their services were pointed out, and improvements were suggested. Conclusion The results of this study can be used as a fundamental resource for the development of tailored interventions that consider a child’s unique environment to address health disparities, specifically with respect to childhood obesity.

Abstract Background Palliative care is a patient-centred, integrated approach for improving quality of life for both patients facing life-threatening illnesses and for their families. Although there has been increased interest in palliative care for non-cancer patients, the palliative care competency of nurses who care for non-cancer patients has rarely been investigated. This study described the palliative care knowledge, attitude, confidence, and educational needs in nurses who care for patients with congestive heart failure, stroke, end-stage renal disease, and end-stage liver disease; explored the relationships between those variables; and identified factors affecting nurses’ palliative care confidence. Methods A cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational design was employed; data collection was conducted at a tertiary hospital in Seoul, Korea. Nurses who were working in general wards and intensive care units (N = 102) completed valid and reliable self-administered questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, frequencies, independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlations, and multiple regression were conducted to analyse the data. Results Nurses’ palliative care knowledge level was low (9.73 ± 2.10; range = 0–20) and their attitude toward palliative care was moderate (87.97 ± 6.93, range: 30–120). Knowledge was significantly correlated with attitude (r = .29, p = .003). Nurses were highly confident in pain and symptom management but demonstrated high educational needs for managing human and material resources to provide palliative care. Previous training in hospice, palliative, and EOL care was a significant and modifiable factor that affected nurses’ confidence (std. β = 0.25, p = .010). Conclusions To facilitate high-quality palliative care for non-cancer patients and families, nursing education programs should be developed to address nurses’ knowledge level, confidence level, and educational needs. This study provides relevant information that can be utilised to develop palliative care educational programs for nurses who care for non-cancer patients.

Osteolytic lesions can be seen in both multiple myeloma (MM), and osteolytic bone metastasis on computed tomography (CT) scans. We sought to assess the feasibility of a CT-based radiomics model to distinguish MM from metastasis. This study retrospectively included patients with pre-treatment thoracic or abdominal contrast-enhanced CT from institution 1 (training set: 175 patients with 425 lesions) and institution 2 (external test set: 50 patients with 85 lesions). After segmenting osteolytic lesions on CT images, 1218 radiomics features were extracted. A random forest (RF) classifier was used to build the radiomics model with 10-fold cross-validation. Three radiologists distinguished MM from metastasis using a five-point scale, both with and without the assistance of RF model results. Diagnostic performance was evaluated using the area under the curve (AUC). The AUC of the RF model was 0.807 and 0.762 for the training and test set, respectively. The AUC of the RF model and the radiologists (0.653–0.778) was not significantly different for the test set (p ≥ 0.179). The AUC of all radiologists was significantly increased (0.833–0.900) when they were assisted by RF model results (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the CT-based radiomics model can differentiate MM from osteolytic bone metastasis and improve radiologists’ diagnostic performance.

Abstract Background Biofuels, generated using microalgae as sustainable energy, have received a lot of attention. Microalgae can be cultivated at low cost with CO2 and solar energy without competition from edible crops. Psychrophilic microalgae can be a suitable feedstock to produce biofuels without the environmental constraints of low temperatures, because they can grow below 10 °C. However, there is a lack of efficient strategies using psychrophilic microalgae to produce biodiesel and bioethanol. Therefore, the current study aimed to optimize the production of biodiesel and bioethanol from Arctic Chlamydomonas sp. KNM0029C at low temperatures. Results After incubation in a 20-L photobioreactor, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was extracted using modified FAME extraction methods, producing a maximum yield of 0.16-g FAME/g KNM0029C. Residual biomass was pretreated for bioethanol production, and the yields from different methods were compared. The highest bioethanol yield (0.22-g/g residual biomass) was obtained by pretreatment with enzyme (amyloglucosidase) after sonication. Approximately 300-mg biofuel was obtained, including 156-mg FAME biodiesel and 144-mg bioethanol per g dried cells, representing the highest recorded yield from psychrophilic microalgae. Conclusions This is the first to attempt at utilizing biomass from psychrophilic Arctic microalga Chlamydomonas sp. KNM0029C for the co-production of bioethanol and biodiesel, and it yielded the highest values among reported studies using psychrophilic organisms. These results can be used as a source for the efficient biofuel production using polar microalgae.

