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Forte des nombreuses innovations cliniques, technologiques ou stratégiques, la radiothérapie est en évolution permanente, contribuant à des enjeux majeurs de qualité et de sécurité, dans un contexte où il est nécessaire de se conformer à de nouvelles exigences réglementaires. Nous décrivons dans cet article les conditions de mises en œuvre et d'application des exigences d'habilitation, de certification périodique et d'audit par les pairs en France. With numerous clinical, technological or strategic innovations, radiation therapy is constantly evolving, contributing to major quality and safety issues, in a context where new regulatory standards are required. In this article, we will describe the conditions for implementing and applying the requirements for accreditation, periodic certification and peer audit in France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Marmara University Journal of Political Science / Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Marmara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Over the past decade, rapid progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed a range of areas, from medicine to strategic games and communication technologies, from art and culture to everyday office work. It would be naïve to assume that this evolution does not permeate and alter international affairs. Building on, and solidifying, a thriving yet still fragmented emerging literature on "AI IR," this forum gathers several critical diagnoses of the way AI technologies impact on various areas of international relations. Introducing new concepts and charting emerging empirical realities, contributors explore how AI advances, such as autonomous lethal systems, synthetic imagery and text, or intelligent systems, are already creating new landscapes of violent and nonviolent international interactions. Yet, behind their distinct takes, contributions together stress the need to correctly locate and evaluate specific sites of AI impact, thus offering a nuanced appraisal scrutinizing grand declarations of an "AI revolution" in global politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Le Japon est le pays le plus sûr du monde industrialisé. Par exemple, en 2021, le taux d’homicide du Brésil (le nombre de meurtres pour 100 000 habitants) était de 22,38 et celui du Japon de 0,23, ce qui signifie que les homicides au Japon ne représentent qu’un centième de ceux du Brésil. Les prisons japonaises accueillent environ la moitié de leur capacité, avec une vie quotidienne régulière, du travail et une formation professionnelle, et il n’y a pratiquement pas d’émeutes ou d’évasions dans les prisons chaque année. Bien que l’on reproche parfois aux détenus d’avoir peu de liberté en prison, il n’y a pas de meilleure garantie des droits de l’homme que la sécurité. Les raisons de cette faible criminalité et de cette discipline carcérale sont (1) le développement économique remarquable du Japon depuis les années 1960, avec peu de disparités entre riches et pauvres; (2) pour la plupart des Japonais, la réputation sociale est plus importante que la loi et la punition; et (3) la «discipline» que les Japonais acquièrent grâce à l’éducation dès leur plus jeune âge. (3) La «discipline et la correction» que les Japonais apprennent et acquièrent dès leur plus jeune âge sont maintenues à la fois au sein de la société et dans les prisons.

Fire accidents and burns are one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. This study was conducted with the aim of studying the etiology of fire accidents as well as investigating the fire safety standards of both homes and equipment in Iran. Samples included patients with flame burns who consented to answer the questions. Questions covered five areas: patient demographics, epidemiological characteristics of burns, the fire safety status of the home, the fire safety status of the equipment, and the mechanism of the accident. In this study, the mean extent of the burns was 18.07 ± 14.29% of body surface area and was significantly related to the age grouping of the patients. The highest total body surface area (TBSA) was observed in patients between 19 to 39 years. The most common cause of flame injuries was gas explosions (36.81%). The interviews revealed that most of the houses were not equipped with smoke detectors or fire extinguishers. The extent of burns was significantly higher in patients living in unequipped homes (P = 0.047). Cooking equipment was often involved in the accidents (38.1%). Considering the low home fire safety and the role of equipment misuse and damaged equipment use in the occurrence of accidents, it seems that installing fire alarms and firefighting equipment, proper training on how to work with and maintain the equipment, using cooking and