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Introduction Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) trainees are college students who complete military courses and participate in physical and tactical training under the direction of military Service Members assigned to ROTC programs to serve as faculty and staff at US colleges. ROTC trainees report musculoskeletal injuries (MSKIs) attributable to ROTC training in line with MSKI incidence in other training environments. However, concealment is prevalent, as 66% of MSKIs in ROTC go unreported. The current study investigated if a brief, online educational video could increase ROTC trainees' reporting intentions. In addition, we investigated if the message's source (i.e. peer or authority figure) affected reporting intentions. Materials and Methods A repeated measures design was used to evaluate the impact of 2 MSKI educational interventions, one delivered by a high-achieving Army ROTC trainee (peer-led) and the other delivered by an Army ROTC battalion commander (authority-led), on MSKI reporting intentions, as compared to each other and a control intervention. Other than their personal introductions, both individuals had the same script addressing 4 areas: (1) MSKI prevalence in ROTC, (2) evidence of improved outcomes with early treatment, (3) encouraging injury reporting, and (4) addressing specific barriers and stigma beliefs previously identified in ROTC. The control condition consisted of a video demonstrating exercise technique with voiceover. A survey was developed to measure stigma regarding MSKI reporting and intentions to seek help for MSKI. ROTC trainees at 23 universities were invited to participate via an anonymous survey link. Participants completed the following using an online survey platform: (1) pre-intervention MSKI intentions scale, (2) randomly assigned intervention video, and (3) repeat MSKI intentions scale post-intervention. A two-way mixed, ANOVA was performed to assess interaction effects and main effects pre- and post-intervention. Results One-hundred ROTC trainees (39% female; age = 21 ± 2 years, ROTC experience = 2 ± 1 years) completed the study. Participants were primarily from Army ROTC programs (72 Army, 14 Air Force, and 14 Naval). Pre-intervention survey scores (possible score range 8–56 with lower scores indicating greater intention to seek help): authority-led (n  = 31) 20.3 ± 9.4, peer-led (n  = 32) 21.8 ± 8.7, control (n  = 37) 19.1 ± 10.1, total 20.3 ± 9.4. Post-intervention scores: authority-led 20.9 ± 11.2, peer-led 20.2 ± 10.0, control 17.3 ± 7.7, total 19.7 ± 9.3. There was no significant group*time interaction (F2,97 = 0.92, P  = .403, η2partial = 0.02). There were no significant main effects for time (F1,97 = 1.461, P  = .230, η2partial =0.015) or group (F2,97 = 1.08, P  = .342, η2partial = 0.02). Conclusions Findings did not support the use of a single educational intervention video to influence MSKI help-seeking intentions of ROTC trainees. Intentions may already be ingrained such that a single intervention could not influence change. Previous research on concussion reporting indicates that concealment cultures may be systematic and indoctrination of concealment can influence one's reporting intentions. Our sample had already participated in ROTC for 2 years. Future research should evaluate if MSKI help-seeking intentions change over the course of ROTC participation, or even over a military career. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the effects of training in different footwear on sporting performance would be useful to coaches and athletes. Purpose: This study compared the effects of computerized agility training using 3 types of footwear on change-of-direction and balance performance in young adults. Method: Thirty recreationally active young adults (M[subscript age] = 22.8 ± 3.1 years; M[subscript height] = 1.71 ± 0.7 m; M[subscript bodymass] = 73.4 ± 10.3 kg) were randomly assigned to a 6-week computerized agility training intervention in 1 of 3 footwear groups (n = 10/group): barefoot, minimal footwear, or traditional shoes. Participants had no previous barefoot or minimal-footwear training experience. Dependent variables included change-of-direction test time to completion, Star Excursion Balance Test, and single-leg stability evaluation. Testing was performed at the start of the training program, after 2 weeks, after 4 weeks, and at the end of the training program. Results: No group or time interactions were found for any of the dependent variables. Time main effects were observed for the performance measures of change of direction, Star Excursion, and single-leg-with-eyes-open stability evaluation. Participants improved in all 3 tests as early as 2 weeks into the intervention, with improvements continuing through the entire 6-week intervention. Conclusions: The lack of interaction and footwear effects suggests that agility and balance improvements during foot agility training are independent of footwear in a recreationally active young-adult population. Computerized agility training improves change-of-direction and balance performance within 2 weeks of training implementation. Future studies should consider footwear training effects in different populations, including frail older adults and athletes.

