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The EU Cyber Security Agency (carrying the acronym ENISA from its original name) is the main agency for the EU’s cyber security programme. ENISA was initially created as an advisory body rather than as a monitoring agency and its unique approach reflects the EU’s shift towards a more regulatory approach to cyber security problem-solving. This study explores the role of ENISA in governance and presents the complex concept of observational memory “observation” from a critical perspective. ENISA’s monitoring approach has allowed it to become a new form of management, with a model reminiscent of vision. This perspective has had a significant impact on the development of the EU cyber security regime and has challenged the traditional understanding of ENISA as an advisory body on cyber security issues. As the Agency debates the balance between government and regulation, it continues to re-evaluate its role in the evolving cyber security landscape, forcing reflection on its success and events that shed light on cyber security issues. SOBRE LA LEGISLACIÓN, LA LABOR Y EL FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LA AGENCIA DE LA UE PARA LA CIBERSEGURIDAD La Agencia de Ciberseguridad de la UE (conocida por su acrónimo en inglés, ENISA) es la principal agencia del programa de ciberseguridad de la Unión Europea (en adelante, UE). ENISA se creó inicialmente como un organismo asesor más que como una agencia de supervisión y su enfoque único refleja el cambio de la UE hacia un enfoque más regulatorio para la resolución de problemas de ciberseguridad. Este estudio explora el papel de ENISA en la gobernanza y presenta el concepto complejo de la memoria observacional “observación” desde una perspectiva crítica. El enfoque de supervisión de la ENISA le ha permitido convertirse en un nuevo modelo de gestión que recuerda a la visión. Esta perspectiva ha tenido un impacto significativo en el desarrollo del régimen de ciberseguridad de la UE y ha desafiado la comprensión tradicional de ENISA como un organismo asesor sobre cuestiones de ciberseguridad. Mientras la Agencia debate el equilibrio entre gobierno y regulación, continúa reevaluando su papel en el cambiante panorama de la ciberseguridad, lo que obliga a reflexionar sobre su éxito y los eventos que arrojan luz sobre las cuestiones de ciberseguridad. SUR LA LÉGISLATION, LE TRAVAIL ET LE FONCTIONNEMENT DE L’AGENCE DE L’UE POUR LA CYBERSÉCURITÉ L’Agence européenne de cybersécurité (connue sous son acronyme en anglais, ENISA) est l’agence chef de file du programme de cybersécurité de l’UE. L’ENISA a été initialement créée comme un organisme consultatif plutôt que comme une agence de surveillance et son approche unique reflète l’évolution de l’UE vers une approche plus réglementaire pour résoudre les problèmes de cybersécurité. Cette étude explore le rôle de l’ENISA dans la gouvernance et présente le concept complexe d’“observation” de la mémoire observationnelle dans une perspective critique. L’approche de surveillance de l’ENISA lui a permis de devenir un nouveau modèle de gestion qui rappelle la vision. Cette perspective a eu un impact significatif sur le développement du régime de cybersécurité de l’UE et a remis en question la conception traditionnelle de l’ENISA en tant qu’organisme consultatif sur les questions de cybersécurité. Alors que l’Agence débat de l’équilibre entre gouvernance et réglementation, elle continue de réévaluer son rôle dans le paysage changeant de la cybersécurité, obligeant à réfléchir à son succès et aux événements qui mettent en lumière les enjeux de cybersécurité.

Abstract The pandemic marked the beginning of an era of dynamic and rapid changes in the diagnosis of respiratory infections. Herein we describe Legionnaires’ disease trend in the years 2016–2023 in a large Italian hospital showing how improvements in diagnostic algorithms impact on its detection.

(1) Background: Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a major public health challenge worldwide, with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) being the predominant form. Despite advances in treatment, OSCC remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality due to delayed diagnosis and limited therapeutic efficacy. This study reviews omics technologies to assess new salivary biomarkers for the early detection of OSCC. (2) Methods: A comprehensive literature search in the last 20 years identified four relevant studies focusing on salivary biomarkers in OSCC. (3) Results: Proteomic and genomic analyses revealed significant changes in salivary composition between OSCC patients and healthy controls, suggesting promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. However, studies showed varying degrees of bias, indicating the need for further research and improved standardization. (4) Conclusions: Saliva, with its advantages of ease of collection, minimal invasiveness, and potential for large-scale screening, is an emerging promising substrate for non-invasive biomarker research. Nonetheless, there is a need for improved biomarker sensitivity and specificity; currently, histological examination remains the golden standard.