heating equipment correctly along with discontinuing use if damaged would all be effective and are highly suggestive to reduce fire injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rope access technicians are confronted with a multitude of situations in a variety of hazardous environments. This article aims to better understand what a rope access technician actually does when facing these multiple configurations. Based on ethnographic work with 20 teams of rope access technicians, intended to relate the uniqueness of this profession, we identified 4 stages (preparation, exploration, "equipment" and working at heights) modeling a rope access intervention. Through this analysis of the work activity of rope access technicians, the article shows different forms of appropriation that make rope access work feasible. The combination of two roles (height technician and construction worker) leads to numerous compromises and adjustments based on the mastery of practical know-how and on-site creativity. By being actors of their own safety, they take charge of an organizational dimension inherent to rope access interventions and access an autonomy that is a source of both responsibility and vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Cette étude montre que les ressources minières dont dispose le sous-sol congolais ont toujours attiré les convoitises des chercheurs, explorateurs et investisseurs venant de différents horizons depuis l'époque coloniale jusqu’à ce jour. C’est ainsi que l'Etat congolais a légiféré sur la recherche et l'exploitation des ressources minières dans l’optique d'éviter tous les abus et les conflits d'intérêts. Les données en série chronologiques sont utilisées pour mesurer les effets des décisions de l’Etat en terme des codes miniers sur la production et l'exportation de Coltan et de Cobalt. Le recours à la MANOVA a permis déterminer si les facteurs qualitatifs ont des effets sur une ou plusieurs variables dépendantes quantitatives prises collectivement et le recours à l'ANOVA a permis de voir si la différence entre les valeurs moyennes de différents groupes sont statistiquement différentes. Ainsi, il ressort de nos analyses que les décisions de l'État influent négativement et significativement sur la production et l’exportation de Coltan. Pour le Cobalt les décisions de l'État ont des effets négatifs et non significatifs sur la production et sur l'exportation.

L'objectif de cet article consiste à présenter, analyser et comprendre la manière dont la politique nationale de défense contribue à la montée en puissance des forces armées congolaises en particulier et des autres institutions de l’architecture de défense et sécurité en général. A l’issue d’une analyse critique, la présente étude conclue que cette remontée exige tout d’abord une meilleure compréhension des facteurs qui ont conduit à l’effritement de la puissance de ce système, ensuite une définition claire des grandes options et principes politiques, militaires, et stratégiques basée sur une parfaite maitrise des enjeux et défis géopolitiques et géostratégiques contemporains. Elle dresse une série de propositions qui, une fois mises en application, pourront contribuer à renforcer les capacités techniques et opérationnelles de l’armée et des services de sécurité, et, par conséquent, sortir la RDC de l’état d’impuissance et de vulnérabilité.

Despite their potential severity, collisions against obstacles on alpine ski slopes remain poorly described and a better understanding of these accidents is required to improve the protection of users on the slopes. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the impact conditions applied to the human body during collisions against obstacles by coupling multibody simulations while skiing with an epidemiological analysis to model representative scenarios. In France, between 2014 and 2019, 201,805 snow sports accidents led to ski patrol interventions and/or ski resort doctors' consultations. The 3393 collisions against obstacles included in these accidents were analyzed (population, injuries, accident conditions). Based on this characterization, 1080 multibody simulations of collisions against obstacles were performed. They included various skier speed and size, slope angle, obstacle type and distance at impact to better understand loading conditions applied to the human body. Victims of collisions against obstacles were frequently skiers, young people, wore a helmet and head/neck and trunk were injured in up to 46% of the accidents. The numerical simulations confirmed head protection as a priority, due to the high frequency of head impacts (68%), especially as the first impact location (47%), associated with high normal impact speeds (30 ± 15 km/h). Trunk impacts (63% of the accidents) also appeared at risk. Moreover, the initial speed and