Search

A challenging aspect of online education is assessment since academic integrity could be violated due to students' cheating behaviors. The current qualitative research investigated English teachers' perceptions of why students cheat in online assessments. Besides, it attempted to find strategies to reduce cheating in online assessments. Twelve teachers (seven males and five females) with at least 5 years of teaching experience in different high schools in Tabriz, Iran, participated in the study. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and were analyzed using MAXQDA version 2022. Freedom in the absence of an invigilator, unpreparedness for assessment, getting better grades/outcomes, low self-esteem/self-confidence, shortage of time/poor time management, peer influence or competition, not taking assessment seriously, fear of failure/bad assessment outcomes, and lack of respect for academic rules/the teacher were some reasons of cheating in online assessment revealed by the analysis of the data. The teachers suggested strategies to curb cheating in online assessment, such as randomizing questions, using open-ended and essay-format questions, designing different test methods and question types, restricting exam time, designing learner-specific questions, showing one question at a time, and providing clear exam instructions. The study has some pedagogical implications for faculty members and administrators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A challenging aspect of online education is assessment since academic integrity could be violated due to students’ cheating behaviors. The current qualitative research investigated English teachers’ perceptions of why students cheat in online assessments. Besides, it attempted to find strategies to reduce cheating in online assessments. Twelve teachers (seven males and five females) with at least 5 years of teaching experience in different high schools in Tabriz, Iran, participated in the study. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and were analyzed using MAXQDA version 2022. Freedom in the absence of an invigilator, unpreparedness for assessment, getting better grades/outcomes, low self-esteem/self-confidence, shortage of time/poor time management, peer influence or competition, not taking assessment seriously, fear of failure/bad assessment outcomes, and lack of respect for academic rules/the teacher were some reasons of cheating in online assessment revealed by the analysis of the data. The teachers suggested strategies to curb cheating in online assessment, such as randomizing questions, using open-ended and essay-format questions, designing different test methods and question types, restricting exam time, designing learner-specific questions, showing one question at a time, and providing clear exam instructions. The study has some pedagogical implications for faculty members and administrators.

Objective: to review the results of the 7th Siberian Anti-Corruption Forum “Incentives and Restrictions in the System of Anticorruption Security” held in Krasnoyarsk on December 15-16, 2023 (organizers: Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk Krai Governor’s Administration, Krasnoyarsk Krai Prosecutor’s Office, Krasnoyarsk Krai Department of the Ministry of Justice of Russia for Krasnoyarsk Krai, Krasnoyarsk Regional Branch of the Russian Lawyers’ Association).Methods: general scientific method of dialectical cognition, as well as a number of private scientific methods, such as historicallegal, system-structural, comparative-legal, formal-logical (deduction, induction, definition and division of the concept), etc.Results: the forum discussed the following key topics: anti-corruption security as an integrative scientific category, the role of incentives and restrictions in the system of its provision; history of development, concept, types and system of anti-corruption incentives and restrictions; international legal regulation of incentives and restrictions in the system of anticorruption security; foreign and Russian experience of resource provision of anti-corruption incentives and restrictions; the role of law enforcement agencies and civil society institutions in providing anti-corruption security; anti-corruption potential of digitalization processes, etc.Scientific novelty: the leading idea of the Forum scientific and practical dialogue was harmonization of anti-corruption incentives and restrictions, since the search for a successful combination of these tools will create legal prerequisites for a qualitative transition to a new model of anti-corruption activities and ensure the security of individuals, society and the state from various corruption threats.Practical significance: based on the Forum results, the author formulated proposals aimed at improving the state policy in the field of combating corruption, as well as the anti-corruption activities of various subjects. These results are of interest to scientists, educators, law enforcement officials, and all those interested in the issues of combating corruption.

Abstract Preparedness to endure extreme situations such as natural disasters or military conflicts is not commonplace in healthcare training programs. Moreover, multidisciplinary teams in health services rarely (if ever) include experts in security. However, when emergency situations occur, prevailing healthcare demands do not cease to exist, and unexpected demands often surge due to the shortage of other services and supplies or as a consequence of the emergency condition itself. With services in 45 countries, AIDS Healthcare Foundation (AHF) has operated in several conflict zones, facing broad and challenging security demands. Since 2017 AHF has implemented the Global Department of Safety and Security (GDSS), a dedicated intelligence and safety program that had a key role in the security monitoring, preparedness, and defense responses, assisting staff members and clients during recent conflicts. In this manuscript, we describe the experience of AHF’s GDSS in three recent military conflicts in Ethiopia, Myanmar, and Ukraine, and provide insights into steps that can be taken to assure staff safety and support the mission of caring for patients throughout catastrophic events.