We developed a radiomics model to differentiate hematologic marrow diseases and compared the performance with radiologists' readings and a quantitative measurement. Patients were retrospectively analyzed from the diseased (n = 254) and control groups (n = 230). A sagittal T1-weighted lumbar spinal MR image was normalized by an intervertebral disk, and bone marrow was segmented. A hundred features were extracted, and final features were selected using Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO). Finally, Random forest (RF) and logistic regression (LR) models were trained. Two radiologists with different levels of experience analyzed the images for the presence of bone marrow diseases, independently. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) and decision curve analysis (DCA) was evaluated. Among the subjects, 363 cases were assigned as a training set and 121 as a validation set. The combination of LASSO and RF produced the best results. With the validation set, the sensitivity (SE) was 87.3%, specificity (SP) was 86.2% and AUC was 0.928 ($p

Purpose This study aimed to identify the attributes of social adjustment among adolescent cancer survivors using concept analysis and to propose a definition of the concept. Methods In accordance with the hybrid model of concept analysis, this study employed a three-phase circular process comprising theoretical, fieldwork, and final analysis phases. A thorough literature review was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, and Korean databases, followed by qualitative fieldwork with seven participants. The results derived from the theoretical and fieldwork phases were integrated into the final analysis phase. Results Four attributes of social adjustment were found in adolescent cancer survivors: having harmonious relationships with friends, having harmonious relationships with boy/girlfriends, fulfilling their present roles, and planning for and expecting future roles. The following definition of social adjustment of adolescent cancer survivors is proposed: “the conquering of difficulties arising from the continuum of childhood cancer and the achievement of the developmental tasks of typical adolescents.” Conclusion Social adjustment of childhood cancer survivors is crucial for integrating them into society. The findings of this study provide a basis for developing an instrument to measure the social adjustment of adolescent cancer survivors and for developing of interventions that target this group.

Background & Aim: Life after middle age accounts for almost half of the life cycle, along with global increases in life expectancy, it is important to manage the life satisfaction of middle-aged women as they transition from adulthood to old age. This study sought to investigate the life satisfaction of middle-aged women and identify the factors affecting them in various ways. Methods & Materials: As secondary research, sample data were sourced from the 2016 Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging -sixth wave of KLoSA- by the Ministry of Employment and Labor, and the Korean Employment Information Service in Korea. Results: Factors affecting the life satisfaction of middle-aged women include individual factors such as religion, household income, marriage, and educational background (all p

The intestine and skin provide crucial protection against the external environment. Strengthening the epithelial barrier function of these organs is critical for maintaining homeostasis against inflammatory stimuli. Recent studies suggest that polar marine algae are a promising bioactive resource because of their adaptation to extreme environments. To investigate the bioactive properties of polar marine algae on epithelial cells of the intestine and skin, we created extracts of the Antarctic macroalgae Himantothallus grandifolius, Plocamium cartilagineum, Phaeurus antarcticus, and Kallymenia antarctica, analyzed the compound profiles of the extracts using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and tested the protective activities of the extracts on human intestinal and keratinocyte cell lines by measuring cell viability and reactive oxygen species scavenging. In addition, we assessed immune responses modulated by the extracts by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and we monitored the barrier-protective activities of the extracts on intestinal and keratinocyte cell lines by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance and fluorescence-labeled dextran flux, respectively. We identified bioactive compounds, including several fatty acids and lipid compounds, in the extracts, and found that the extracts perform antioxidant activities that remove intracellular reactive oxygen species and scavenge specific radicals. Furthermore, the Antarctic marine algae extracts increased cell viability, protected cells against inflammatory stimulation, and increased the barrier integrity of cells damaged by lipopolysaccharide or ultraviolet radiation. These results suggest that Antarctic marine algae have optimized their composition for polar environments, and furthermore, that the bioactive properties of compounds produced by Antarctic marine algae can potentially be used to develop therapeutics to promote the protective barrier function of the intestine and skin.