This study explores the use of ionic liquids (ILs) as a novel and efficient alternative to conventional monoethanolamine (MEA) for CO2 capture. While MEA scrubbing is well-known for carbon sequestration, it faces limitations such as high energy consumption, toxicity, and rapid degradation. In contrast, ILs offer advantages such as non-volatility, stability, and reduced corrosiveness. We focus on a biodegradable IL comprising choline ([Cho]) and proline ([Pro]) amino acids to create an eco-friendly solution. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is introduced as a diluent to mitigate viscosity issues during CO2 uptake. Our research measures the thermo-physical properties, including density and viscosity of [Cho][Pro] in DMSO at different concentrations. The addition of DMSO resulted in a viscosity reduction of >97 % at a temperature of 303 K for the three virgin solutions compared to the pure IL. In addition, the CO2 capture performance was evaluated using a system of absorption and desorption reactors. The results show that the 25 % wt [Cho][Pro] solution excels, achieving over 90 % CO2 absorption, 0.66 molCO2/molIL in the first cycle, and demonstrating high reusability and regeneration efficiency over multiple cycles. Comparisons indicate that the IL solution outperforms traditional aqueous MEA solutions. Longer term testing confirms the solution's stability and minimal degradation, achieving a regeneration efficiency of >55 % over 30 cycles, suggesting the potential of [Cho][Pro] for sustainable long-term CO2 capture applications.

Introduction: As global concerns about climate change intensify, emerging research reveals a link between climate change anxiety and individuals' decisions regarding parenthood. More people are choosing not to have children due to worries about their carbon footprint or the future implications of climate change on their offspring. This trend emphasizes the critical necessity for a nuanced comprehension of how environmental concerns intertwine with reproductive intentions. To address this imperative, our study develops the Climate Change-related Reproductive Concerns Scale (CCRCS) and evaluates its psychometric properties. Methods: CCRCS was developed and validated in a sample of 206 Italian adults aged 19 to 51. Ten items were created to evaluate climate change-related reproductive attitudes: 5 anti-reproductive items and 5 pro-reproductive, with their responses reversed for consistency in interpretation. Results: Exploratory factor analysis revealed a single-factor structure, explaining 63.82 % of the variance, with the scale demonstrating good internal consistency (α = 0.85). The factor structure was replicated, and the scale's validity was examined through correlations with measures of eco-paralysis and climate change anxiety, with significant correlations supporting construct validity. Furthermore, the relationship between climate change-related reproductive concerns and adaptation responses was explored, assessing the impact of framing on CCRCS scores. Conclusion: The CCRCS provides a reliable and valid measure of these concerns, highlighting the psychological impact of climate change anxiety on reproductive decision-making and emphasizing the need for nuanced understanding in this area.

Introduction There are no established methods to identify children with atypical diabetes for further study. We aimed to develop strategies to systematically ascertain cases of atypical pediatric diabetes using electronic medical records (EMR).Research design and methods We tested two strategies in a large pediatric hospital in the USA. Strategy 1: we designed a questionnaire to rule out typical diabetes and applied it to the EMR of 100 youth with diabetes. Strategy 2: we built three electronic queries to generate reports of three atypical pediatric diabetes phenotypes: unknown type, type 2 diabetes (T2D) diagnosed

Case summary Acute hepatitis and liver damage are rare adverse effects of clopidogrel in humans. In veterinary medicine, clopidogrel is mainly prescribed in the treatment of feline patients with cardiomyopathies. Little is known regarding the safety and adverse effects of clopidogrel in this group of patients. The limited number of studies scarcely report adverse effects. In this case report, a 6-year-old male castrated crossbred cat with the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype had signs of acute hepatitis after 5 weeks of clopidogrel treatment. Relevance and novel information Evaluation of the case and review of the literature indicate that acute hepatitis might be a potential adverse effect of clopidogrel in feline patients. Therefore, hepatotoxicity should be taken into consideration when a feline patient shows clinical deterioration after the use of clopidogrel.

The variety of hazards with a potential impact on cultural heritage requires a multidisciplinary approach and a preliminary overview of the existing methods for risk assessment in order to define a comprehensive hazard taxonomy. The starting point of the research thus aims to build a multidisciplinary framework to support the risk assessment process according to the classification of cultural heritage based on the harmonization of European vocabularies’ definitions and protocols. To collect the necessary information, such as hazard classification, indicators, indices and thresholds, a series of methodologies was adopted: analysis of the main international protocols and the EU Research projects related to risk assessment in cultural heritage, expert-based knowledge and a systematic literature review. The research aims to fill a gap in the field of quantitative and indicator-based risk assessment that does not present a unique and all-encompassing framework capable of collecting the main natural and anthropic risks along with the related taxonomy in a single repository. The framework has been set up to be consulted by researchers, professionals and public administrations to support the evaluation process of potential risks on tangible outdoor heritage enabling users to incrementally add exposure and vulnerability data for each specific risk.

