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This meta-meta-analysis study quantifies the development of scientific knowledge in consumer research by summarizing the findings of 222 meta-analyses that together include 2481 meta-analytic effect sizes. The results provide an overview of how much we know and how knowledge has developed in consumer research over time. By explaining 7.8% variance (r = 0.28) in consumer-relevant dependent variables, the findings show that consumer research, a comparatively young discipline, is relatively effective at knowledge development compared to other disciplines. Furthermore, the accumulation of knowledge is significantly increasing, suggesting that our discipline is still in the growing phase of its life cycle and generating continuously improving explanations of consumer-related phenomena. The development of knowledge varies across consumer-relevant dependent variables, with strong explanations for relationships but significantly weaker ones for memory , affect , and attitudes. Moreover, the knowledge synthesized in meta-analyses is fairly—though not fully—representative of the content of primary research on consumers overall. The findings convey a future research agenda by identifying under-researched areas, advising on the selection of dependent variables, providing indicators for the expected contributions of future studies, suggesting implications for career strategies of consumer researchers, and discussing explanations for the observed knowledge growth effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document, published in the Journal of Applied Physics, discusses the importance of multiscale modeling and analysis in the field of biophysics. The authors emphasize the need for tools and analyses that integrate across physical scales and time scales in order to advance medical science. The document includes a collection of studies on various topics such as cardiac biomechanics, tissue mechanics, cerebral fluid flow, cell mechanics, protein modeling, and molecular fluorescence microscopy. The authors hope that readers will find these studies informative and inspiring. [Extracted from the article]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles within the issue on topics including the history of crop science, food security, agricultural economy and development, and the global food system.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the disparity of the expectations and basic knowledge of prenatal ultrasound (US) screening among pregnant women and make a comparison with the current scientific knowledge and national recommendations. We hypothesize that sociodemographic factors, including age, education, and professional occupation, may be associated with different levels of knowledge. Methods: This was a cross‐sectional study performed in 2021 of 336 women aged 18 to 46 years in a maternity facility in a tertiary hospital in Portugal. The main outcome measures were questionnaire data from questions divided into four categories (sociodemographic, expectations, knowledge, and final considerations/suggestions). The data were grouped according to the sociodemographic factors (age, educational level, and professional occupation) and analyzed and compared as a function of the social groups as well as overall tendencies. Results: Our data confirmed a significant discrepancy between the expectations and general knowledge of pregnant women regarding prenatal US when compared with the current scientific knowledge. Importantly, we found that both depended greatly on sociodemographic factors, particularly educational level. This reiterated the importance of conducting effective dissemination actions of current scientific knowledge, focusing on the main objectives of US screening as well as the limitations of the existing technology. Conclusion: This study will help in defining strategies for future dissemination actions aiming to improve current practice and lead to a higher synchrony of expectations towards US between couples and practitioners. Synopsis: Our results highlight a direct relationship between general knowledge about prenatal ultrasound and sociodemographic characteristics. This study will help future efficient and accurate dissemination actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most fisheries are conducted without any scientific knowledge about the size and productivity of the stocks that support them. This navigation in the dark in most fisheries is a major obstacle in making them sustainable sources of nutrition for people in general and income for fishers and other economic actors along supply chains. Fisheries that have not been assessed generally are data‐intermediate and data‐poor, the latter usually having annual time series of landings as the single piece of data available. A major effort in the last two decades has been directed toward developing 'catch‐only' stock assessment methods, although some of these methods have been tested and found deficient. Here we provide a novel approach to using annual landing time series as the single source of data to qualitatively judge the condition of un‐assessed stocks using frequentist cumulative probability ogives, both in terms of stock biomass and fishing mortality. A meta‐analysis of the FishSource database allowed us to infer statistical patterns from hundreds of assessed fisheries and thousands of annual landings, biomass, and fishing mortality observations. Four stock‐management types were considered separately in the analysis: short‐lived and others (mid‐ to long‐lived) stocks, controlled or not controlled by catch limits. Obtained cumulative probability ogives provide clear evaluations of stock biomass and fishing mortality trends in all four stock‐management types, leading to actionable information on probable current status and future trends. Using these probability ogives, we developed decision trees that lead to qualitative scores on the exploitation status of un‐assessed stocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technology for even the most advanced missions in the solar system doesn't need advances in basic science. Traveling through the solar system can be described through what is called ‵hard science fiction', i.e. science fiction strictly based on scientific knowledge. Interstellar exploration is a completely different matter. Robotic flyby missions to the nearest stars using nanoprobes can be performed using technologies based on known science, while anything beyond this requires advances which we don't know how to implement, or even we are not sure whether they are possible at all. The point applies not only to the technological aspects but even the scientific bases on which the relevant technologies may rest. The missions requiring less scientific-technological advances, are slow missions, like space arks (generation ships) or missions based on hibernation with travel times up to hundred years. To implement both, the uncertainties are more related to the advances in space medicine and biology than in propulsion and physics. The fastest travels allowed by the current interpretations of the relativity theory are relativistic missions in which the time contraction at speeds closing the speed of light is exploited to decrease the travel time for the astronauts, although the travel time seen by those who remain on Earth is close, in years, to the distance traveled expressed in light years. However, the energy required for this type of missions is large and grows drastically with the increase of time contraction. Faster than light travel, which seems to be possible following some interpretations of relativity involving either wormholes or some sort of warp drive, requires substantial advances in fundamental physics. A symptom of this is that the novels dealing with interstellar travels belong more to the space opera – which doesn't follow strict scientific credibility – than to the hard science fiction subgenre. No novel of this kind explains details about how the relevant machinery works, and even less scientifically realistic are the movies, TV series, and videogames of this kind. Moreover, to achieve a travel time allowing to reach distant star systems in reasonable times using warp drives, the authors of Star Trek had to resort to the Warp Factor which is essentially a nonlinear scale. This makes the requirements for FTL travel even more difficult to achieve. • Interstellar travel requires advances in technology and, in some cases, in science. • Generation ships, which travel for centuries, require only technological