Copyright of Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Humana is the property of Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Universidad Ricardo Palma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Preparedness to endure extreme situations such as natural disasters or military conflicts is not commonplace in healthcare training programs. Moreover, multidisciplinary teams in health services rarely (if ever) include experts in security. However, when emergency situations occur, prevailing healthcare demands do not cease to exist, and unexpected demands often surge due to the shortage of other services and supplies or as a consequence of the emergency condition itself. With services in 45 countries, AIDS Healthcare Foundation (AHF) has operated in several conflict zones, facing broad and challenging security demands. Since 2017 AHF has implemented the Global Department of Safety and Security (GDSS), a dedicated intelligence and safety program that had a key role in the security monitoring, preparedness, and defense responses, assisting staff members and clients during recent conflicts. In this manuscript, we describe the experience of AHF's GDSS in three recent military conflicts in Ethiopia, Myanmar, and Ukraine, and provide insights into steps that can be taken to assure staff safety and support the mission of caring for patients throughout catastrophic events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on semi-structured interviews with security managers of the Czech football clubs, we addressed their role in countering football--related violence as part of the complex 'counter-hooligan' apparatus. We explored how their strategies responded to challenges and dilemmas resulting from the specific configuration of this apparatus, dominated by the idea of the football clubs' primary responsibility for maintaining security and public order inside stadiums. Primarily, this idea was reflected in the police withdrawal from the stadiums and disciplinary penalties imposed on clubs by the football association. However, without a corresponding shift in the public agencies' approach to controlling and punishing incidents of football-related violence, the clubs were not able to exclude the problematic minority from their stadiums. Consequently, they employed different informal and sometimes controversial practices, including the deployment of 'private' riot squads, and expressed support even for indiscriminate and unpopular measures, such as fan card schemes and biometric identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information security in the automated production control system at PAO Koks is discussed. Organizational and engineering aspects of security required to ensure accessibility, integrity, and confidentiality of data in the critical information infrastructure are noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the European protection order (hereinafter - EPO) in the context of crime victim protection. The following aspects were considered: general issues of the essence and purpose of the EPO; its correlation with measures under the national law of the EU country; conditions of issuance; issuing and execution procedure; protection of the rights of persons causing danger; the specifications of the execution. The correlation of measures under the EPO with security measures and restrictive measures and restrictive prescriptions under Ukrainian legislation is considered. It is indicated that European researchers identify a number of defects in the regulation of the European protection order, which affects the effectiveness of this tool; this indicates that the provisions of Directive 2011/99/EU may be transformed in the future. As conclusions, it is also stated that: 1) the EPO will not be applicable for to security measures, which are regulated "On ensuring the security of persons participating in criminal proceedings", taking into account the list of measures in Art. 5 of Directive 2011/99/EU and the provision that the person causing danger must be heard; 2) The EPO will generally be able to be used to interact with restrictive prescription under the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine and restrictive measures under the Criminal Code and the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine (although there may be issues due to administrative and criminal sanctions for domestic violence, and such an approach by the Ukrainian legislator may raise questions about double criminality in comparison with the criminally punishable actions of other EU countries, which may cause the impossibility of applying to other countries under the order procedure and executing the order in Ukraine); 3) due to the fact that Directive 2011/99/EU is about protection against any criminal offences, it will be necessary to make changes to the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine in order to implement the EPO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Those who are not in computer science background, the preparation of the tutorial of cyber security can be more complex and difficult to understand. This paper generates a degree level virtualforensics and security course in a computer engineering department which presents synopsis, policies and application for a different departmental student domain. When the larger numbers of students in the section don’t have background of computer science, then the application for integrated student listeners can be challenging. This course led to provide a comprehensive perspective to widen knowledge and deep learning of network security by utilizing multidisciplinary groups to get knowledge and experience taking theory