Background Among service members, musculoskeletal injuries threaten military readiness and place a substantial burden on medical and financial resources. Emerging research suggests that service members regularly conceal injuries, especially in training environments. The Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) is a critical training environment for future U.S. military commissioned officers. Training activities expose cadets to a high risk of injury while in the ROTC. The purpose of this study was to explore injury-reporting behaviors in cadets and factors associated with injury concealment. Materials and Methods We invited Army, Air Force, and Naval cadets from six host universities participating in officer training to complete an online, self-reported survey regarding injury reporting and concealment. Cadets answered questions about pain or injuries experienced during officer training. Survey questions pertained to an injury's anatomic location, onset, severity, functional limitations, and whether or not the injury had been reported. Cadets also selected factors that influenced the decision to report or conceal injuries from predetermined lists in a "choose any" fashion. A series of χ2 tests of independence compared the relationship between injury reporting and other injury characteristics for each individual injury. Results One hundred fifty-nine cadets (121 Army, 26 Air Force, and 12 Naval) completed the survey. Eighty-five cadets disclosed a total of 219 injuries. Two-thirds of injuries (144/219) were concealed. Twenty-six percent of participants (22/85) reported all injuries, whereas the remainder (63/85, 74%) had at least one concealed injury. In relation to injury reporting/concealment, there was a weak association with injury onset (χ21 = 4.24, P  = .04, V  = 0.14), a moderate association with anatomic location (χ212 = 22.64, P  = .03, V  = 0.32), and relatively strong associations with injury severity (χ23 = 37.79, P  < .001, V  = 0.42) and functional limitations (χ23 = 42.91, P  < .001, V  = 0.44). Conclusions Two-thirds of injuries went unreported in this sample of ROTC cadets. Functional limitations, symptom severity, and injury onset may be the largest factors that influence the decision to report or conceal musculoskeletal injuries. This study establishes the foundation for researching injury reporting in cadets and adds to the existing military evidence on the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses monitoring of the training tolerance of junior- aged weightlifters, focusing on: whether the hormonal system can be used to monitor training status; puberty and the hormonal environment; whether training stresses can be monitored by the hormonal environment; adolescent weightlifters' hormonal response during a lifting session; whether increased volume training helps future training; and whether performance is related to hormone levels. (SM)

This study sought to identify kinetic and electromyographic subphase characteristics distinguishing good from poor jumpers during countermovement vertical jumps (CMVJs), as defined by the reactive strength index (RSI, CMVJ displacement divided by jump time; cutoff = 0.46 m·s−1). A total of 15 men (1.8 [0.6] m, 84.5 [8.5] kg, 24 [2] y) were stratified by RSI into good (n = 6; RSI = 0.57 [0.07] m·s−1) and poor (n = 9; RSI = 0.39 [0.06] m·s−1) performance groups. The following variables were compared between groups using independent t tests (α =.05) and Cohen’s d effect sizes (d ≥ 0.8, large): jump height, propulsive impulse, eccentric rate of force development, and jump time, unloading, eccentric, and concentric subphase times, and average electromyographic amplitudes of 8 lower extremity muscles. Compared with the poor RSI group, the good RSI group exhibited a greater, though not statistically different CMVJ displacement (d = 1.07, P =.06). In addition, the good RSI group exhibited a significantly greater propulsive impulse (P =.04, d = 1.27) and a significantly more rapid unloading subphase (P =.04, d = 1.08). No other significant or noteworthy differences were detected. Enhanced RSI appears related to a quicker unloading phase, allowing a greater portion of the total jumping phase to be utilized generating positive net force. Poor jumpers should aim to use unloading strategies that emphasize quickness to enhance RSI during CMVJ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferreira, LC, Weiss, LW, Hammond, KG, and Schilling, BK. Structural and functional predictors of drop vertical jump. J Strength Cond Res 24(9): 2456-2467, 2010--This investigation was designed to determine if relatively small manipulations of squat load and the inclusion of selected morphologic variables might augment the explained variance in vertical jump (VJ) displacement. Fifty-two university students (27 women and 25 men) with weight training experience served as subjects. All were assessed for body fat percentage (BF%), height, body wei9ht (BW), leg length (LL), ankle range of motion, and quadriceps angle (Q-angle). Additionally, subjects performed drop vertical jumps (DVJs) and both countermovement jump (CMJ) squats and static jump (S J) squats at 20, 30, and 40% of their back squat 1 repetition maximum (1RM). A preliminary analysis revealed that [DVJ.sub.cm] for all subjects (28.1 [+ or -] 6.64; mean [+ or -] SD) was most highly correlated with both CMJ @ 30% 1RM (CMJ30PP) and SJ @ 20% 1RM (SJ20PP) (r = 0.84, p < 0.001). Forced multiple regression was then used to determine which variables contributed to VJ displacement. The greatest variability explained (83%) used a CMJ: [DVJ.sub.cm] = 20.311 + (0.008) (CMJ30PP) (0.346) (BW). When the same variables were used to calculate separate gender-based regressions, the explained variance in [DVJ.sub.cm] (men = 33.0 [+ or -] 5.34 cm; women = 23.4 [+ or -] 3.79 cm) was 68% for men and 64% for women. These findings suggest that jump squat peak power at a light load is a good predictor of VJ and that its training-induced augmentation would likely improve VJ. The addition of BW to the equation explained slightly more variability in [DVJ.sub.cm] than in BF%. Because excess amounts of either would be an additional load to be moved against gravity (fat in general or skeletal muscle in the upper torso), it follows that relatively high levels of either might be expected to attenuate VJ performance. KEY WORDS jump performance, muscular strength, muscular power morphologic characteristics