Abstract Background Prenatal diagnosis of fetal congenital heart disease (CHD) is becoming widely available but there is a lack of understanding on such expectant mothers’ experiences during pregnancy. This was the first study to investigate the pregnancy experience of Korean mothers with a prenatal fetal diagnosis of CHD. Methods In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 mothers regarding their child’s prenatal diagnosis of CHD and the adaptive processes during pregnancy. The data were transcribed and analyzed according to the grounded theory framework. Results When the diagnosis of fetal CHD was suspected, mothers desperately sought accurate information regarding CHD while hoping in vain for a misdiagnosis. When the definitive diagnosis was made, most pregnant women experienced psychological trauma and pain, framed in the stigma and burden of having an imperfect child. Provision of accurate health advice and emotional support by a multidisciplinary counseling team was crucial at this phase, forming recognition that CHD could be treated. When fetal movements were felt, mothers came to acknowledge the fetus as an independent being, and made their best efforts to protect the fetus from harmful external influences using traditional TaeKyo mindset and practices, which in turn, were helpful in restructuring the meaning of the pregnancy. Conclusions Mothers went through a dynamic process of adapting to the unexpected diagnosis of CHD, which was closely linked to being able to believe that their child could be treated. Early counseling with precise information on CHD, continuous provision of clear explanations on prognosis, sufficient emotional support, and well-designed prenatal education programs are the keys to an optimal outcome.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the needs for pediatric palliative care (PPC) among parents of children with complex chronic conditions (CCCs) and to investigate differences in the needs for PPC according to their general characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between March 28 and May 18, 2018. Parents (N=96) who had a child under 18 years with a CCC were recruited. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA. Results: The overall average need for PPC was 3.58±0.33 out of 4.00. In terms of care for the subjects' children, the highest need was physical care, followed by psychosocial and spiritual care. In the sub-dimensions, preservation of physical function received the highest score. Of the items, the highest need was for seizure control. In terms of care for the subjects themselves, the highest need was for psychosocial care, followed by bereavement and spiritual care. In the sub-dimensions, communication received the highest score. Of the items, the highest need was for smooth communication with medical staff. Differences in needs for PPC according to participants’ general characteristics were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Medical staff should provide PPC according to the priorities of parents’ perceived needs.

Sirtuin1 (Sirt1) is an unusual target for aging and aging-associated diseases. During the screening for Sirt1 activators from natural compounds, piperlongumine (PL), one of the major constituents of Piper longum, potently activated the deacetylase ability of Sirt1 in vitro. Treatment with PL, which regulated the gene transcription of antioxidant response element in hippocampal neurons, attenuated the cytotoxicity induced by intraneuronal Aβ1-42 expression. The oral administration of PL, at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day for 2.5 months, significantly reduced the occupied area of beta-amyloid in parietal cortex of APP/PS1 mice. Novel object recognition and working memory impairment also markedly improved. Moreover, activated microglia and astrocytes in the cortex notably decreased, indicating the anti-inflammatory activity of PL. Finally, vesicular glutamate transporter 1 significantly increased in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice following PL treatment. These results suggested the beneficial effects PL and its therapeutic potential to ameliorate AD-like pathology.

We report the first mitochondrial genome of the Antarctic microalga Micractinium simplicissimum KSF0127. The circular mitochondrial genome was 67,923 bp in length and contained 45 protein-coding genes, one ribosomal RNA gene, and 60 transfer RNA genes. The phylogenetic tree was constructed with eight previously reported mitogenome sequences and showed the phylogenetic position of M. simplicissimum KSF0127 within the Chlorellaceae family.

Abstract Background Cancer is a leading cause of human death around the world and occurs through the highly complex coordination of multiple cellular pathways. Recent studies have revealed that microalgal extracts exhibit considerable pharmaceutical activities, including those against various cancer cells. Thus, microalgae are promising candidates as novel cancer therapeutic drugs. In this study, we evaluated the biological functions of the ethanolic extract of the Antarctic freshwater microalga, Bo tryidiopsidaceae sp., such as its antioxidant, anti-proliferative, apoptotic and anti-invasive properties. Methods To estimate antioxidant capacity of ethanol extract of Bo tryidiopsidaceae sp. (ETBO), free radical 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays were used. The anti-proliferative activity of ETBO was assessed in several cancer cell lines (A375, Hs578T and HeLa) and non-tumorigenic keratinocyte cells (HaCaT), using MTT assay. In addition, Annexin V binding was performed to detect ETBO-induced apoptotic cells, and the expression levels of apoptosis-regulating proteins, caspase-3, p53, and Bcl-2, were determined by western blot. Boyden chamber assays were used to determine anti-migratory and anti-invasive properties of ETBO. Results ETBO exhibited antioxidant activity and concentration-dependent anticancer activities, such as anti-proliferation and pro-apoptotic activities against cancer cells. Furthermore, the expression of the apoptosis-inducing proteins, p53 and caspase-3, significantly increased in response to ETBO, whereas the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, decreased. These data imply that ETBO induces apoptosis by caspase activation through the modulation of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic gene, p53 and Bcl-2, respectively. In addition, ETBO significantly inhibited migration and invasion of cervical cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion In this study, ETBO exhibited considerable anticancer activities, such as inhibition of proliferation, invasion, and migration, as well as induction of apoptosis. These data suggest that ETBO is a promising therapeutic agent in cancer therapy and drug discovery.