to practice and vice-versa. Computer science gives conceptual support and technological tools and approach to verify security parameters. Scientific techniques and principles to critical analysis are provided by Forensic science. It also collect data and analyzes the data which is digital evidence. The course involves learners from multidisciplinary educational backgrounds promotes cooperation between computer science and forensic students. Through this student gets familiar with the all views of cybersecurity. The abstract concludes that producing students which are well-equipped to plot the route for complex and emerging field of cyber security. The research also explores emerging technologies and trends that are reshaping the cyber security landscape, including the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in threat detection, the rise of quantum-resistant cryptography, and the implications on digital security. This review paper critically examines the current landscape of cyber security measures with a focus on strategies employed to counteract evolving digital threats. As technology continues to advance, so do the complexities of cyber threats, necessitating a thorough analysis of existing cyber security paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have explored the relationship between the implementation of security measures and people's fear of crime. However, most were cross-sectional studies, and the causality between two variables is not clear. This study examined the relevant causal relationships using scenario-based experiments. In Study 1, Japanese university students (N = 180) read one of the two messages, and the fear of crime was found to be decreased in participants who received a message about guards patrolling. This result was inconsistent with previous research reported that the perception of security measures positively correlates with fear of crime, and inspired Study 2. In Study 2, Japanese participants (N = 105) read one of three scenarios that involved security measures against serious crime (the serious condition), security measures against minor crime (the minor condition), or no security measures (the control condition). The results showed that fear of crime was increased more in participants in the serious condition than in the other two conditions; fear of crime in the minor condition remained around the same level with that in the control condition. These results support the hypothesis that implementing security measures increases fear of crime only when security measures are suggestive of serious crimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the cognitive orientation of investigative activity during pre-trial proceedings. It emphasizes that cognitive activity in the process of disclosing and investigating a criminal offense is determined by the provisions of the current Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, procedural means primarily aimed at understanding the circumstances to be established. Undoubtedly, these means should contribute to obtaining new knowledge about circumstances relevant to criminal proceedings, but in accordance with Part 8 of Article 223 and Part 5 of Article 280 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, if pre-trial investigation is completed, the terms have expired, or it has been suspended, the investigator’s activity related to understanding past events ceases due to the prohibition on conducting investigative (search) actions. However, investigative (search) actions also include measures to ensure criminal proceedings, such as detention, temporary access to items and documents, temporary seizure of property, and property arrest. However, since the regulatory framework for investigative (search) actions and measures to ensure criminal proceedings remains vague, the question arises about the possibility or impossibility of using these measures outside the deadlines of pre-trial investigation to obtain evidence in criminal proceedings without violating the general principles of criminal proceedings (primacy of law, legality, reasonableness of deadlines). Based on this, it is suggested that the cognitive nature of some measures to ensure criminal proceedings reflects the imperfection of the regulatory distinction between investigative (search) actions and measures to ensure criminal proceedings, considering their general definition in the norms of criminal procedural law. Finally, the question is raised about the investigator’s ability to obtain information about the circumstances of committing a criminal offense through measures to ensure in a suspended criminal proceeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the autumn of 1806, in view of the defeat of Prussia in the clash with France and the approach of Napoleon’s army to the borders of Russia, the Russian authorities became concerned about the loyalty of their Polish subjects. The authorities of the Lithuanian governorates took preventive measures to preclude an uprising movement and preserve public peace. In particular, attempts were made to seal the border. More careful attention was paid to the movement of people, and care was taken to ensure that travellers did not bring anti-government writings into Russia. Intelligence activities were intensified to monitor the disposition of the population. Emperor Alexander I ordered that any insurrectionary uprising be vigorously suppressed by the harshest means, including the use of the army. At the same time, the authorities tried to avoid anything that could fuel popular discontent. By the Emperor’s decision, the use of ukases in the courts, which, in the opinion of the Lithuanian nobility, hindered