Vertical jump performance is often assessed using jump-and-reach tests. The exact procedure used for determining standing reach height and jump height has a large effect on the resultant displacement. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of 4 methods of standing reach height measurement and Vertec[TM] jump height measurement against 2 force plate methods of jump displacement determination (impulse and flight-time methods). Fifteen men with various training backgrounds performed 2 each of countermovement, restricted (no arm swing) and static start vertical jumps. Reach height was determined using 4 methods; either a 1- or overlapped 2-hand reach, flat footed or with plantar flexion. All jumps were performed on a force platform. The best jump of each type based on Vertec[TM] displacement was used for analysis. Repeated-measures of analysis of variance for each jump type was used for analysis with Bonferroni post hoc for pairwise comparisons of jump measurement style. All jump displacements for similar types were significantly intercorrelated with a minimum r-value of 0.84. Impulse vs. flight time was the only pairwise comparison of measurement type for which similar values were noted. The one-hand reach with plantar flexion was the method of reach that was closest to the impulse and flight-time methods, and thus should be the preferred choice when using jump-and-reach tests to determine jump displacement. In all cases, the Vertec[TM] overestimates the displacement of the COM based on force plate methods. When comparing groups of individuals from different data sets, one must consider both the method of reach height (if performed) and jump displacement to make valid comparisons. If plantar flexion with a 1-hand reach is not used during reach measurement, jump displacement will be erroneously high. KEY WORDS vertical jump, standing reach, impulse momentum, flight time

The purpose of the present study was to determine if the combination of isometric knee extension strength and mechanomyographic (MMG) median frequency (MDF) could be used to estimate the percent (%) myosin heavy chain (MHC) Type II isoform content of the vastus lateralis. Five resistance-trained (mean [+ or -] SD age = 23.2 [+ or -] 3.7 years) and 5 aerobically trained (mean [+ or -] SD age = 32.6 [+ or -] 5.2 years) men volunteered to perform a 6-second isometric maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of the dominant knee extensors at a joint angle of 90 degrees between the thigh and leg. During the isometric MVC, the surface MMG signal was detected from the vastus lateralis, and the MDF was calculated with the discrete Fourier transform. Following the isometric MVC and MMG measurements, muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis and analyzed for % MHC Type II isoform content. The results showed that neither isometric knee extension strength nor MMG MDF alone was significantly correlated with the % MHC Type II isoform content. The combination of isometric knee extension strength and MMG MDF, however, explained a significant proportion (i.e., 59.8%) of the variance in % MHC Type II isoform content, with a multiple correlation of R = 0.773 and a standard error of the estimate (SEE) of 15.4%. These findings indicated that a simple, time-efficient, and noninvasive test that simultaneously measures isometric strength and MMG MDF could be useful for estimating the % MHC Type II isoform content in well-trained men. KEY WORDS muscle fiber type, mechanomyography, force