advances. • Slow travel with hibernated crew is simpler but requires to develop long term hibernation. • Faster than light (FTL) travel might be not incompatible with present day science. • Interstellar travel as fast as in science fiction, requires speeds hundreds times FTL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The series of celebrated and grand accomplishments and progress of mankind in space exploration make people more intelligent, quixotic, imaginative, creative and realistic. Also, these imply vision for the future, further exploration and taking advantage of the Universe, for human benefits and sustainability, gaining scientific knowledge and developing engineering structures to that end. The most modern Earth and Universe observation spacecraft to date are now equipped with large lightweight and flexible structures, such as antennas, telescopes, and extendable elements, including the incorporation of more complex and larger appendages with high precision for scientific applications. These demand more stringent structural integrity requirements to minimize performance degradation due to structural damages. In addition, spacecraft structures weight and their associated manufacturing costs should be minimized, most appropriate materials should be utilized, assembly costs should be reduced and fewer parts should be opted, or one-piece more complex configuration parts should be produced. Various sensors, actuators and control technology could be employed to reduce structural damage. Associated with these, appropriate sensors configuration and strategies for their deployment are required to accurately detect failures in the most critical areas of the structure. Spacecraft structural integrity is subject to a series of prevailing loading due to thermo-structural dynamics and environmental effects from design, manufacturing, launching and operation during their pathways to meet a multitude of objectives under a myriad of requirements and constraints. To that end, the objective of the present paper is to provide an overview on spacecraft structural integrity covering a host of selected concepts, design, methods and engineering to maintain structural integrity of space vehicles and associated sub-structures. In spite of citing examples drawn from small satellite situations under vibro-acoustic and environmental thermal loading, the overriding issues addressed could be extended to more general situations. An infographic is presented to map out the state of affairs to be addressed for structural integrity considerations. [Display omitted] The present paper is to provide an overview on spacecraft structural integrity covering a host of selected concepts, design, methods and engineering to maintain structural integrity of space vehicles and associated sub-structures, subject to a series of prevailing loading due to thermo-structural dynamics and environmental effects from design, manufacturing, launching and operation during their pathways to meet a multitude of objectives under a myriad of requirements and constraints, such as various loading and environmental effects. The Rationale and Key Technical Structural Integrity Challenge are first identified. In spite of citing examples drawn from small satellite situations under vibro-acoustic and environmental thermal loading, the overriding issues addressed could be extended to more general situations. An infographic is presented to map out the state of affairs to be addressed for structural integrity considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its inception, the International Anatomical Terminology has been an indispensable and widely embraced resource for authors, anatomists, researchers, and medical professionals, ensuring standardized anatomical terminology across various disciplines. Nonetheless, it is widely acknowledged that periodic updates and enhancements are necessary to incorporate the latest scientific knowledge and advancements in imaging techniques. The current version of Terminologia Anatomica includes a section dedicated to the paranasal sinuses, encompassing ethmoidal cells and three sinuses: frontal, sphenoidal, and maxillary. However, the anatomical lexicon pertaining to the paranasal sinuses is more extensive. In clinical practice, multiple terms related to clinically significant structures are commonly employed. This article focuses on the clinical terminology associated with the paranasal sinuses, proposing significant extensions to the existing Terminologia Anatomica. These extensions aim to enrich the anatomical nomenclature and facilitate a harmonious convergence between the language of clinicians and the anatomical lexicon. Further endeavors should bridge the gap in anatomical nomenclature and improve communication between anatomists, researchers, and clinicians, thereby enhancing diagnostic accuracy and improving interdisciplinary research collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kombucha, a fermented tea beverage, has seen a significant rise in global popularity. This increase is attributed to its reported health benefits and extensive cultural heritage. The comprehensive review examines kombucha through microbiology, biochemistry, and health sciences, highlighting its therapeutic potential and commercial viability. Central to kombucha production is the symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts (SCOBY), which regulates a complex fermentation process, resulting in a bioactive-rich elixir. The study examines the microbial dynamics of SCOBY, emphasizing the roles of various microorganisms. It focuses the contributions of acetic acid bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and osmophilic yeasts, including genera such as Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Zygosaccharomyces, Brettanomyces/Dekkera, and Pichia. These microorganisms play crucial roles in producing bioactive compounds, including organic acids, polyphenols, and vitamins. These bioactive compounds confer therapeutic properties to kombucha. These properties include antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, cancer prevention, hepatoprotective, and detoxifying effects. The review also explores the growing market for kombucha, driven by consumer demand for functional beverages and opportunities for innovative product development. It emphasizes the necessity of standardized production to ensure safety and validate health claims. Identifying research gaps, the review highlights the importance of clinical trials to verify therapeutic benefits. Ultimately, this study integrates traditional knowledge with scientific research, providing directions for future studies and commercial expansion, emphasizing the role of kombucha in health and wellness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current article explores the meaning of neuroscientific evidence in the legal domain. It takes a social-psychological perspective to discuss how group-based stereotypes affect legal decision-making critically. Examining how any interpretation is anchored and objectified is interesting as evidence is interpreted in the context. Dominantly, with the ubiquity of neuroscience in different domains, the brain is positioned as an authentic source of nurturing authenticity. It is observed that sometimes unquestionable scientific knowledge may surpass the rationality and intuition of judges. In one way, it is a boon; in another, it is shaping the whole framework of our knowledge system, where knowledge from brain studies reifies our understanding of human actions and thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While methodologies are often presented as standardised procedures which, under specified conditions, should lead to the same conclusions, this case study presents the complex and deeply personal process of research (Addey and Piattoeva 2022). We analyse our application of network ethnography – an approach presented by Ball (2016) – to the study of contractors developing international large-scale assessments, exploring how we, as scholars, become with our methodology and navigate the 'messiness' of research (Law 2004). Drawing on Science and Technology Studies (STS) to understand the constitutive role of methodology and performativity of knowledge-making (Law and Singleton 2013, Rimpiläinen 2015), we show how methodological decisions construct what is studied and ourselves. Finally, we discuss challenges of visual representation, applying Galloway's (2011) 'conversion rules' to examine what was unrepresented – or unrepresentable. This paper shows the complex, subjective, and provisional nature of knowledge, theorising 'heterogeneity and variation' (Law 2004) as an inherent part of methodological application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the retraction of research articles in the British Journal of Pharmacology (BJP) between the years 2000-2023. The frequency of retracted papers has been steadily increasing, with more than 0.2% of articles being retracted in 2023. The reasons for retraction include errors in the published article, failure to conform to editorial policies, and research misconduct such as data fabrication or falsification. Of the 18 retractions in BJP, 11 were due to proven fraud or strong indications of such practices. In some cases, authors associated with fraud-related retractions have been linked to multiple retractions, suggesting serial cases of fraud. The article suggests several measures to address this issue, including sharing information among journals, flagging individuals involved in fraud cases, and producing clear retraction notes to protect innocent authors. The author emphasizes the importance of cleaning up the scientific record and preventing future fraudulent publications through various approaches. [Extracted from the article]