the conduct of judicial proceedings, was stopped. Attempts were made to introduce strict discipline in military units to prevent abuse of the civilian population. A police force was put on alert to put suspicious people arriving from abroad under surveillance. Signals of contact between Lithuanian residents and the French army were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violence in healthcare is an urgent and increasing issue. Mental health settings are particularly affected, with severe negative impacts on staff, patients, and organizations. Security technologies could help maintain and improve safety in this field. However, knowledge of their utilization and effectiveness in mental health is lacking. A scoping review was conducted using the methodology recommended by the Joanna Briggs Institute to map research on the utilization and effects of security technologies in mental health, identify how research is currently performed, and highlight gaps in the existing knowledge. Literature search for peer‐reviewed publications was performed on PubMed, CINAHL, PsycInfo, Embase, and Scopus. Following the screening process and the eligibility criteria, 22 articles were included in this review. The publication range was 2002–2020, many studies were surveys, and European countries were the most investigated, especially the United Kingdom. Overall, the use of 10 different technologies was reported 46 times. The most represented category was alarms, followed by video cameras, other technologies (such as wearable sensors), and metal detectors. More than half of the included papers reported positive effects of these measures on safety. This review indicates that several security technologies are available in mental health settings, with encouraging positive safety outcomes for both patients and healthcare professionals, especially nurses. However, research on the topic is still emerging, with a limited number of sources and a few high‐quality designed studies. Therefore, future research should focus on producing evidence on the availability and effectiveness of these measures in mental health settings across countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The railway industry—traditionally a conservative industry with low adaption speed for innovation—is currently entering its digitization phase. The sector faces a challenge in integrating new technologies and approaches into the employed—often safety-critical—systems. Keeping the systems secure while conforming to the demanding safety norms creates previously unknown problems. In the last decades, the number of attacks on the railway system has increased. Furthermore, with standardized digital technologies, the attack surface will keep growing. Therefore, in this work, we look into the foreseeable future of the railway system and present 21 likely use cases. We analyze these use cases regarding possible threats, rate the severity of these threats, and deduce and rate necessary countermeasures. To this end, we model these use cases and the corresponding threats and countermeasures using Attack Graphs. We use a graphical solution for the risk and security analysis due to advantages over other methods, i.e., table-based solutions, like simplified presentation and an easier understanding of relationships, dependencies, and interactions between various elements. From these Attack Graphs, we extracted 14 commonly recurring attack strategies. After analyzing 49 countermeasures regarding their current maturity and further research and standardization demands, we identified 21 in need of further investigation. This implies that 21 necessary countermeasures to secure these future use cases require further research to apply to railway systems or require standardization. These results will help researchers focus on the necessary research and standardization and railway operators to ensure the security of their systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The railway industry—traditionally a conservative industry with low adaption speed for innovation—is currently entering its digitization phase. The sector faces a challenge in integrating new technologies and approaches into the employed—often safety-critical—systems. Keeping the systems secure while conforming to the demanding safety norms creates previously unknown problems. In the last decades, the number of attacks on the railway system has increased. Furthermore, with standardized digital technologies, the attack surface will keep growing. Therefore, in this work, we look into the foreseeable future of the railway system and present 21 likely use cases. We analyze these use cases regarding possible threats, rate the severity of these threats, and deduce and rate necessary countermeasures. To this end, we model these use cases and the corresponding threats and countermeasures using Attack Graphs. We use a graphical solution for the risk and security analysis due to advantages over other methods, i.e., table-based solutions, like simplified presentation and an easier understanding of relationships, dependencies, and interactions between various elements. From these Attack Graphs, we extracted 14 commonly recurring attack strategies. After analyzing 49 countermeasures regarding their current maturity and further research and standardization demands, we identified 21 in need of further investigation. This implies that 21 necessary countermeasures to secure these future use cases require further research to apply to railway systems or require standardization. These results will help researchers focus on the necessary research and standardization and railway operators to ensure the security of their systems.

