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Terna plants are used by Indonesians as raw materials for herbal and traditional medicine, including Phyllantus niruri L. and Phyllantus urinaria L. Therefore, this study aimed to explore, analyze and compile the activities and potential of Phyllantus niruri L. and Phyllantus urinaria L. as agents of hepatitis B virus (HBV) inhibitors using a narrative review approach. It was conducted based on the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA) by establishing inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study selected and reviewed 15 out of 38 articles. The Phyllantus genus is a group of seasonal herbs containing bioactive compounds and activity as HBV Inhibitors. In this study, 23 compounds were identified in the two species, including Nirtetralin, Phyllanthin, Niranthin, Hinokinin, Ellagic acid, Ethanol, Phyllanthosterol, Ethyl brevifolincarboxylate, Tenofovir, Quercetin, Quercitrin, Astragalin, Repanducinic acid, Corilagin, Gallic acid, Aloe-emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, Catechin, D-glucopyranoside, Ethyl gallate, Protocatequatic acid, Chebulanin, Albibrissinoside B, and (-)-Epicatechin. Meanwhile, the activity in inhibiting cells infected with HBV was reported in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, and in silico. The mechanism of bioactive compounds as HBV inhibitors focuses on suppression, blocking, and inhibiting the synthesis, secretion, and expression of HBsAg, HBcAg, and HbeAg in test media. The results showed that Meniran red and green bioactive compounds have the potential to be developed as raw materials as herbal medicine with promising prospects as commercial drug candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The atpE gene is a target for bedaquiline (Bdq)-activating drug action and mutations in the gene are fixed to cause resistance. However, changes in the amino acid of ATPase have been little reported from a clinical setting since it was first used in 2015 in Indonesia. This study aims to observe the sequence of nucleotide and amino acid from rifampicin-resistant (RR) pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients, both new and relapse cases treated with Bdq. Methods: This is an observational descriptive study performed in the referral hospital Dr Soetomo, Indonesia, at August 2022-November 2022. We performed Sanger sequencing and comparison of the atpE gene from the patient's sputum from August to November 2022 to wild-type Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and species of mycobacteria using BioEdit version 7.2 and BLAST NCBI software. We also conducted an epidemiological study on patients' characteristics. This study uses a descriptive statistic to show the percentage of data. Results: The total of 12 M. tuberculosis isolates showed that the atpE gene sequence was 100% similar to the wild-type M. tuberculosis H37Rv. No single-nucleotide polymorphisms or mutations were found, and no change in the amino acid structure at position 28 (Asp), 61 (Glu), 63 (Ala), and 66 (Ile). The percentage identity of atpE to M. tuberculosis H37Rv and M. tuberculosis complex was 99%-100%, while the similarity with the other mycobacteria species other than TB (Mycobacterium avium complex, Mycobacterium abscessus, and Mycobacterium lepraemurium) was 88%-91%. Conclusions: This study revealed M. tuberculosis-atpE gene sequence profile of RR-TB patients had no mutations, as the specific gene region, and no change in the amino acid structure. Therefore, Bdq can be continually trusted as an effective anti-tubercular drug in RR-TB patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease with diverse and complex metabolic disorders. DM can be identified with hyperglycemic conditions. In 2017, Indonesia ranked sixth in the world for the highest number of diabetic patients after China, India, United States, Brazil, and Mexico. Objective: This study aims to determine the combined effect of alginate extract from Sargassum duplicatum and Sargassum ilicifolium with okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) pericarp extracts to ameliorate the wound width process, the number of neutrophil cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, fibrocytes, and collagen density in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Methods: This study used male mice (strain BALB/C, weighting 30±5 g each) which were grouped into four groups; normal control with water only; diabetic control group; combination treatment group with S. duplicatum extract, A. esculentus extract, and G. mangostana extract; and combination treatment group with S. ilicifolium extract, A. esculentus extract, and G. mangostana extract. The diabetic control group and combination treatment groups were injected with multiple low doses of streptozotocin (STZ) at 30 mg/kg BW intraperitoneally. The combination extract dose given in treatment groups was 50 mg/kg BW. Measurement of fasting blood sugar levels was done before and after the STZ injection. The mice’s skin was cut in the gluteal section as long as 1 cm, then treated topically in three different time periods namely 3, 7, and 14 days. Histological preparation and analysis were conducted on the 15th day. Results: The administration of A. esculentus extract and G. mangostana extract combined with S. duplicatum and S. ilicifolium increased wound healing indicator rate, decreased neutrophile cell count (NCC) and fibrocyte cell count (FCCC), and increased collagen synthesis as an extracellular matrix (ECM). The treatments could restore the open wound healing process of diabetic mice to their normal state. There were no significant differences in macrophage cell count (MCC) and fibroblast cell count (FBCC). The histopathology showed that the combination treatment groups also could accelerate the wound healing process in mice skin. Conclusion: In summary, this study addressed that the administration of A. esculentus extract and G. mangostana extract combined with S. duplicatum and S. silicifolium extracts could ameliorate open wound healing in diabetic mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stem cell therapy has become a frontier in medical practice. It led to the conception of regenerative medicine that utilizes cell-based approaches in the treatment and management of degenerative diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus, Parkinson’s disease, and cardiac-related diseases. Known for being undifferentiated and for their regenerative capacities, stem cells can help promote cell replacement in organs that are damaged beyond their ability to self-repair. A plethora of strong proofs of their potentials has led to numerous studies on isolation techniques–enzymatic and non-enzymatic approaches. This review compares enzymatic approaches in stem cell isolation, specifically on the use of trypsin and collagenases, and also as part of basic laboratory manual procedures. Non-enzymatic approaches such as ultrasonic cavitation method is briefly discussed. Moreover, current applications of stem cells on terminally differentiated organs in the body and their challenges in the clinical setting are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of bedaquiline has been reported to minimize the number of lost to follow-up and fewer rejections from the patients. This study is the first to depict the use of bedaquiline. It aims to provide information related to the profile of the MDR-TB drug regimen in the last 7 years with the treatment outcomes of pulmonary MDR-TB patients at a tertiary referral hospital in East Java., Methods: This study was a retrospective, descriptive, and data analysis on 1053 pulmonary MDR-TB patients in tertiary referral hospital Dr Soetomo, East Java, Indonesia, with the SPSS software version 25 and Microsoft Excel 2021., Results: The study analyzed the  MDR-TB treatment regimen following the latest guidelines from WHO (2020) at a tertiary referral hospital in East Java. This study shows that a bedaquiline-containing regimen started in January 2015 to July 2022 with the percentage of distribution (1, 3, 11, 4, 18, 13, 29, 21)% consecutively in the regimen. The treatment outcome profile of MDR-TB patients shows the average percentage of cured (15%), died (12%), lost-to-follow-up cases (27%), moved to an individualized regimen or a different health facility (42%), and currently in the evaluation stage (4%). Overall from January 2017 to July  2022, the number of LTFU cases decreased (42, 46, 29, 19, 8, 4)%. However, the cured case fluctuated between 2017-2022 (16, 28, 26, 32)%  respectively after Bdq started to be included in the regimen regularly for treating RR/MDR-TB., Conclusion: After seven years of study, we revealed an association between adding bedaquiline to the regimen and the treatment success and decreasing lost-to-follow-up cases.