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of a 5-week, low-cost unstable surface balance training program in sexagenarians. Nineteen men and women (60-68 years; 83.7 [+ or -] SD kg) were randomly assigned to a control or training group. The training group performed various balance activities on air-filled rubber disks for 5 weeks. Each thrice-weekly session was supervised, and progression was based on proficiency. While in an upright position, static balance (length of path [LOP] of the center of pressure) was assessed in both eyes-open and eyes-closed states for each leg separately as well as for both legs. Participants also performed the timed up-and-go (TUG) test and completed the Activity-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) questionnaire. A significant group x time effect for the ABC questionnaire was found (p = 0.04). Tukey post hoc analysis indicates that the balance training program increased self-perceived balance confidence (p < 0.01). No significant group x time interactions were noted for TUG or LOP. Because no objective measure of balance or function was changed, the increase in ABC may be spurious. Unstable surface training may not be effective in improving balance among persons for whom balance is not problematic. However, the large number of acute training variables in such a program leaves opportunity for further research in this paradigm. KEY WORDS aging, balance, falls

Indoor sport rock climbing has been increasing in popularity both recreationally and competitively. Despite this increase in popularity, the physiological responses to sport climbing as an exercise to specific muscle groups are not well defined. The purpose of this study was to quantify the change in handgrip strength over a 30-minute bout of continuous climbing, specifically in intermediate-level sport climbers. Ten intermediate rock climbers (age = 27 ± 2 years; climbing experience: 7.3 ± 1.5 years) completed baseline handgrip strength and forearm girth measurements. Each participant ascended one of two 5.9 difficulty routes as many times as possible in 30 minutes. After each ascent, heart rate was obtained, and handgrip strength and forearm girth were measured. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA with significance set at α< 0.05. Dominant arm handgrip strength decreased by 22%, and non-dominant handgrip strength reduced by 23%. Dominant and non-dominant forearm girth increased by 4.5% and 4.4%, respectively. Weak but significant negative correlations were observed between handgrip strength and forearm girth in dominant (r = -0.311, p = 0.001) and non-dominant limbs (r = -.491, p = 0.001). These results indicate a relationship between increased forearm girth and decreases in muscular strength. Since handgrip strength decreases substantially during a 30-min climb in intermediate rock climbers, this population would be advised to carefully monitor recovery time between bouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computerized agility training (CAT) products are frequently suggested to improve agility. However, these claims often are made without unbiased scientific support. Therefore, the purpose of this study was (a) to determine the reliability and effectiveness of a 4-week CAT training program on foot speed (FS) and choice reaction (REACT), and (b) to assess whether training on the CAT would facilitate the improvement of a separate change-of-direction (COD) test in non-agility-trained, but active, men and women. Twenty-three participants (15 men, 8 women) pre- and posttested on FS, REACT, and COD drills. Eleven of those participants (7 men, 4 women) engaged in 4 weeks of training on the FS and REACT drills (EX). The remaining 1 2 (8 men, 4 women) did not participate in the training and served as controls (CON). Coefficients of variation indicate strong precision for FS (6.9%) and REACT (2.6%). Test-retest reliability, as analyzed by intraclass correlations (ICC), were high for both FS and REACT (0.89). Significant test-by-group interactions were observed for all three tests: FS (p = 0.004), REACT (p = 0.011), and COD (p = 0.049). Post hoc analysis indicated that EX increased foot contacts for the FS drill (p = 0.006), whereas REACT and COD demonstrated decreases in time to completion (p = 0.013 and 0.038, respectively). The CON group did not improve on any of the tests. This study indicates that the chosen CAT is an accurate and reliable tool for measuring foot speed and reaction time. These data justify the use of this CAT in analyzing foot speed and reaction time. Altogether, 4 weeks of foot speed and reaction training on the chosen CAT produced improvements in overall agility in non-agility-trained, but active, men and women. These data warrant the integration of such a device into the training program of untrained athletes attempting to improve agility. KEY WORDS change of direction, quickness, footwork, reliability, accuracy, precision