the distance to the obstacle are 2 key factors influencing impact severity and should be considered in the slopes' layout. Thus, this work provided an original epidemiological characterization of victims of collisions against obstacles and of their injuries. The large database of numerical simulations identifies the impact conditions of representative accidents. These data and impact conditions are key elements for the evaluation and design of safety mattress, for standards revision, for slopes' layout, for the reconstruction of a specific collision against obstacle and for the evaluation of the potential severity of such accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to present carbon monoxide (CO) emissions trends from January 2019 to June 2021 in Southeast Asian waters and the South China Sea (SEA-SCS). Using securitization theory, the data obtained from geospatial analysis was the basis for constructing CO as a threat. The results showed high CO density in the region due to economic activities that caused pressure on the marine air environment. Unfortunately, this has not been explicitly discussed in regional maritime cooperation, even though the states and territories bordering these waters are increasingly vulnerable to climate change. This article argues that securitizing CO as a threat represents substantial progress in the environmental- political cooperation in the SCS and surrounding waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper features the process whereby an experimental Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) program fostered a critical learning community around peace and security across 13 countries and with 40 women. It addresses the epistemological questions of doing research in collective ways (with and among activists/scholars), the axiological challenge of recognizing and embracing counter-expertise, and the possibilities for incorporating values and practices of care as well as non-extractivism in producing and disseminating knowledge. By articulating the core ethical principles that emerged from this experience, the paper suggests a critical feminist epistemological commitment in taking seriously grassroots women's knowledge in peace and security processes, rather than what is often done in both policy and academy: prescribing their needs from above, interpreting their knowledge from the outside, and advising what problems to tackle and how to live. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Used off-the-shelf components to build an ultrasonic leak detector. • Conducted experiments to identify response of detector to simulated leaks in wall AC unit. • Depending upon sensor and leak location, detector responds to maximum safe leak rate. • Environmental ultrasonic noise is unlikely to interfere with detector. There is a growing need for cost-effective leak detection in smaller RACHP equipment that uses R290 and other flammable hydrocarbon refrigerants. Gas detection technology may not be suitable in many cases due to cost and reliability implications whilst detection with system parameters can suffer long response times. Ultrasonic leak detection can be an economical and reliable method. This study presents the development and testing of an ultrasonic leak detector using off-the-shelf components, within a conventional split type wall-mounted air conditioner indoor unit. Depending upon the chosen sensor, a fast and effective response to simulated "small" R290 leaks was achieved. Measurements of potential interference from environmental noise across ultrasonic frequencies suggests false alarms are unlikely. Such a leak detector was found to be potentially effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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La République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) en proie aux guerres, s’engage dans un processus de réforme de ses services de sécurité en général et à celui de l’armée en particulier. Cependant, en dépit des efforts déployés, cette réforme a du mal à aboutir et à produire des effets probants, à cause des plusieurs facteurs liés aux enjeux, aux acteurs, aux moyens ainsi qu’à des zones d’incertitude. Cette étude démontre comment pour aboutir à une réforme efficiente et efficace de l’armée en RDC, il est une nécessité d’élaborer un document dénommé Livre blanc de la défense et de la sécurité dans lequel seront exprimés les ambitions, les besoins et les fonctions à accomplir au regard des enjeux de l’ère, sur le plan de défense et de sécurité, dont la matérialisation des piliers exige la promulgation d’une « loi de programmation militaire ». Celle-ci fixe la programmation pluriannuelle des dépenses de l’Etat en matière des dépenses militaires tout en se basant sur les objectifs de la politique de défense et les moyens financiers.

