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Rare earth elements (REE) or lanthanides refer to 15 elements with atomic numbers from 57 to 71 in the periodic table. REEs, which are used in many areas from the aviation and automobile industry to mobile phones, spread easily to the environment and pose a great threat to the ecosystem due to their radioactive properties. Uranium is an element used for special requirements in industrial applications (petroleum, catalysis, etc.). When considered in terms of human health, uranium can cause cancer in bones, liver and lung. In this study, the environmental effects of Uranium, which is an important REE, and its risks on human health were evaluated., Nadir toprak elementleri (NTE) veya lantanitler, periyodik cetvelde atom numaraları 57’den 71’e kadar olan 15 elementi ifade etmektedir. Havacılık ve otomobil sektöründen, cep telefonlarına kadar pek çok alanda kullanılan NTE’leri çevreye kolayca yayılmakta ve radyoaktif özelliklerinden dolayı ekosistem için büyük bir tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Uranyum endüstriyel uygulamalarda (petrol, kataliz vb.) özel gereksinimler için kullanılan bir elementtir. İnsan sağlığı açısından düşünüldüğünde ise Uranyum kemiklerde, karaciğer ve akciğerde kansere sebep olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada önemli bir NTE’i olan Uranyumun çevresel etkileri ve insan sağlığı üzerine olan riskleri değerlendirilmiştir.

Aluminum (Al) is the third most abundant and reactive element in the earth's crust after silicon and oxygen. The main source of Al in the world is bauxite deposits, which supplies 99% of metallic aluminum. Due to its high thermal and electrical conductivity, high corrosion resistance and low density, it is the most used metal in industry after iron (Fe). Bauxite minerals ranging from red to brown is a naturally occurring heterogeneous mineral and consists of one or more aluminum hydroxide minerals, mainly alumina, gibbsite, bohemite and diaspore. The weathering process involves the exposure of various igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks to tropical and subtropical climates over millions of years. Bauxite deposits are the source of aluminum because they contain high amounts of aluminum and aluminum oxide and are easily processed. It is used in the production of chemistry, construction, transportation, food, electricity, machinery, high alumina fire bricks, iron - steel production, sandpaper and grinding stone materials. Various mining processes have adverse effects on the environment, both during mining operations and for years after the mine is closed. Mining activities can expose you to problems such as noise produced by machinery and equipment, blasting, drilling, digging and breaking, noise, heat, humidity, ultraviolet radiation and radioactive materials. Environmental problems of mining activities include soil pollution due to water, dust and leakage. Soil pollution or soil contamination occurs as waste products are absorbed into the soil during the mining process., Alüminyum (Al), yerkabuğunda silisyum ve oksijenden sonra en bol bulunan üçüncü ve reaktif bir element elementtir. Dünyadaki Al ana kaynağı boksit yatakları olup, metalik alüminyumun %99'unu karşılamaktadır. Yüksek ısı ve elektrik iletkenliği, yüksek korozyon direnci ve düşük yoğunluğundan dolayı, endüstride demirden (Fe) den sonra en fazla kullanılan metaldir. Kırmızıdan kahverengine kadar değişen boksit mineralleri, doğal olarak oluşan heterojen bir mineraldir ve başlıca alümina, gibsit, bohemit ve diyaspor olmak üzere bir ya da daha fazla alüminyum hidroksit mineralinden oluşmaktadır. Ayrışma süreci, çeşitli magmatik, sedimanter ve metamorfik kayaçların milyonlarca yıl boyunca tropikal ve subtropikal iklimlere maruz kalmasını içermektedir. Boksit yatakları, yüksek miktarda alüminyum ve alüminyum oksit içerdiğinden ve kolay işlenebilir olmasından dolayı alüminyumun kaynağıdır. Kimya, inşaat, ulaştırma, gıda, elektrik, makine, yüksek alüminalı ateş tuğlaları, demir – çelik üretiminde, zımpara kağıdı ve zımpara taşı malzemelerinde üretiminde kullanılmaktadır. Çeşitli madencilik süreçleri, hem madencilik faaliyetleri sırasında hem de maden kapatıldıktan sonraki yıllar boyunca çevre üzerinde olumsuz etkiler yaratmaktadır. Madencilik faaliyetleri, makine ve ekipmanın ürettiği ses, patlatma işlemi, delme, kazma ve kırma, gürültü, ısı, nem, ultraviyole radyasyon ve radyoaktif maddeler gibi sorunlara maruz bırakabilir. Madencilik faaliyetlerinin çevresel sorunları arasında su, toz ve sızıntı nedeniyle toprak kirliliği yer almaktadır. Madencilik işlemi sırasında atık ürünler toprağa emildiği için toprak kirliliği veya toprak kirlenmesi meydana gelmektedir.