The objective of this research is to analyze the knowledge structure of the academic literature indexed in the Core Collection of the Web of Science on automation in the wine industry, from the first registered article in 1996 to 2022, in order to identify the latest trends in the study of this subject. A bibliometric and systematic analysis of the literature was carried out. First, for the quantitative analysis of the scientific production, the bibliometric study was conducted, using the WoS database for data collection and the VosViewer and Bibliometrix applications to create the network maps. Second, once the literature had been examined quantitatively, content analysis was undertaken using the PRISMA methodology. The results show, among other aspects, the uneven distribution of the examined scientific production from 1996 to 2022, that computer vision, data aggregation, life cycle assessment, precision viticulture, extreme learning machine and collaborative platforms are the major current keywords and the predominance of Spain and Italy in terms of scientific production in the field. There are various justifications which support the originality of this study. First, it contributes to the understanding of academic literature and the identification of the most recent trends in the study of automation in the wine industry. Second, to the best of our knowledge, no prior bibliometric studies have considered this topic. Third, this research evaluates the literature from the first record to the year 2022, thereby providing a comprehensive analysis of the scientific production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical bonding is central to explaining many phenomena. Research in chemical education and the Framework for K–12 Science Education (the Framework) argue for new approaches to learning chemical bonding grounded in (1) using ideas of the balance of electric forces and energy minimization to explain bond formation, (2) using learning progressions (LPs) grounded in these ideas to support learning, and (3) engaging students in 3D learning reflected in integrating the three dimensions of scientific knowledge to make sense of phenomena. The dimensions include disciplinary core ideas, scientific and engineering practices, and crosscutting concepts. While the Framework describes the theoretical basis of 3D learning, empirical evidence for the development and validation of LPs for 3D learning is limited. This work addresses that issue for the topic of chemical bonding. We develop and validate a 3D construct map for chemical bonding grounded in the idea of balance of electric forces and energy minimization. A construct map represents a finer‐grained LP spanning a shorter period and focusing on specific aspects of a larger‐scale LP. An NGSS‐aligned validated 3D LP has never been reported for the topic of chemical bonding. The LP is based on data from 9th grade Mid‐Western and Western students who used the NGSS‐aligned curriculum. Multiple validity evidence sources, including interview and item response theory analysis using an assessment tool developed to probe the 3D construct map levels, were used. We demonstrate the feasibility of using the assessment tool for assigning levels to individuals and groups of learners, which is essential for the practical applicability of the 3D construct map and provides teachers with information on how to promote learning. We hope that the 3D LP presented here will serve as a guide to develop instructional and assessment approaches for chemical bonding grounded in the fundamental scientific principles and aligned to NGSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the book "Dictionnaires et réseaux des lexicographes aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles," which focuses on dictionaries and lexicographers in the 17th and 18th centuries, particularly Antoine Furetière's Dictionnaire universel. The book explores the international influence of French lexicography during this time period and the proto-encyclopedic nature of dictionaries from that era. It also examines the revisions made by Basnage de Beauval to Furetière's work and the competition it faced from the Dictionnaire de Trévoux. The book is divided into two sections, with the first section focusing on the Dictionnaire universel and its influence, and the second section discussing contemporary multilingual dictionaries in Europe. The article provides a summary of the contents of the book, including the changes made by Basnage and the influences between various dictionaries during this period. [Extracted from the article]

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of Jean Lassègue's book on the philosophy of Ernst Cassirer, with a particular focus on Cassirer's shift towards a semiotic perspective. Lassègue's unique conceptual framework offers a fresh interpretation of Cassirer's works, especially regarding the issue of semiotic mediation. The article also delves into Cassirer's early epistemological doctrine and his views on the development of modern science, emphasizing the significance of signs and symbols in knowledge. Lassègue's book further explores semiotics, examining the various modes of objectification and the distinction between signification and sense. It argues that philosophy is the awareness of symbolic forms and their processes of meaning production, distinguishing it from positive knowledge, which pertains to science. The text also explores the operators of semiosis, such as expression, evocation, and objectification, and their role in symbolic forms. Overall, this text offers a detailed analysis of Cassirer's philosophy of symbolic forms and its implications. [Extracted from the article]

Governments play crucial roles in addressing social-ecological traps – situations where feedbacks between social and ecological systems lead to reinforcement between resource degradation and livelihood impoverishment. While it is widely recognized that resolving these traps necesitates integrated measures, empirical studies often focus on the impact of individual measures. This paper investigates all measures employed by the local government to address traps in small-scale fisheries and aquaculture and examines how these measures contribute to solving the traps. Based on empirical data from the Tam Giang lagoon, Central Viet Nam, it finds that the goverment develops measures that align with "good practices" which focus on both ecological and social challenges. Yet, in practice, it prioritizes addressing ecological challenges over the social ones. The government primarily directs resources and efforts toward combating resource degradation. Measures that tackle the high dependency on fisheries resources and lack of alternative livelihoods are often sidelined. These practices fail to address the key drivers and reinforceing feedbacks that create the social-ecological trap. The paper highlights gaps between science, policy and practice in addressing social-ecological traps. Bridging these gaps and transforming government responses to the traps require effective communication of scientific knowledge to the government; facilitation of collaborations among researchers, policymakers, managers and practictioners; provision of financial support to the goverment and addressing the lack of political will of the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the