Depuis des siècles, la R.D. Congo est victime des agressions de la part de ses voisins de l’Est. En effet, en 2006, lors de ses cent neuvième congrès (S2125), les Etats-Unis d’Amérique, dans ses découvertes, ont remarqué que dans leurs stratégies nationales, en Afrique, et surtout en R.D. Congo, il y a trop de promesses et d’opportunités et pourtant, la maladie, la guerre et la misère de la pauvreté évoluent sans arrêt. De ce qui précède, cet article est une contribution à la recherche des voies et moyens de restaurer la paix et de rétablir la sécurité dans l’Est de la R.D. Congo. A cet effet, il envisage de démontrer que sans les efforts pertinents et concertés des Congolais, le développement sera toujours loin de se concrétiser et le conflit ou guerre continuera son bonhomme de chemin. C’est pourquoi, tout au long de notre cheminement, l’approche de politique publique, accompagnée des techniques d’observation, documentaire et d’interview nous serviront de guide. Cette recherche se structure au tour des deux chapitres : (i) le contexte de l’étude et la notion de sécurité et de recrutement dans l’armée nationale et, (ii) le modèle attrayant de recrutement des hommes dignes et crédibles dans les FARDC.

Defense ministries regularly frame climate security in their national security strategies. Recently, "civil" ministries also begun mentioning climate security. However, they do not mean the same thing. This article develops four indicators to assess the commitment of climate security framings to an understanding of climate security as either human/environmental or national security issue. It applies the indicators to fifty submissions of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) by civil ministries and seventy defense publications. The paper finds that NDC commonly refer to climate changes' anthropogenic origins and biophysical impacts but rarely to indirect consequences such as migration or conflict. In contrast, military administrations rarely mention anthropogenic origins but warn more often than NDC of indirect consequences. This shows that a civil domestic discourse on climate security has emerged, more attuned to human security and environmental security and more conducive to climate change mitigation and adaptation. The paper argues that organizational theory can explain these differences in securitization: defense and civil ministries frame climate security differently so that it falls in line with their respective mandates and established organizational features. The article concludes with a checklist for assessing framings of climate security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Annals of Criminology is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La déclaration des événements de radioprotection et les retours d'expérience sont des éléments clés de l'assurance qualité et de la sécurité en radiothérapie. Chaque événement doit être déclaré à l'autorité compétente s'il remplit les critères de significativité établis par cette même autorité. Les leçons qui découlent de l'analyse des causes et facteurs contributifs de survenue sont primordiales afin de réduire le risque de survenue ou la sévérité d'un incident. Grâce aux systèmes nationaux ou internationaux de déclaration, obligatoire ou volontaire, et aux retours d'expérience, de nombreuses sources d'enseignements sont disponibles afin d'améliorer la gestion des risques. Cet article vise à décrire les réglementations en termes de déclaration obligatoire et à présenter les principaux systèmes de déclaration et de retour d'expérience en France et à l'étranger. Reporting and learning are key components of quality and safety in radiotherapy. Each event must be reported to national authorities if considered significant according to national criteria. Lessons learnt from analysis of causal factors are primordial to decrease the risk of reoccurrence or the severity of further events. Thanks to national or international, mandatory or voluntary incidents reporting systems, and experience feedbacks, various sources of learning are available to improve risk management. This article aims to compare the regulations about mandatory declarations of significant events and describe national or international incident reporting and learning systems available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sending patients "home to fail" while anticipating their speedy readmittance is, prima facie, ethically troubling as are all unsafe discharges. However, "home to fail" cases may also be covertly ethically troubling insofar as they raise questions of medical paternalism due to a motivational component which drives these types of cases: by discharging a patient "home to fail" she will come to appreciate that living at home is unsafe and thus unwise, prompting her to choose differently in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Low back pain accounts for the most years lost to disability of any malady worldwide but most cases of disc herniation (DH) and degenerative disc disease (DDD) resolve with conservative methods. Numerous tissue sources of pain affecting the degenerative/ herniated disc have been identified, with changes secondary to the influence of inflammation figuring prominently among them. Due to the proven linkage of inflammation to the pain and progression of disc degeneration, anti-inflammatory/anti-catabolic and pro-anabolic repair strategies are gaining prominence for novel therapeutic approaches. Current treatments include conservative therapies such as modified rest, exercise, anti-inflammatory treatments, and analgesics. There is no accepted proposed mechanism of action to support the direct role of spinal manipulation for the treatment of the degenerative and/or herniated disc. However, there are published accounts of very serious adverse events accompanying such treatments leading to the question; 'should a patient with suspected painful IVD be treated with manipulation? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Résumé Cette recherche a porté sur la sécurité internationale de la République Démocratique du Congo et la place qu’occuperait le renseignement dans la construction de cette architecture. Jusqu’à ce jour, la RDC n’a pas encore pris conscience du rôle substantiel des renseignements dans la constitution de son soft power. C’est ce défaut de renseignement qui est à notre humble avis, le facteur principal d’une politique extérieure attentiste et d’une diplomatie des réactions souvent dépassées. Abstract This research focused on the international security of the Democratic Republic of Congo and the place that intelligence would occupy in the construction of this architecture. To date, the DRC has not yet realized the substantial role of intelligence in building its soft power. It is this lack of intelligence which is, in our humble opinion, the main factor of a wait-and-see foreign policy and a diplomacy of often outdated reactions.