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform composition and training status on the mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude versus isometric torque relationship for the vastus lateralis. Five resistance-trained (mean [+ or -] SD age = 23.2 [+ or -] 3.7 years), 5 aerobically trained (mean [+ or -] SD age = 32.6 [+ or -] 5.2 years), and 5 sedentary (mean [+ or -] SD age = 23.4 [+ or -] 4.1 years) men performed isometric muscle actions of the leg extensors in 20% increments from 20% to 100% of the maximum voluntary contraction. Biopsies from the vastus lateralis revealed that the MHC composition for the resistance-trained subjects was 59.0 [+ or -] 4.2% Type IIa, 0.1 [+ or -] 0.1% Type IIx, and 40.9 [+ or -] 4.3% Type I. The aerobically-trained subjects had 27.4 [+ or -] 7.8% Type IIa, 0.0 [+ or -] 0.0% Type IIx, and 72.6 [+ or -] 7.8% Type I MHC. The sedentary subjects had 42.1 [+ or -] 7.8% Type IIa, 17.8 [+ or -] 6.4% Type IIx, and 40.1 [+ or -] 10.9% Type I MHC. There were no consistent patterns of responses for the resistance-trained, aerobically trained, or sedentary subjects for MMG amplitude versus torque. Thus, differences in MHC isoform composition and training status did not explain the unique torque-related patterns for MMG amplitude. KEY WORDS mechanomyography, muscle fiber type composition, training

The purpose of this study is to identify physical and performance variables that discriminate elite American junior-aged men weightlifters from nonelite performers. Using a cross-sectional design, multiple discriminant analysis was used to determine field tests identifying elite male junior weightlifters. Young men who were participants (n = 115) at the Junior National and Junior Olympics Weightlifting Championships volunteered as subjects (mean [+ or -] SD age = 14.8 [+ or -] 2.3 years). Elite weightlifters (n = 20) were identified as the top 17.5% of national-level competitors when weightlifting performances were adjusted for body mass using the Sinclair equation. All other weightlifters were classified as nonelite (n = 95). Test batteries were performed immediately upon completion of a national-level weightlifting competition. Variables measured included easily-administered field tests of physical dimensions and body composition, muscular strength and power, flexibility, and gross motor control. The resulting regression equations correctly classified 84.35% of the weightlifters as elite or nonelite. Five variables significantly contributed to the discriminant analysis (Wilks [LAMBDA] = 0.6637392, [chi square] = 44.880, df = 5, p < 0.0001, adjusted [R.sup.2] = 0.67). Body mass index accounted for 23.13% of the total variance, followed by vertical jump (22.78%), relative fat (18.09%), grip strength (14.43%), and torso angle during an overhead squat (0.92%). The use of these 5 easily administered field tests is potentially useful as a screening tool for elite American junior men weightlifters. KEY WORDS. talent identification, strength, power, flexibility, body composition

This investigation estimated the amount of variance in voluntary in vivo muscle performance that can be explained by relative myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform expression. The role of the relative expression of these proteins in relation to in vitro force and velocity performance is well understood, but the in vivo model is less clear. Twenty-two men and women (mean [+ or -] SD age, 27 [+ or -] 6 years) performed isometric knee extensor actions in which peak force and rate of force development (RFD) were measured. The results of regression analysis showed that the inclusion of MHC IIb explained a significant (19.9%, p < 0.05) amount of variance in relative peak force (adjusted for muscle mass) and 14.1% of the variance in the first half of the rise phase of the force-time curve ([RFD.sub.0-50%],) (p < 0.1). The addition of MHC I into this model explained a significant (p < 0.05) amount of variance above that accounted for by MHC IIb in RFD (45.4%), [RFD.sub.0-50%], (50.8%), and [RFD.sub.50-100%] (second half of the rise phase of the force-time curve) (37.4%). Since the percentage of MHC IIb is reduced rather quickly with training, these data suggest that peak force may also be affected quickly by training. The percentage of MHC I has a longer course for change with training; therefore, it may be inferred that the greatest changes in RFD variables will likely occur during a longer course. KEY WORDS. explained variance, [r.sup.2] change, skeletal muscle protein expression

Biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle of male weightlifters (WL; n = 6; [bar] X SE, age = 27.0 [+ or -] 2.1 years), and non-weight-trained men (CON; n = 7; age = 22.0 [+ or -] 2.0) were compared for fiber types, myosin heavy chain (MHC) and titin content, and fiber type-specific capillary density. Differences (p < 0.05) were observed for percent fiber types IIC (WL = 0.4 [+ or -] 0.2, CON = 2.4 [+ or -] 0.8); IIA (WL = 50.5 [+ or -] 3.2, CON = 26.9 [+ or -] 3.7); and IIB (WL = 1.7 [+ or -] 1.4, CON = 21.0 [+ or -] 5.3), as well as percent MHC IIa (WL = 65.3 [+ or -] 2.4, CON = 52.1 [+ or -] 4.2) and percent MHC IIb (WL = 0.9 [+ or -] 0.9, CON = 18.2 [+ or -] 6.1). All WL exhibited only the titin-1 isoform. Capillary density (caps.m[m.sup.-2]) for all fiber types combined was greater for the CON subjects (WL = 192.7 [+ or -] 17.3; CON = 262.9 [+ or -] 26.3), due primarily to a greater capillary density in the IIA fibers. Weightlifting performances and vertical jump power were correlated with type II fiber characteristics. These results suggest that successful weightlifting performance is not dependent on IIB fibers, and that weightlifters exhibit large percentages of type IIA muscle fibers and MHC IIa isoform content. Key Words: capillary density, fiber type, myosin heavy chain, power, strength, titin, vertical jump

To determine if training status directly impacted the response to postactivation potentiation, athletes in sports requiring explosive strength (ATH; n = 7) were compared to recreationally trained (RT; n = 17) individuals. Over the course of 4 sessions, subjects performed rebound and concentric-only jump squats with 30%, 50%, and 70% 1 RM loads. Jump squats were performed 5 minutes and 18.5 minutes following control or heavy load warm-ups. Heavy load warm-up consisted of 5 sets of 1 repetition at 90% 1 RM back squat. Jump squat performance was assessed with a force platform and position transducer. Heavy load warm-up did not have an effect on the subjects as a single sample. However, when percent potentiation was compared between ATH and RT groups, force and power parameters were significantly greater for ATH (p < 0.05). Postactivation potentiation may be a viable method of acutely enhancing explosive strength performance in athletic but not recreationally trained individuals. Key Words: explosive strength, warm-up, resistance training

Some recommendations suggest keeping the shank as vertical as possible during the barbell squat, thus keeping the knees from moving past the toes. This study examined joint kinetics occurring when forward displacement of the knees is restricted vs. when such movement is not restricted. Seven weight-trained men (mean [+ or -] SD; age = 27.9 [+ or -] 5.2 years) were videotaped while performing 2 variations of parallel barbell squats (barbell load = body weight). Either the knees were permitted to move anteriorly past the toes (unrestricted) or a wooden barrier prevented the knees from moving anteriorly past the toes (restricted). Differences resulted between static knee and hip torques for both types of squat as well as when both squat variations were compared with each other (p < 0.05). For the unrestricted squat, knee torque (N.m; mean [+ or -] SD) = 150.1 [+ or -] 50.8 and hip torque = 28.2 [+ or -] 65.0. For the restricted squat, knee torque = 117.3 [+ or -] 34.2 and hip torque = 302.7 [+ or -] 71.2. Restricted squats also produced more anterior lean of the trunk and shank and a greater internal angle at the knees and ankles. The squat technique used can affect the distribution of forces between the knees and hips and on the kinematic properties of the exercise. Practical applications: Although restricting forward movement of the knees may minimize stress on the knees, it is likely that forces are inappropriately transferred to the hips and low-back region. Thus, appropriate joint loading during this exercise may require the knees to move slightly past the toes. Key Words: resistance exercise, weight training, kinetics, forces

Bar trajectory during weightlifting movements is related to the position of the body during the lift and the displacement of the feet during the drop-under phase. The purpose of this study was to examine anterior-posterior foot displacement and its relationship with performance in the snatch of collegiate weightlifters. Snatch attempts of men weightlifters from the 1998 U.S.A. Weightlifting Collegiate National Championships were analyzed for horizontal displacement of the feet by video analysis. Lifts were analyzed under 2 conditions: all lifts combined and the heaviest successful attempt for each lifter. Lifts (n = 74) were placed into 4 groups: forward displacement (FD, > 2.5 cm); no displacement (ND, [+ or -] 2.5 cm); rearward displacement (RD, > 2.5 cm); and those that showed asymmetric (AS, > 7 cm difference in right and left foot) displacement of the feet. Chi-square revealed no significant difference in success rate between groups for all attempts. No statistically significant differences were noted between groups in body mass to bar mass ratio or Sinclair formula for heaviest successful attempts. Results indicate that foot displacement did not significantly affect snatch success or lifting ability in collegiate national level lifters. Key Words: Sinclair score, drop-under, bar trajectory