current era of knowledge-based economies and societies, access to knowledge and scientific advances is a key requirement for the scientific, technological and economic development of a country. Scientific research outcomes are often considered by many as a public good and hence it is often advocated that they should be openly and freely accessible to the scientific community and the wider society. To fulfil such aspirations, there have been several initiatives towards open access (OA), both globally and at national levels, including many important declarations and policies. India has also taken several initiatives over the last two decades to promote OA to scientific research outcomes, including putting in place mandates that require that all public funded research should be openly accessible. This article presents a quantitative analysis to understand how much of Indian research output from 2001 to 2020 is openly accessible, which in turn presents a reflection on the effectiveness of the various OA initiatives. The major OA routes adopted by Indian researchers and the subject-specific OA availability patterns are identified. Finally, the OA availability levels for funded and non-funded Indian research publications are determined. The results indicate growth in OA availability of Indian research papers, with green and gold OA routes being the preferred ones. A higher OA availability is observed in case of funded research publications. The article concludes with a brief discussion on the major patterns observed and their policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The media can play a vital role in determining to what extent the general public understands scientific concepts. The understanding and acceptance of evolution are often influenced by factors beyond scientific knowledge alone, including education, politics, and media consumption habits. Although discussion of the COVID-19 pandemic and evolution had fixed itself in public discourse on many fronts, the media often avoided the usage of the word "evolve" and showed a preference for alternatives such as "emerge" or "mutate." Methods: We conducted a systematic analysis to gauge the prominence of the concept of evolution in media discussions across seven English-speaking countries. This involved assessing the frequency of the term "evolve" concerning viral evolution within newspaper articles using electronic databases. Of the 4,951 newspaper articles examined in this study, 11% discussed viral evolution. Out of those articles, 12% explicitly used the word "evolve." Results: We found that countries did not significantly differ in their "evolve" usage, which may reflect similarities in views about COVID-19 and its evolution across countries or reliance on shared information sources when reporting on COVID-19. We also found that, as the pandemic progressed, the discussion on viral evolution as a topic had increased, but the frequency with which the word "evolve" was explicitly used had decreased. Discussion: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a substantial impact on science and health news reporting. Although evolution plays a crucial role in the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic, the term "evolve" is not frequently highlighted in COVID-19 news coverage. Our research underscores the significant implications of language choice when describing evolutionary events, particularly in shaping the public's understanding of evolution, both in general and in the context of pandemics and infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers ten rules for successfully managing European Union (EU) research grants, particularly those awarded under the Horizon Europe framework program. It covers various aspects of grant management, including building relationships with EU project officers, fostering collaboration among partners, and understanding the Grant Agreement's requirements. The article aims to provide guidance to project coordinators, grant managers, and research administrators, including those from non-EU countries. It emphasizes the importance of adhering to contractual obligations and provides valuable insights for library patrons conducting research on the topic. [Extracted from the article]

This document is an interview with Prof. Dr. Sylvie Lorenzen and Prof. Dr. Ralf-Dieter Hofheinz, the Editors-in-Chief of Oncology Research and Treatment. They discuss their backgrounds and passion for oncology, as well as their responsibilities in ensuring the quality and relevance of published articles in the field. They also highlight notable gaps in research, such as integrative oncology and real-world data, and discuss exciting developments in oncological research, including immunotherapy and patient-physician communication. The interview concludes with advice for researchers looking to publish in the journal and personal interests of the editors. [Extracted from the article]

Psychedelics can facilitate mystical-type insights and beliefs, such as the belief that the fundamental nature of reality is loving consciousness. These belief changes could underlie the positive effects of psychedelics on wellbeing. However, mystical-type beliefs have been criticized of being delusional, as they contradict naturalism. Here I argue that naturalism is one metaphysical position among several competing ones. There is no definite way of choosing one metaphysical theory over others, as there are several metaphysical positions that are internally consistent and compatible with scientific knowledge. This calls for metaphysical agnosticism, which entails that psychedelic-facilitated metaphysical beliefs cannot be considered as delusional simply if they contradict naturalism. However, the challenge is to distinguish between beliefs that are strictly metaphysical and other mystical-type beliefs, which can include, for example, paranormal beliefs. Metaphysical agnosticism does not apply to the latter and they can be considered as problematic. I apply metaphysical agnosticism to evaluate mystical-type belief changes associated with the use of psychedelics, as indicated by empirical research. I consider the possibility that mystical-type beliefs are ineffable and non-conceptual, which entails that we should not take conceptualizations of them too seriously. I conclude by discussing the implications of metaphysical agnosticism for psychedelic-assisted therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine learning (ML) is becoming a powerful tool in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to enhance the accuracy, efficiency, and automation of simulations. Currently, in the design of shock-capturing methods, there is still a heavy reliance on the expertise and scientific knowledge of each author, particularly in nonlinear components such as smoothness indicators and weighting functions. ML has the potential to reduce this dependency, since by leveraging large datasets, they can learn intricate patterns and make accurate predictions of these functions. In this work we present a neural network that compute the weighting functions in the WENO5 scheme. The proposed WENO5-NN scheme generalizes well for different resolutions, and in most of the cases tested, it outperforms the classical WENO5-JS scheme. • Neural network to compute the weighting functions for WENO5 schemes. • The proposed scheme generalizes for different grid resolutions and problems. • The neural-network based scheme outperforms several WENO5 schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2001, the Indonesian government has formulated and implemented several restoration programs to improve the Citarum's water quality. However, these programs were often contested, particularly concerning the meanings of 'water quality' and how those informed approaches to responsibility and involvement. This paper problematises river restoration in view of these controversies towards improving people's lives and their environment. Our investigation found (1) a selective use of scientific knowledge of water quality and related responsibilities; (2) a tension between broader inclusion and military involvement in river restoration; and (3) a diverse host of informal restoration practices that largely remain unnoticed in view of the government programs. The findings indicate that river governance can benefit from recognising and tuning into below-the-radar restoration practices to tackle river pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The participation of a diverse --in terms of geography, discipline and