Nul n'est sans ignorer que le mouvement d'intégration qui tire son origine en Europe occidentale avec les accords constitutifs de Benelux dans les années 1945, s'est étendu progressivement dans toute l'Europe, en Amérique et Afrique. En effet, l'intégration favorise les relations dans une variété des domaines et de façon plus ou moins intense entre les Etats. Elle conduit ces derniers à l'interdépendance qui suscite une complémentarité, laquelle appelle la coopération favorisant le développement. C'est dans cette logique que notre analyse sur les enjeux de l'adhésion régionale au sein de l'organisation sous régionale de la communauté des Etats de l'Est est pertinente. Ces enjeux sont d'ordres géopolitique, géostratégiques et géo économiques.

Copyright of Revue du Financier is the property of Societe Cybel and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article describes the appearance of insurgency and counter-insurgency in Medellin during the decade of the sixties of the 20th century. In the study, the city is observed in the framework of its irregular demographic growth, a result of the arrival of people coming from the countryside due to its industrialization and the armed conflict that had existed since 1948. It also takes into account the context of the Cold War, in which the theory of modernization was developed, which contained social development and security measures with which it was sought to contain socialism. Documents were revised that gave an account of the Colombian context and the defense policies, the security measures implemented by local security forces and the appearance in the press of deeds related to the insurgency. It is concluded that although there was panic that was exacerbated by the governments due to the supposed presence of powerful insurgent groups, which «obliged them» to unleash harsh security measures, the operative power of these, analyzed in the light of the actions manifested in the period studied, was weak. This is why more than being a real threat to the establishment, it was a strategy to maintain social order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examined the experiences of Canadian correctional officers (COs) in providing essential services during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study applied theoretical models of stress to explore correlates of COVID-related stress in the correctional setting. Provincial COs (N = 596) took part in an online survey at the end of 2020. Only a quarter of participants reported they felt safe at their workplace during the pandemic. Participants also reported high levels of work stress typified by significant changes to their job responsibilities and role confusion stemming from pandemic-related policies. While most participants agreed that their workplace successfully implemented safeguards, they indicated key downstream considerations were lacking and perceived low levels of certain types of support. Several individuallevel, situational workplace stressors, and coping resources were revealed to be significant correlates of COVID-19 stress. In estimating a hierarchical linear regression model, COVID-19 stress was found to be primarily driven by perceived safety precaution implementation when controlling for individual-level vulnerabilities. Findings examine the impact of COVID-19 among frontline workers in forgotten sectors such as corrections to contribute knowledge that can be used to support COs' well-being in the face of future infectious disease planning, as well as implications for policy planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FR. Longtemps, les risques encourus par les journalistes sur les zones de conflits armés n’ont pas, ou peu, été reconnus et pris en charge par les industriels de l’information. Être blessé.e ou mourir en couvrant des conflits pouvait être considéré comme un prix à payer afin d’appartenir à la noblesse des reportèr.es ou des correspondant.es de guerre, afin d’être adoubé.e par le reste de la profession. Les traumatismes n’étaient pas davantage reconnus et pris en charge, et en faire l’aveu pouvait être assimilé à une forme d’incompétence. Un tournant a été amorcé dans les années 1990. Depuis, la sécurité a progressivement fait l’objet d’une attention singulière, d’un nouveau focus, notamment dans les pays anglo-saxons et en France. Équipements de protection, formations à la sécurité en zone hostile