Abstract The concept of an innovative human–machine interface and interaction modes based on virtual and augmented reality technologies for airport control towers has been developed with the aim of increasing the human performances and situational awareness of air traffic control operators. By presenting digital information through see-through head-mounted displays superimposed over the out-of-the-tower view, the proposed interface should stimulate controllers to operate in a head-up position and, therefore, reduce the number of switches between a head-up and a head-down position even in low visibility conditions. This paper introduces the developed interface and describes the exercises conducted to validate the technical solutions developed, focusing on the simulation platform and exploited technologies, to demonstrate how virtual and augmented reality, along with additional features such as adaptive human–machine interface, multimodal interaction and attention guidance, enable a more natural and effective interaction in the control tower. The results of the human-in-the-loop real-time validation exercises show that the prototype concept is feasible from both an operational and technical perspective, the solution proves to support the air traffic controllers in working in a head-up position more than head-down even with low-visibility operational scenarios, and to lower the time to react in critical or alerting situations with a positive impact on the human performances of the user. While showcasing promising results, this study also identifies certain limitations and opportunities for refinement, aimed at further optimising the efficacy and usability of the proposed interface.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has highlighted the urgent need for innovative antiviral strategies to fight viral infections. Although a substantial part of the overall effort has been directed at the Spike protein to create an effective global vaccination strategy, other proteins have also been examined and identified as possible therapeutic targets. Among them, although initially underestimated, there is the SARS-CoV-2 E-protein, which turned out to be a key factor in viral pathogenesis due to its role in virus budding, assembly and spreading. The C-terminus of E-protein contains a PDZ-binding motif (PBM) that plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 virulence as it is recognized and bound by the PDZ2 domain of the human tight junction protein ZO-1. The binding between the PDZ2 domain of ZO-1 and the C-terminal portion of SARS-CoV-2 E-protein has been extensively characterized. Our results prompted us to develop a possible adjuvant therapeutic strategy aimed at slowing down or inhibiting virus-mediated pathogenesis. Such innovation consists in the design and synthesis of externally PDZ2-ZO1 functionalized PLGA-based nanoparticles to be used as intracellular decoy. Contrary to conventional strategies, this innovative approach aims to capitalize on the E protein-PDZ2 interaction to prevent virus assembly and replication. In fact, the conjugation of the PDZ2 domain to polymeric nanoparticles increases the affinity toward the E protein effectively creating a “molecular sponge” able to sequester E proteins within the intracellular environment of infected cells. Our in vitro studies on selected cellular models, show that these nanodevices significantly reduce SARS-CoV-2-mediated virulence, emphasizing the importance of exploiting viral-host interactions for therapeutic benefit.

In this work, we performed a preliminary investigation on the redox behaviour of Sr2FeMo0.6Ni0.4O6-δ (SFMN) double perovskite in H2-H2O and CH4-H2O redox cycles in order to explore the potential use of this oxide as an Oxygen Carrier (OC) in fuel-assisted Chemical Looping Water Splitting (CLWS) processes driven by concentrated solar energy. The results were compared with our previous findings on the Reverse Water Gas Shift Chemical Looping (RWGS-CL) reaction. The improvement in performance due to the bimetallic exsolution on the OC surface is observed. This OC exhibits interesting activity and stability over CH4-assisted CLWS cycling. Future investigations are planned to examine the structural transformations that might impact the redox behaviour of this material in water splitting processes.

This study investigates the impact of gas flow field design on the performance of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). A three-dimensional numerical model of the cell and channel is developed to simulate the use of metal foam as flow distributor, along with the presence of obstacles in the gas flow channels. The model is calibrated using experimental data and applied to simulate four relevant cases combining metal foam and obstacles, compared to a straight channel structure. The results demonstrate the positive impact of flow-field modifications on the distribution of species along the cell's active layers. It is found that, even though the pressure drops are affected, reactant gases are more uniformly distributed across the active electrode of the cell, reducing mass transport losses and enhancing current density. Simulations performed at a cell voltage of 0.7 V indicate that incorporating a metal foam as flow distributor increases the maximum current density by 26 % compared to the conventional straight flow design. Furthermore, combining metal foam with obstacles results in the best performance, achieving a 34 % increase in the maximum current density.