gender-- group of Early Career Researchers (ECRs) in the peer review process can help alleviate the workload of senior researchers and counteract the perceptual biases that the latter tend to show. Moreover, ECRs can benefit from developing skills that are often not included in educational programs. From 2018 to 2021, the Association of Polar Early Career Scientists, in collaboration with other associations, organized six group reviews of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports by a total of more than 600 ECRs from over 70 different countries. This study aims to evaluate this group review in terms of its contribution to the production of scientific knowledge, and as a career development opportunity for ECRs. The data analyzed consists of application forms, review comments, and feedback surveys that were collected during each review process. The results of this study show that, overall, the group reviews were a success in terms of the experience of ECRs and their contribution to the peer review of the IPCC reports. Most survey respondents considered the general organization of the group reviews satisfactory and expressed interest in participating in future group reviews. However, most participants did not engage in discussions with their peers, which constitutes a missed opportunity to engage in active learning and the shared production of knowledge. ECRs made a significant contribution to the review of the IPCC reports by producing an average of 2,422 ± 532 comments per group review, 36% of which were substantive. PhD students were shown to be as proficient reviewers as postdoctoral researchers and faculty reviewers. More importantly, the diversity of reviewers in terms of geography and discipline, together with the fact that they are ECRs, can help produce more balanced scientific reports since they bring new perspectives, thus counteracting the biases that senior researchers have. These group reviews could be improved by providing more comprehensive training and facilitating communication among reviewers so that they can engage in meaningful exchanges. We conclude that the IPCC should formalize the inclusion of ECRs in future reviews of the IPCC reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Agriculture has been affected by several global trends raising the concern for food security. Agri‐food demands are amplifying due to the ever‐escalating population numbers. Thus, the notion of extending the use of smart innovative technology in managing agricultural practices has emerged rapidly over the last decade. Technological innovations have contributed significantly to shape modern agriculture as smart agriculture. Smart agriculture unfolds various benefits such as increased production, real time data and production insights and remote monitoring. The rising advancements in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have paved the way for researchers to use these technologies in managing agricultural practices, leading to greater benefits for farmers and society. These innovations are the key to establishing agriculture as a research discipline. The purpose of this article is to conduct a scientometric analysis to study the structure and evolution of research activities in the field of smart agriculture. The scientometric analysis aims to empirically map the scientific knowledge and identify any possible challenges in the field. This study performs elementary analysis to study publication growth over the years, impact analysis to assess the leading journals, authors, and countries, and articles analysis for findings patterns among the citations over the years and among the keyword‐based clusters. There has been a considerable increase of more than 200% in the number of publications from 2011 to 2022. However, around 60% of authors have contributed with a single publication. The findings of the study reveal the research trends and hot topics for future research fronts. Deep learning, digital agriculture, object detection, blockchain, and semantic segmentation have been identified as trending topics in smart agriculture. Comprehensively, an intellectual view of the agriculture domain is presented as a scientific field in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In environmental management, like in other applied operational domains, concrete actions are often at odds with state-of-the-art theoretical knowledge. Institutional settings organizing the way scientific knowledge is applied in environmental management practice play an active role in structuring such knowledge-action discrepancies. Scientific councils of protected areas are key institutions playing this role. Their two main missions are (1) to design, monitor, and evaluate the production of knowledge inside protected areas, and (2) to advise managers as to designing and implementing conservation actions. This article explores a database gathering information on scientific councils in France. The case of this country is exemplary because the existence of scientific councils is systematic in its protected areas, and their structure is streamlined by regulatory requirements. We use this database to investigate the publication records of the members of these scientific councils. This enables us to shed a quantitative light on the "epistemic landscape" (i.e., the kinds of knowledge and knowledge-holders that play a key role in interactions between science and practice) that scientific councils materialize. Our findings suggest that this epistemic landscape is poorly connected to the concerned protected areas. Moreover, some prominent topics in academic research (functional ecology, invasion biology and conservation planning) appear to be neglected in the recollected publication records. Such results prompt the question of whether the composition of SCs should be adjusted to reinforce the role of scientists tackling research questions applied to the PA at issue, and to better reflect scientific priorities in the conservation literature. Though results solely based on bibliometric analysis should be interpreted with due caution, they are useful to open debates on how to improve the design of institutions structuring knowing-doing spaces, beyond the specific case of French scientific councils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental group and control group pretest and posttest design was used to conduct qualitative coding and quantitative analysis on two classes in grade 5. The aim was to investigate whether science education videos can be used in place of simulation experiments. The results showed that (1) in terms of scientific knowledge, the difference between science videos and hands-on experiments was not significant; (2) in terms of modeling capability, the hands-on class had better results regarding the perception and application of materials; and (3) more precise experiments had better effects on health behavior, but there was no significant difference between imprecise experiments and science videos. In the absence of laboratory equipment, science videos could therefore be an alternative solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the presence of women in the management of Andalusian public universities, Spain. The aim of this study is to determine the representation of women in the administration and management of the administrative units of Andalusian public universities at faculty and department level, as well as to identify the distribution of university administration in terms of gender of managers in university centres according to the different macro-areas of the division of scientific knowledge. The method used was a descriptive study with quantitative and ex post facto values. A sample was selected from all public universities in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia, which represent 20% of all public universities in Spain. Information was collected from all academic units and the gender of each responsible administrator was determined. The data were deposited in a virtual repository. The results revealed that, in general, there is a disproportion in the predominance of male managers and administrators compared to the number of women involved in university management tasks in Andalusia. Imbalances in gender representation at different levels of management were observed, reflecting the inequalities reported in the literature. This study confirmed the existence of gender biases in university management, aligning with existing literature, which highlights the importance of addressing gender inequalities from a holistic perspective. The