dispensées par des militaires, prévention et guérison des traumatismes, codes de bonne conduite pour journalistes et éditeurs, sont autant de dispositifs traduisant ce tournant prudentiel. Les nouvelles précautions, différemment selon les aires géographiques et inégalement selon les statuts des journalistes, ont contribué à transformer les pratiques et à diminuer le nombre global des journalistes morts en couvrant des guerres. À partir de la littérature académique anglo-saxonne et d’une enquête de terrain menée auprès de journalistes français.es, on se propose d’appréhender le tournant prudentiel du journalisme de guerre, les prescriptions de nouvelles normes et les mesures de sécurisation des pratiques, au regard des transformations de la production d’information depuis les années 1990. Dans la lignée des travaux de Richard Sambrook et de Chris Paterson, la recherche présentée dans cet article restitue les logiques qui ont présidé à cette évolution, en particulier en France où elle avait peu été étudiée jusqu’à présent. *** EN. For a long time, the risks encountered by journalists in armed conflict zones were not, or only rarely, recognized and addressed by the news industry. Being injured or dying while covering conflicts could be considered as the price to pay in order to be included in the nobility of reporters or war correspondents, and to be praised by the rest of the profession. Trauma was not further recognized and addressed, and admitting to it could be seen as a form of incompetence. A turning point came in the 1990s. Since then, safety has gradually become the object of a particular attention, of a new focus, particularly in the Anglo-Saxon countries and in France. Protective equipment, trainings provided by the military on safety in hostile zones, prevention and healing of trauma, codes of conduct for journalists and editors are measures that demonstrate this cautionary shift. The new precautions, which vary according to geographical areas and to the status of journalists, have contributed to transforming practices and to reducing the overall number of journalists who have died while covering wars. Based on Anglo-Saxon academic literature and a field survey undertaken with French journalists, we propose to understand the cautionary turn of war journalism, the prescription of new norms and measures to make practices more secure, in the light of the transformations in news production since the 1990s. In the tradition of the work of Richard Sambrook and Chris Paterson, the research presented in this article describes the rationale behind this evolution, particularly in France, where it has been little studied until now. *** PT. Durante muito tempo, os riscos enfrentados pelos jornalistas em zonas de conflito armado foram desconsiderados pela indústria jornalística. Ferir-se ou morrer cobrindo conflitos era o preço a pagar para pertencer à nobreza do/as repórteres ou correspondentes de guerra e ser reconhecido/a pelos pares. O mesmo ocorria com relação aos traumas, ignorados ou considerados como uma forma de incompetência. Nos anos 90, inicia-se uma virada a partir da qual a segurança vai se tornando objeto de atenção e de foco, especialmente nos países anglo-saxões e na França. Equipamentos de proteção, treinamento de segurança por militares em zonas de conflito, prevenção e tratamento de traumas, códigos de ética para jornalistas e editores são exemplos de medidas que refletem essa virada prudencial. As novas precauções, que variam de acordo com as áreas geográficas e, desigualmente, com o status dos jornalistas, ajudaram a transformar as práticas e reduzir o número de jornalistas morto/as em coberturas de guerras. Fundamentados na literatura acadêmica anglo-saxônica e com base em uma pesquisa de campo com jornalistas franceses, analisam-se a virada prudencial do jornalismo de guerra e as novas normas e medidas prescritas para tornar as práticas mais seguras, à luz das transformações da produção de notícias a partir dos anos 90. Corroborando o trabalho de Richard Sambrook e Chris Paterson, a pesquisa busca restituir a lógica por trás dessa evolução, particularmente na França, onde, até então, foi pouco estudada. ***