This study examinesthat adsorption of Remazol Brillant Blue R (RBBR) from aquatic solution wasstudied using pistachio hull (PH) as an adsorbent. The removal efficiency ofpistachio hull was studied as a function of, pH, initial dye concentration,adsorbent dose and time via batch method at room temperature. Langmuir andFreundlich Isotherms applied to obtained data from experiments. The correlationcoefficient values shown that the data fit the Langmuir Isotherm (R2=0.9989)compare to Freundlich Isotherm (R2=0.7825). Maximum adsorptioncapacity was observed as 16.739mg/g. Thermodynamic parameters also studied. Thevalue of Gibbs Free Energy, (ΔG=2.696kJ/mol) is positive. This value isindicated that the adsorption was not a spontaneous one. According to theexperimental data, pistachio hull can be used as an appropriate, no cost andeasy obtainable adsorbent for the removal of Remazol Brillant Blue R dye., This study examines that adsorption of Remazol Brillant Blue R (RBBR) from aquatic solution was studied using pistachio hull (PH) as an adsorbent. The removal efficiency of pistachio hull was studied as a function of, pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose and time via batch method at room temperature. Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherms applied to obtained data from experiments. The correlation coefficient values shown that the data fit the Langmuir Isotherm (R2=0.9989) compare to Freundlich Isotherm (R2=0.7825). Maximum adsorption capacity was observed as 16.739mg/g. Thermodynamic parameters also studied. The value of Gibbs Free Energy, (ΔG=2.696kJ/mol) is positive. This value is indicated that the adsorption was not a spontaneous one. According to the experimental data, pistachio hull can be used as an appropriate, no cost and easy obtainable adsorbent for the removal of Remazol Brillant Blue R dye.

In this study, theadsorption properties of activated almond shells for methylene blue (MB) wereinvestigated. For this aim raw almond shells (RAS) were activated withconcentrated sulfuric acid. Activated almond shell (SAS) and raw almond shells(RAS) were characterized with FTIR, SEM and BET analysis. After activation,larger and deeper pores similar to chamber were formed and increase in BETsurface area and adsorption rate and also new functional groups were observed.Effects of pH, initial concentration of dye and adsorbent dose on adsorption ofMB were studied. Adsorption studies were fitted Langmuir isotherm and pseudosecond order kinetic models. Experimental results showed that activated almondshells were not affected pH of solution and adsorption capacity were highlyincreased and it was calculated as 131.58 mg g-1 from Langmuirisotherm. It was observed that the activated almond shells could be used withhigh efficiency in a wide pH and concentration ranges and SASs could bedesorbed and reusable without losing their activity. As a results, SAS could beused an effective adsorbent for the removal of basic dyes like MB at a wide pHand dye concentration range.

In this study, removal of areactive dye, Reactive Red 45 (RR45) onto pistachio hull (AFKA) wasinvestigated by adsorption. The results obtained from the batch experimentswere calculated for Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm constants. FreundlichIsotherm is the best fitted for adsorption onto AFKA of RR45 (R2=0.9969).Maximum adsorption capacity is found 35.336 mg/g. The surface morphology of the AFKA was examined by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM),(FEIQuanta450 FEG). AFKA has been found to be an effective, readilyavailable, adsorbent in the removal of RR45 from aqueous solution. &nbsp, Buçalışmada reaktif bir boyar madde olan Reactive Red 45’in (RR45) Antep fıstığıkatı atığı (AFKA) kullanılarak adsorpsiyon yöntemiyle giderimi araştırılmıştır.Kesikli deneylerden elde edilen sonuçlar Langmuir ve Freundlich izotermmodellerine denenmiştir. RR45’in AFKA üzerine adsorpsiyonunda Freundlich İzotermineen iyi uyum sağladığı görülmüştür (R2=0,9969). Maksimum adsorpsiyonkapasitesi 35.336 mg/g olarak bulunmuştur. AFKA’ nın yüzey morfolojiközellikleri taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM, FEIQuanta 450 FEG) ilebelirlenmiştir. AFKA’nın sulu çözeltilerdenRR45’in gideriminde etkili, kolay elde edilebilir, bir adsorban olduğu tespitedilmiştir.

Dyes are the common contaminants in the aquatic environment even at trace levels. One of the most dangerous carcinogenic organic materials is acidic-anionic dyes. Methyl orange is an acid base indicator. Textile, printing, paper and food industries have been used Methyl orange. Biosorption can be used for the removal of dyes from wastewater. Biological materials such as aquatic plants, seeds, agriculture wastes, microorganisms, fungi and algae are used in this technique as a biosorbent. Both living and non-living materials can be used for dye removal. Biosorbent materials can easily available and low-cost. In this study, the biosorption of toxic methyl orange from aqueous effluents by yellow mustard seeds (Sinapis alba L.) was studied in a batch system. Equilibrium tests were done by contacting 1.0 g of with 30 mL of Methyl orange solution at different initials concentrations at room temperature (25 0C). The supernatant was centrifuged at 4000 rpm and 10 minutes in a centifugal (Hettich Zentrifugen) after batch tests. The absorbance of Methyl orange can be measured at 467 nm by UV–vis spectrophotometer (T 90). The initial dye concentrations for the contact time experiments was 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/L. The incubation times ranged from 5 to 160 min. The effects of initial dye concentration, kinetic and isotherm behaviors were investigated. Data obtained from batch studies applied to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Freundlich model (R2=0.9965) was well described for the system. Adsorption thermodynamic was also studied. The results showed that the yellow mustard seeds (Sinapis alba L.) can be successfully used for the removal of methyl orange.

ÖZYÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİBASİC BLUE 41 BOYAR MADDESİNİN CANLI VE İNAKTİF SUCUL BİTKİMYRIOPHYLLUM SPICATUM TARAFINDAN ADSORPLABİLİRLİĞİNİNİNCELENMESİSerpil SAVCIÇUKUROVA ÜNİVERSİTESİFEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜÇEVRE MÜHENDİSLİĞİ ANABİLİM DALIDanışman :Doç. Dr. Mesut BAŞIBÜYÜKYıl: 2005, Sayfa: 91Jüri :Doç. Dr. Mesut BAŞIBÜYÜKProf. Dr. Ahmet YÜCEERDoç. Dr. İlyas DEHRİBoyar maddelerin sulu ortamda ayrılmasında adsorpsiyon işleminin yaygınkullanıldığı ve araştırmaların sürdürüldüğü bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada canlı ve inaktif suculbitki Myriophyllum spicatum'un sucul ortamdaki Basic Blue 41 (BB41) boyar maddesiniadsorpsiyonu araştırılmıştır. Canlı bitkinin (Qmax=11,60 mg/g) inaktif bitkiye (Qmax=-3,928)göre BB41 bazik boyar maddesini daha iyi adsorpladığı bulunmuştur. İnaktif bitkinin(R=0,954, Kf=0,0078, n=0,440) canlı bitkiye (R=0,902, Kf=1,100, n=2,114) göre Freundlicizotermine daha iyi uyum sağlamakta olduğu görülmüştür. BB41 boyar maddesinin hem canlıhem de inaktif bitki tarafından adsorpsiyon hızlarının yalancı ikinci dereceden hız modelineuyduğu bulunmuştur. Yalancı ikinci dereceden hız denkleminden ve katsayılarından yolaçıkarak hesaplanan yalancı izotermler ile gerçek izotermler karşılaştırıldığında inaktif bitkiiçin en uygun izotermin gerçek izotermler, canlı bitki içinse en uygun izotermin yalancıLangmuir izotermi olduğu görülmüştür. Hem canlı (-4,3093 kJ/mol) hem de inaktif (-2,3270kJ/mol) bitkinin BB41 boyar maddesinin adsorpsiyon verilerinde Gibbs serbest enerjilerininnegatif değerlerde bulunması; adsorpsiyonun kendiliğinden gerçekleştiğini göstermektedir.Araştırma bulgularında, sucul bitkilerle boyar maddelerin adsorplanarak sulardangiderilebileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.Anahtar Kelime: Myriophyllum spicatum, basic blue 41, biosorpsiyon, yalancı izoterm,kinetik. ABSTRACTMSc THESISINVESTIGATION OF ADSORPTION PROPERTIES OF BASIC BLUE 41 DYE BYLIVING AND NON-LIVING SUBMERGED AQUATIC PLANT MYRIOPHYLLUMSPICATUMSerpil SAVCIDEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERINGINSTITUTE OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCESCUKUROVA UNIVERSITYSupervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mesut BASIBUYUKYear: 2005, Pages: 91Jury : Assoc. Prof. Mesut BASIBUYUKProf. Dr. Ahmet YUCEERAssoc. Prof. Dr. İlyas DEHRIAdsorption is a well known process to remove dyes from aqueous media, andinvestigations have been deeply sustained for the efficient process. In this study, theadsorption of Basic Blue 41 (BB41) dye by non-living and living submerged aquatic plantMyriophyllum spicatum has been investigated. It was found that the adsorption capacity ofliving submerged aquatic plant (Qmax=11,60 mg/g) was higher than that of non-livingsubmerged aquatic plant (Qmax=-3,928). The adsorption isoterms of non-living submergedaquatic plant (R=0,954, Kf=0,0078, n=0,440) was evaluated by Freundlich adsorbtionisotherm that suits better than the adsorbtion isotherm obtained by using the living submergedaquatic plant (R=0,902, Kf=1,100, n=2,114). Kinetics of both adsorption processes was bestdefined by pseudo-second order adsorbtion kinetic model. The pseudo isotherms of bothadsorption processes were also studied with the help of pseudo second order constants and itwas concluded that the real isotherms described the non-living submerged plant/BB41 processbeter than the pseudo isoterms, but pseudo Langmuir isotherms described the living-submerged plant/BB41 process beter than the real isotherms. The Gibbs free energies of bothprocesses were calculated (for non-living plant âG=-2,3270 kj/mol, and for living plantâG=-4,3093 kj/mol). The negative values have indicated that adsorbtion proceedsspontaneously. From the findings, it can be concluded that the dyes can be removed partly byaquatic living plant from aqueos media.Keywords: Myriophyllum spicatum, basic blue 41, biosorption, pseudo isotherms, kinetics. 100