Technical sectors compose an inseparable and elementary part of a complex critical infrastructure (CI) system. Their provided services are essential to the functioning of all of the dependent sectors of CI on which society and states depend, especially in areas experiencing high levels of urbanisation. The initial point for effective CI elements' protection is the permanent assessment and strengthening of their capacity for resilience to the negative effects of internal and external threats. The current perceptions of resilience focus primarily on repressive components responsive to incidents (i.e., robustness, recoverability, and adaptability), while minimal attention is paid to the preventative components. The article's contribution to this literature gap is its definition of resistance, which can be considered as a CI element's ability to prevent the occurrence of incidents. To this goal, the current study defines (1) the individual factors (variables and parameters) determining CI resistance and (2) the methodological procedure for infrastructure element resistance assessment in order to identify the weak points throughout a complex CI system and subsequently strengthen them. Moreover, a practical example of resistance assessment for a selected critical energy infrastructure element is presented. The main outcome of this article is the definition of the primary steps for the expansion of the CIERA method, via the enhancement of CI components' resilience capacity in the prevention phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to assess the security measures on digital banking as a basis for improving services. The researcher used a descriptive method of research, employed with the used of a standard questionnaire. Descriptive research design involves gathering data that seeks to describe events and then organizing, tabulates, depicts, and describes the data collection in a systematic manner. (Glass, G. V., & Hopkins, K. D. 1984) The survey questionnaire is divided into two parts: the demographic profile of respondents and the list of questions that the researcher aims to know in order to collect valid and reliable data needed for the study. The second part was subdivided into 3 parts, which are Security Measures on Digital Banking, Common Digital Banking Issues and Problems Encountered by Respondents, and an open-ended question about Suggestions & other problems encountered. The security measures on digital banking in terms of trust and security trust and security, knowledge and awareness, ease of use, and usefulness are strongly agreed upon. However, it is necessary to improve the security measures with regard to accessing the apps using multiple devices, securing one time passwords, an easy withdrawal system, and clearing service requests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental disorders are problems that require effective and relevant attention, as well as the association between variables to achieve their overcoming through interventions and to increase the well-being of those who present them. The objective of the study is to determine the association between mental disorders and crimes committed against members of the family group or not by people declared not imputable who were interned in the institute. With a quantitative approach, non-experimental design, retrospective cross-sectional and correlational scope, we worked with a population of 76 participants, mostly men, in middle adulthood, mestizo, single, from urban areas, with primary education level and low socio-economic condition; The main diagnosis was schizophrenia and the crime of violence against women or members of the family nucleus, the victims being generally the parents of the aggressors; no statistically significant association was found between mental disorders and crimes committed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the peculiarities of the use of house arrest during martial law. It was established that after the full-scale invasion of Russia into the territory of Ukraine, the frequency of the use of house arrest did not decrease, however, regulatory and legal changes were made to the specifics of the use and cancellation of house arrest under martial law. Such changes are related to the list of circumstances that the investigating judge, the court is obliged to take into account when choosing a preventive measure. It is offered to group the following additional circumstances into blocks: 1) related to the operational situation in the city where the person's home is located; 2) related to the military duty of the suspect, the accused and his possibility of military service; 3) related to the need to maintain and protect persons under the care of the suspect, the accused, etc. As a result of the analysis of court practice, it was found that courts often specify in the operative part of the court decision exceptional cases in which a person subject to house arrest can leave the home. It is argued that these exceptional cases are not mitigation of the conditions of house arrest and do not need to be specified in the court decision. It was established that in the event of a threat to the life and health of the suspect or the accused, or their family members, the latter may leave the home until the danger has passed. In other cases, if a person needs to leave the home, it is necessary to apply to the court with a corresponding petition. It was determined that in conditions of a blackout and in cases where a person under 24-hour house arrest lives in a house alone, a different preventive measure than house arrest should be used, due to its ineffectiveness. It has been proven that it is impractical to indicate in the decision on the application of house arrest the nearest shelters from the person's place of residence, to which the person can go in the event of an alarm. The investigating judge, the court during the consideration of the petition for the application of house arrest and the police officer who supervises compliance with the conditions of house arrest must explain in detail the right of the suspect or the accused to take personal security measures when there is a threat to his life and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electronic payment system, often referred to as an e-payment system, is a crucial component of electronic commerce (E-commerce) and electronic data interchange. It enables the acceptance of electronic payments for various offline transactions. As the internet has become integral to banking and shopping, E-commerce payment systems have gained widespread popularity. Credit cards are the dominant payment method for online transactions, with nearly 90% of North American online retail transactions utilising them. These systems require strict adherence to regulations set by credit and debit card issuers and the implementation of security measures, including encryption and careful coding, to protect user data. While credit card security has improved in some regions, challenges persist in enhancing it worldwide. Various financial intermediaries like PayPal, Smart Pay and Stripe facilitate online transactions, but concerns about security and trust issues between the public and financial institutions continue to be relevant in the digital payment landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to construct, synthesize, and edit genes and genomes at scale and with speed enables, in synergy with other tools of engineering biology, breakthrough applications with far-reaching implications for society. As SARS-CoV-2 spread around the world in early spring of 2020, researchers rapidly mobilized, using these tools in the development of diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines for COVID-19. The sharing of knowledge was crucial to making rapid progress. Several publications described the use of reverse genetics for the de novo construction of SARS-CoV-2 in the laboratory, one in the form of a protocol. Given the demonstrable harm caused by the virus, the unequal distribution of mitigating vaccines and therapeutics, their unknown efficacy against variants, and the interest in this research by laboratories unaccustomed to working with highly transmissible pandemic pathogens, there are risks associated with such publications, particularly as protocols. We describe considerations and offer suggestions for enhancing security in the publication of synthetic biology research and techniques. We recommend: (1) that protocol manuscripts for the de novo synthesis of certain pathogenic viruses undergo a mandatory safety and security review; (2) that if published, such papers include descriptions of the discussions or review processes that occurred regarding security considerations in the main text; and (3) the development of a governance framework for the inclusion of basic security screening during the publication process of engineering biology/synthetic biology manuscripts to build and support a safe and secure research enterprise that is able to maximize its positive impacts and minimize any negative outcomes.