findings underline the importance of continuing to work on promoting gender equality in university management through multi-factorial approaches and concrete actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement Summary Unraveling the genetic intricacies and evolutionary history of Asian Hickories through advanced genome sequencing gives valuable insights into their ecological adaptations. Understanding the impact of historical dynamics, climate fluctuations, and geographical barriers on Asian hickories not only contributes to scientific knowledge but also empowers policymakers with evidence‐based decisions and guides conservationists in their efforts to protect vulnerable species. The identification of potential habitats, especially for the endangered Carya kweichowensis, offers a promising avenue for targeted conservation efforts, aligning with global initiatives to preserve Earth's precious biodiversity, but also ensures the conservation of a vital genetic reservoir for nut‐bearing economic tree species.Biogeographic characteristics of disjunct distribution play a vital role in plant geography and the endangered mechanism. The whole genome resequencing provides an opportunity to study the genetic relationship, population diffusion, and floristic evolution of disjunctive‐distribution flora. Based on the SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) data generated by the whole genome deep resequencing of five EA (Eastern Asian) Carya species, we constructed the phylogenetic tree, genetic structure, and species distribution modeling to clarify the phylogenetic relationships and to predict the potential distribution area of EA Carya. Phylogenetic analysis of Carya revealed two distinct clades, separating EA Carya from NA (North America) Carya. C. kweichowensis, an endangered species, showed the lowest nucleotide diversity and the earliest divergence among studied EA Carya species. Species distribution modeling predicted suitable habitats for five EA Carya species, revealing the potential distribution of endangered C. kweichowensis. Importantly, minimal spatial overlap was observed among distribution regions of EA Carya species during different time periods. The uneven regional distribution of EA Carya is believed to be a consequence of Quaternary climate fluctuations, mountain barriers hindering species dispersal, and the limited cold tolerance of these trees. EA Carya highlights the significant role of climate and geological changes in their regional distribution and migration routes in Asia. Furthermore, the discovery of potential habitats offers a promising avenue for the conservation of C. kweichowensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the first study to measure the beliefs held by Italian laypeople about how human memory works, using a newly developed tool: the Italian Memory Belief Questionnaire (IMBQ). Research conducted in other countries has demonstrated that beliefs about memory vary widely between different professional and non-professional groups, indicating that limitations exist regarding the dissemination of empirically researched scientific knowledge. To ascertain what Italian people understand about memory-related topics, including eyewitness testimony, repression of traumatic memories and factors influencing memory recall, 301 native Italian participants completed the IMBQ in Study 1. In Study 2, 346 additional participants completed the IMBQ, alongside various additional measures, to examine the construct validity of our new instrument and investigate socio-demographic predictors of memory beliefs. Exploratory factor analysis in Study 1 identified three distinct belief factors that were present in the dataset: eyewitness and memory reliability, trauma and remembering and aspects that improve remembering. Study 2 partially confirmed this factor structure and found IMBQ scores to correlate with existing memory belief questionnaires. Correlations were also found between the IMBQ subscales and measures of fantasy proneness, but not dissociation. In both studies, many Italian laypeople strongly endorsed the notion that controversial topics (i.e., repression) are possible. Contrastingly, Italian laypeople do appear to understand the conceivable inaccuracies of memory in eyewitness settings. Sex, age and education were shown to predict beliefs about memory. Findings are discussed in relation to the importance of addressing misinformation about memory, especially in clinical and forensic settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mankind has always relied on "practical wisdom" in the sense of Aristotle to change people and society. However, practical wisdom is difficult to accumulate and pass on from generation to generation. Therefore, although "natural engineering" that is consistent with "natural technology" can be used effectively to transform the natural world, using "practical wisdom" to change people and society remains difficult. Solving this dilemma requires an effective means to separate "social science", "social technology", and "social engineering" to accumulate and inherit "knowledge of changing people and society" similar to other types of scientific knowledge. Today, the prevailing evidence-based social science is the opposition and unity of laws of nature and free will, truth-seeking and goodness-pursuing, individual wisdom and collective wisdom, autonomy and supervision, the universal and the special in practice. The emergence of this concept allows for the possibility to enhance the effectiveness of social science practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Futuristic universities like The NeurotechEU and the technological innovations they provide will shape and serve society, but will also require support from society. Positive attitudes about neuro-technologies will increase their reach within society and may also impact policy-making, including funding decisions. However, the acceptability rates, especially of invasive neuro-technologies, are quite low and the majority of people are more worried than enthusiastic about them. The question therefore arises as to what neuro-technological advances should entail. In a rare effort to reach out to the public, we propose to conduct a trans-national survey with the goal to better understand the challenges of our NeurotechEU nations. We aim to compare and contrast our nations specifically with respect to their perspectives on neuro-technological advances, i.e., their needs for, interests in, access to, knowledge of and trust in neuro-technologies, and whether these should be regulated. To this end, we have developed the first version of a new tool-the Understanding Societal Challenges Questionnaire (USCQ)-which assesses all six of these dimensions (needs, interest, access, knowledge, trust, and policy-making) and is designed for administration across EU/AC countries. In addition to trans-national comparisons, we will also examine the links of our nations' perspectives on neuro-technological advances to demographic and personality variables, for example, education and socio-economic status, size of the residential area, the Big Five personality traits, religiosity, political standings, and more. We expect that this research will provide a deeper understanding of the challenges that our nations are facing as well as the similarities and differences between them, and will also help uncover the variables that predict positive and negative attitudes toward neuro-technological advances. By integrating this knowledge into the scientific process, The NeurotechEU may be able to develop neuro-technologies that people really care about, are ethical and regulated, and actually understood by the user. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the relationship between information, expertise, and public policy, with a focus on the role of science in policy-making. It discusses the dynamics of policy advisory systems and the various roles scientists can play in policy processes. The article also introduces a new typology of scientific advisory committees and examines the impact of expert opinion on citizens' policy attitudes. Several research articles related to public administration and policy are referenced, including studies on the role of experts in China during the COVID-19 crisis and the influence of expert opinions on Chinese citizens' attitudes towards genetically modified foods. The findings contribute to understanding public opinion in authoritarian political contexts. [Extracted from the article]

Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) share underlying neuropathology. Despite overlapping biology, therapeutic development has been approached separately for these clinical syndromes and there remains no treatment to slow, stop or prevent progression of clinical symptoms and development disability for people living with PD or DLB. Recent advances in biomarker tools, however, have paved new paths for biologic definition and staging of PD and DLB under a shared research framework. Patient-centered research funding organizations see the opportunity for a novel biological staging system for PD and DLB to accelerate and increase success of therapeutic development for the patient communities they serve. Amid growing momentum in the field to develop biological definitions for these neurodegenerative diseases, 7 international nonprofit organizations focused on PD and DLB came together to drive multistakeholder discussion and input on a biological staging system for research. The impact of these convenings to date can be seen in changes incorporated into a proposed biological staging system and growing alignment within the field to rapidly apply new scientific knowledge and biomarker tools to inform clinical trial design. In working together, likeminded nonprofit partners who were initially catalyzed by the significant potential for a biological staging system also realized the power of a shared voice in calling the field to action and have since worked together to establish a coalition to advance precompetitive progress and reduce hurdles to developing better treatments for PD, DLB and biologically related disorders. Plain Language Summary. Disease-focused nonprofit organizations serve to speed new treatments for patients through research funding and advocacy. In the Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) fields, several international nonprofit organizations came together to facilitate multistakeholder input on a new biological staging system for research. Stakeholders gathered included researchers, clinicians, drug developers, regulatory agencies, additional nonprofits, and people affected by PD and DLB. This example, fueled by a shared perspective that new drug development tools will improve clinical trials and get better treatments to patients sooner, serves as a model for continued collaborations across the PD and DLB fields. A new, international coalition of nonprofit organizations has emerged to support advancement of treatments to slow, stop, and one day prevent PD, DLB and related disorders, in part, by facilitating future multistakeholder collaborations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the challenge of navigating a world filled with misinformation, particularly on social media platforms. It emphasizes the importance of critically evaluating claims and considering the context in which they are made. The article provides a checklist of questions to ask when evaluating information, such as assessing the qualifications of the source and examining the evidence and study design. It also raises concerns about the use of proxy measurements and potential biases in research publications. The article encourages readers to be vigilant, question information, and be aware of misinformation and biased sources. [Extracted from the article]

The current epoch in fisheries science has been driven by continual advances in laboratory techniques and increasingly sophisticated approaches to analysing datasets. We now have the scientific knowledge and tools to proactively identify obstacles to the sustainable management of marine resources. However, in addition to technological advances, there are predicted global environmental changes, each with inherent implications for fisheries. The 2023 symposium of the Fisheries Society of the British Isles called for "open and constructive knowledge exchange between scientists, stakeholders, managers and policymakers" (https://fsbi.org.uk/symposium-2023/), a nexus of collaborative groups best placed to identify issues and solutions. Arguably, the Centre of Environment, Aquaculture and Fisheries Science (Cefas) and their Scientific Advice for Fisheries Management (SAFM) Team sit at the centre of such a network. SAFM regularly engages with managers and stakeholders, undertakes scientific research, provides fisheries advice to the UK government, and are leading experts within the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). As such, this paper is an opinion piece, linked to individual authors specialisms, that aims to highlight emerging issues affecting fisheries and suggest where research efforts could be focused that contribute to sustainable fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how scientists make and feel time in the context of the chronobiological laboratory. Like other scholars who have tracked the temporal regimes of scientific knowledge making, I am interested in the kinds of times produced in and around experiments performed by the scientists who study circadian rhythms. During gruelling 'time point' experiments, chronobiologists attempt to mould their own rhythmic, biological bodies to a scientific temporality that emphasises exactness and regularity to facilitate almost continuous data collection. Within this complex 'timescape', scientists tinker with time itself in order to navigate the multiple temporalities produced by their research. They deploy a scientific time convention known as 'Z-Time' or 'zeitgeber time' as a method of 'time work' that allows them to customise the temporal experience of their working lives and their experimental subjects, lab mice. I argue that a case study of the chronobiology lab questions the extent to which time can be 'worked' in the context of biological research. I explore what the tension between scientific and embodied times can tell us about the role of temporality in making 'good science' and the 'emotional culture' that time point experiments foster among chronobiologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses philosophical and theological reflections inspired by the cosmological models of the origin of the universe from the quantum vacuum (through quantum tunneling) and through a spontaneous emergence from an a-temporal initial state of non-being. A thesis about the possibility of cosmogenesis ex nihilo without the need of God the creator—inspired by these models—is put into question. Its philosophical and theological presuppositions are verified in reference to the classical thought of Aristotle and Aquinas and the categories of potency and act, causality and chance, and metaphysically defined nothingness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guar [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub] is an annual diploid legume (2n = 2x = 14) crop and is drought and heat tolerant. This crop is primarily grown for the high concentration of galactomannan gum that is present in the seed endosperm, and it can improve ecosystem services by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. However, the genetics of guar nodulation remains poorly understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the variation of nodule and plant growth traits in a set of guar germplasm. A total of 225 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) guar accessions were evaluated for nodule traits in three runs of a greenhouse pot study. Results showed that all traits except fresh plant biomass varied significantly among genotypes (p-values < 0.05). Broad-sense heritability was high for nodule diameter, nodule weight per plant, and plant biomass production, indicating that genetic gain in these traits can be attained through the plant breeding process. This is promising, since selection for high values in these traits would be expected to increase nitrogen fixation and yield. There were strong and significant positive correlations between nodule number and both fresh and dry nodule weights (r = 0.79 and 0.71, respectively), as well as dry plant biomass and dry nodule weight (r = 0.8), indicating that greater plant growth is associated with increased nodule weight. Many genotypes were found to perform better than checks included in this study, which may be useful in guar breeding initiatives. PI288747 is top performing accession for all traits except nodule diameter which can be a good parent for breeding program. Overall, this research will help breeders enhance guar nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and yield by utilizing the scientific knowledge obtained and superior germplasm identified through this study.Please confirm if the author names are presented accurately and in the correct sequence (given name, middle name/initial, family name). Author 1 Given name: [specify authors given name] Last name [specify authors last name]. Also, kindly confirm the details in the metadata are correct.Author names are correct [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the concept of "Macaology" in the context of Macao, a city in southern China. Macaology refers to the study of Macao and its unique characteristics, but it is not a formal theory. The article examines the intrinsic nature of the city and how it can change, and discusses the limitations of modernist and postmodernist views in understanding Macao. It suggests that Macaology should be seen as a new way of viewing the world, emphasizing the city's enduring essence and the connections between its inhabitants. The article does not make any judgments or assumptions about Macao or its people, but presents Macaology as a tool for investigation. [Extracted from the article]