Résumé : L’Organisation des Nations Unies a été créée en 1945 pour répondre au double défi de l’universalité et de la paix. Pour assurer la paix universelle par le droit, le Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU a été chargé d’assurer le contrôle multilatéral du recours à la force. Le dispositif de la sécurité collective onusienne reposait désormais sur les principes de l’interdiction du recours à la force et du règlement pacifique des différends. Le recours à la force devait faire l’objet de l’autorisation du Conseil de sécurité qui est le seul organe habilité de contrôler et apprécier les situations susceptibles de constituer des menaces à la paix et la sécurité internationale. Et l’universalité de la paix et la sécurité pour tous devait, sous le contrôle du Conseil de sécurité devait reposer sur le Comité d’Etat-Major des armées des Etats-membres de l’ONU. Malheureusement, cet organe subsidiaire du Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU n’a jamais vu le jour à cause des rivalités et conflits de leadership au sein du Conseil de sécurité, miné à l’époque par l’antagonisme Est-Ouest, de telle sorte que les organismes régionaux de sécurité, comme l’OTAN et l’Union européenne exercent, parfois abusivement les attributions du Conseil de sécurité. Malgré leur rigueur, les règles introduites par la Charte n’ont pas empêché le déclenchement de nombreuses guerres en dehors des mécanismes prévus et même de la part des Etats-membres du Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU, à l’instar des Etats-Unis en Afghanistan en 2001 et Irak en 2003. Actuellement, c’est le tour de la Russie de mener des opérations militaires en Ukraine sans le mandat du Conseil de sécurité.

Digital is the fact of representing information "in computer format", that is to say by binary numbers in order to be able to manipulate, process and communicate them easily via the mediation of software or applications. Digital has taken an important place in our daily lives and the health sector has not escaped it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the role and perception of hospital pharmacists in the dispensing of oral cancer drugs (MAVO) in Europe and North America. Method: Descriptive, exploratory and cross-sectional study. Identification of a hospital pharmacist by targeted legal entity. 44 variables were identified and grouped into three themes: demographics (n = 3), perceptions of current practice (n = 31), perceptions of the assignment of nine pharmaceutical tasks (n = 10) and an optimal scenario of care. Questionnaire in English and French on SurveyMonkey®, Palo Alto (CA, USA), tested by five hospital pharmacists and sent by email. Results: Fourteen respondents (14/21, 67 %) provided usable answers (e.g., 7 in Europe: Germany, Austria, Belgium, Spain, France, Netherlands and Switzerland, and 7 in North America: Quebec, Alberta, New Brunswick, Ontario, Manitoba, Prince Edward Island and the United States). Validation of MAVO prescription compliance involves the hospital pharmacist in 12 cases out of 14. A majority of respondents (11/14) do not have enough resources to ensure quality supervision of all patients treated by MAVO. Conclusion: Regardless of the legal entity, a majority of respondents consider that the workload is on the rise and that the resources are insufficient to ensure quality pharmaceutical services and care (i.e., safety and proper use). This exploratory study shows the interest of reflecting on the current model of pharmaceutical practice (hospital against pharmacy) in order to ensure adequate and efficient treatment of cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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With numerous clinical, technological or strategic innovations, radiation therapy is constantly evolving, contributing to major quality and safety issues, in a context where new regulatory standards are required. In this article, we will describe the conditions for implementing and applying the requirements for accreditation, periodic certification and peer audit in France., (Copyright © 2024 Société française de radiothérapie oncologique (SFRO). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

An essential link in the smooth running of the operation, the role of circulator is another facet of the operating room nurse's (ORN) activities. As the orchestra conductor of the operation, the circulating role gives the nurse the ability to coordinate the entire team, ensure continuity at every stage of patient care in the OR, and manage all risks that may arise during the operation., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)