Based on the analysis of regulatory legal acts and investigative and judicial practice, certain peculiarities of procedural decision-making during pre-trial investigation of high-profile criminal offences of a sexual nature committed against children have been highlighted, namely, with regard to: the formation of an investigative team or an investigative and operational team; the application of security measures; the conduct of criminal proceedings in a closed court session; and the application of measures to ensure criminal proceedings. It has been noted that for a comprehensive, complete and impartial pre-trial investigation of high-profile criminal offences, including sexual offences committed against children, the need to establish an investigative team is provided for at the regulatory level. In addition, the law provides for the possibility for an investigating judge or court to decide to conduct criminal proceedings in a closed court session during the entire trial or a separate part of it in the case of a criminal offence against sexual freedom and sexual inviolability of a person (Article 27(2)(2) of the CPC of Ukraine). Court practice has shown examples of such a decision being made in the case of choosing a preventive measure for a person suspected of committing sexual offences, in particular those committed against children, and during the interrogation of a person during a pre-trial investigation in a court hearing. A procedure for application of measures to ensure criminal proceedings during the pre-trial investigation of the category of criminal offences under study, in particular, suspension from the duty, and preventive measures has been analysed. It has been established that, for the most part, preventive measures are chosen taking into account the risks envisaged by Article 177 of the CPC of Ukraine, the severity of the punishment which the suspect faces if found guilty of the criminal offence of which he or she is suspected, the data on the suspect's identity, and the resonance of the criminal offence committed.

This study analyses the ways of leaking confidential information, the circumstances of legal presentation of the information related to the activity of entities, as well as the responsibilities related to the disclosure of confidential data. The purpose of this article is to elucidate the need to secure financial and accounting information and increase the awareness of accounting professionals regarding the emergence of risks generated by the digitalization of economic processes. The research methodology focused on the use of traditional methods, especially the dynamic and structural analysis of the researched phenomenon. As a result of the observations made, we can mention that securing the financial and accounting information ensures its confidentiality, respectively prevents causing financial or other damages. There is no report or database in the Republic of Moldova with open access that would reflect the situation related to the securing of financial and accounting information, therefore, in the paper the data at the world level were reflected.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) emphasizes that equitable access to safe and affordable medicines is vital to attaining the highest possible standard of health by all. Ensuring equitable access to medicines (ATM) is also a key narrative of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as SDG 3.8 specifies "access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all" as a central component of universal health coverage (UHC). The SDG 3.b emphasizes the need to develop medicines to address persistent treatment gaps. However, around 2 billion people globally have no access to essential medicines, particularly in lower- and middle-income countries. The states’ recognition of health as a human right obligates them to ensure access to timely, acceptable, affordable health care. While ATM is inherent in minimizing the treatment gaps, global health diplomacy (GHD) contributes to addressing these gaps and fulfilling the state’s embracement of health as a human right.