Postcolonial Macau is keen to celebrate its colonial legacy to preserve its cultural distinctiveness. This study explores the reordering of a Portuguese colonial site, the Village of Our Lady in Ka Ho, into an architectural heritage in the broader postcolonial context. Employing the Foucauldian concept of 'other spaces', specifically 'utopia' and 'heterotopia', the study argues for the heterotopic nature of heritage. It identifies the discourses and material representations of heritage, their construction and their mirroring of mainstream social ideals. Heritage as heterotopia is a conceptual entity that informs and is realised with material objects. The discourse takes heritage spaces as mediums for performances through symbolic loading on material objects to demonstrate the space's otherness. In addition, colonial nostalgia emerges as a dominant narrative in shaping urban identity. The primary proposition of this research is that heritage is made through othering, and the otherness of heritage is presented through performing. Heritage‐making transforms the site from a 'heterotopia of deviation' to a 'heterotopia of performance', which reveals the societal transition from early modernity that advocates for scientific knowledge to postmodernity that embraces neoliberalism, and then to the arriving era of post‐postmodernity based on performatism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the challenges posed by extreme weather and climate-related events and the inadequacy of current resilience and adaptation frameworks. It discusses the "Exploring Unprecedented Extremes" workshop held in Montreal, Canada, which aimed to address the research gap in understanding and preparing for these events. The workshop emphasized the need for transformational changes in governance and the integration of diverse perspectives to effectively respond to climate extremes. It also highlighted the importance of effective communication and coproduction of knowledge in bridging the gap between scientific research and decision-making. The article provides examples of recent extreme events and emphasizes the urgency of addressing these challenges. It discusses the importance of understanding different ways of knowing and establishing trust in research collaborations, as well as exploring various modeling approaches used to study climate change and extreme weather events. The text concludes by emphasizing the need for a shift in perspective and the adoption of transdisciplinary approaches to effectively address climate extremes. The workshop served as a foundation for examining the impacts of climate change and identifying strategies for adaptation and transformation, and the text emphasizes the urgency of taking action and promoting understanding among individuals, communities, and organizations. [Extracted from the article]

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), is a liver condition that is linked to overweight, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), is a form of NAFLD/MASLD that progresses over time. While steatosis is a prominent histological characteristic and recognizable grossly and microscopically, liver biopsies of individuals with NASH/MASH may exhibit several other abnormalities, such as mononuclear inflammation in the portal and lobular regions, hepatocellular damage characterized by ballooning and programmed cell death (apoptosis), misfolded hepatocytic protein inclusions (Mallory–Denk bodies, MDBs), megamitochondria as hyaline inclusions, and fibrosis. Ballooning hepatocellular damage remains the defining feature of NASH/MASH. The fibrosis pattern is characterized by the initial expression of perisinusoidal fibrosis ("chicken wire") and fibrosis surrounding the central veins. Children may have an alternative form of progressive NAFLD/MASLD characterized by steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, mainly in Rappaport zone 1 of the liver acinus. To identify, synthesize, and analyze the scientific knowledge produced regarding the implications of using a score for evaluating NAFLD/MASLD in a comprehensive narrative review. The search for articles was conducted between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2023, on the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases. This search was complemented by a gray search, including internet browsers (e.g., Google) and textbooks. The following research question guided the study: "What are the basic data on using a score for evaluating NAFLD/MASLD?" All stages of the selection process were carried out by the single author. Of the 1783 articles found, 75 were included in the sample for analysis, which was implemented with an additional 25 articles from references and gray literature. The studies analyzed indicated the beneficial effects of scoring liver biopsies. Although similarity between alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and NASH/MASH occurs, some patterns of hepatocellular damage seen in alcoholic disease of the liver do not happen in NASH/MASH, including cholestatic featuring steatohepatitis, alcoholic foamy degeneration, and sclerosing predominant hyaline necrosis. Generally, neutrophilic-rich cellular infiltrates, prominent hyaline inclusions and MDBs, cholestasis, and obvious pericellular sinusoidal fibrosis should favor the diagnosis of alcohol-induced hepatocellular injury over NASH/MASH. Multiple grading and staging methods are available for implementation in investigations and clinical trials, each possessing merits and drawbacks. The systems primarily used are the Brunt, the NASH CRN (NASH Clinical Research Network), and the SAF (steatosis, activity, and fibrosis) systems. Clinical investigations have utilized several approaches to link laboratory and demographic observations with histology findings with optimal platforms for clinical trials of rapidly commercialized drugs. It is promising that machine learning procedures (artificial intelligence) may be critical for developing new platforms to evaluate the benefits of current and future drug formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research studies on plant secondary metabolites have increased over the last decades as a consequence of the growing consumer demand for natural products in pharmaceutics and therapeutics, as well as in perfumery and cosmetics. In this perspective, many Mediterranean plant species could be an appreciated source of bioactive compounds with pharmacological and health-promoting properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor ones. Calendula officinalis and Foeniculum vulgare are commercially important plants of the Mediterranean flora, with great therapeutic use in the treatment of many disorders since ancient times, and are now listed in several world pharmacopoeias and drug agencies. The present review offers an overview of the main phytochemicals, phenols, terpenes, and alkaloids, biosynthesized in C. officinalis and F. vulgare, both species endemic to the Mediterranean region. Further, all current knowledge and scientific data on taxonomic classification, botanical description, traditional uses, pharmacological studies, and potential toxicity of both species were reported. The principal aim of this review is to point out the prospective use of C. officinalis and F. vulgare as valuable reservoirs of beneficial plant-derived products with interesting biological properties, also providing suggestions and future challenges for the full exploitation of these two Mediterranean species for human life improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]