Purpose: Owing to the digital skills shortage in South Africa, this article ascertains the digital skills requirements of the Real Estate, Finance and Business Services sector in South Africa. The aim of this study is to understand which digital skills graduates are expected to possess when they enter this sector, as well as its level of importance of each digital skill. The Real Estate, Finance and Business Services sector has been South Africa's largest GDP contributor for the past several years, therefore this particular sector was selected for this study. Methodology: A quantitative research approach was undertaken to survey 387 business professionals from the Real-Estate, Finance and Business Services sector in South Africa. The survey was conducted online via LinkedIn and participants acted in their individual capacity as business professionals, resulting in a response rate of 49 per cent. Findings: Digital skills related to the use of software applications and Web tools, the use of information systems, and the application of security measures in digital environments were analysed using Principal Component Analysis. The findings revealed that this industry sector placed a great deal of importance on a graduate's ability to apply security measures in digital environments, particularly pertaining to Personal IT Security Skills. Originality: This study will greatly assist South African higher education institutions with regard to curriculum development in the commerce disciplines, since most commerce students feed into the said sector. A curriculum that is better aligned to meet industry needs, will ensure that graduates are adequately prepared for this particular South African industry sector. A study of this nature is lacking in the South African context, which will greatly help South African higher education institutions to align their curricula to meet this sector's digital skills need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Derecho Penal y Criminologia is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Departamento de Derecho Penal y Criminologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Economica: Revistă Ştiinţifico-Didactică is the property of Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova (AESM) / Academia de Studii Economice din Moldova (AESM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Punishments are changeable and depend on goals. Therefore, when there is valid knowledge that correctional goals of punishment are failed, releasing a criminal who certainly endangers public safety is a denial of public rights. In this case, presumption of innocence has been changed to presumption of guilt and the judge by realizing the objective and qualitative criteria that indicate the survival of dangerous situation, can determine the preventive detention.Therefore, with qualitative approach and phenomenological methodology through library studies, this article seeks to address the following question: "What are the principles and criteria for legislation of preventive detention in the German, Iran and Imamiyeh jurisprudence legal system?"The findings are that the main bases of preventive imprisonment are the discourse of overcoming public security over freedom, the discourse of victim-centered criminal law, the principle of caution and the rule of the need to repel harm, but the problem is the criteria for achieving a valid suspicion of a dangerous situation. It seems that valid suspicion can be obtained by determining quantitative and qualitative criteria.Iranian legislature, relying on reasonable grounds and criteria, in cases of valid suspicion of a dangerous situation can legislate prevent imprisonment for dangerous criminals.

Objective: to investigate factors associated with the SARS-CoV-2 infection among health professionals from university hospitals. Method: a multicenter, mixed approach study with concomitant incorporated strategy, carried out with 559 professionals in the quantitative stage, and 599 in the qualitative stage. Four data collection instruments were used, applied by means of an electronic form. The quantitative analysis was performed with descriptive and inferential statistics and the qualitative data were processed by means of content analysis. Results: the factors associated with the infection were as follows: performance of the RT-PCR test (p<0.001) and units offering care to COVID-19 patients (p=0.028). Having symptoms increased 5.63 times the prevalence of infection and adhering to social distancing most of the time in private life reduced it by 53.9%. The qualitative data evidenced difficulties faced by the professionals: scarcity and low quality of Personal Protective Equipment, work overload, physical distancing at work, inadequate processes and routines and lack of a mass screening and testing policy. Conclusion: the factors associated with the SARS-CoV-2 infection among health professionals were mostly related to occupational issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Health Organisation (WHO) emphasizes that equitable access to safe and affordable medicines is vital to attaining the highest possible standard of health by all. Ensuring equitable access to medicines (ATM) is also a key narrative of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as SDG 3.8 specifies "access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all" as a central component of universal health coverage (UHC). The SDG 3.b emphasizes the need to develop medicines to address persistent treatment gaps. However, around 2 billion people globally have no access to essential medicines, particularly in lower-and middle-income countries. The states' recognition of health as a human right obligates them to ensure access to timely, acceptable, affordable health care. While ATM is inherent in minimizing the treatment gaps, global health diplomacy (GHD) contributes to addressing these gaps and fulfilling the state's embracement of health as a human right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte is the property of Redprint Editora Ltda. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents a comprehensive review of security measures in database systems, focusing on authentication, access control, encryption, auditing, intrusion detection, and privacy-enhancing techniques. It aims to provide valuable insights into the latest advancements and best practices in securing databases. The review examines the challenges, vulnerabilities, and mitigation strategies associated with database security. It explores various authentication methods, access control models, encryption techniques, auditing and monitoring approaches, intrusion detection systems, and data leakage prevention mechanisms. The paper also discusses the impact of emerging trends such as cloud computing, big data, and the Internet of Things on database security. By synthesizing existing research, this review aims to contribute to the advancement of database security and assist organizations in protecting their sensitive data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Paulista de Enfermagem is the property of Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista de Enfermagem and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Salud UIS is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuestiones Políticas is the property of Revista Cuestiones Politicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)