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Our aim is to clarify the species used for production of salep, production methods of orchids in Altınova region of Haskoy and Bulanık districts of Muş province. The orchids species were collected from Muş province, Hasköy district around Altınova town and around Bulanık district. Moreover, our research showed that salep is collected from Diyarbakır as well. The methods and the species used to obtain salep in these areas were determined. Segmentary tubers collected from Muş province, Hasköy district around Altınova town and around Bulanık district belong to Dactylorhiza umbrosa, Dactylorhiza iberica. As for The round tubers, they are Anacamptis palustris, Orchis pseudolaxiflora, Anacamptis coriophora. In the area, 7 orchids species were determined. The species belong to 4 orchids genera. Two of the species are rhizomatous. Every year millions of orchids are being destructed to obtain salep. This destruction especially endangers the salep species growing in meadows. © 2019, Centenary University. All rights reserved.

Botanicals are used worldwide in food and supplements for their nutritional and physiological effects and have become part of the local and regional cultural heritage. The use of botanicals has evolved from experience over a long period of time, often over centuries. Folk knowledge of this use has been passed on from generation to generation and later been systematically recorded. This information is collectively called ‘traditional use’ and is the largest body of observational evidence in humans available. It is recognised as a valid body of knowledge to support the safe use of botanicals and document their health benefits. This paper describes the experience on how traditional use is accepted as a basis for support of the safety and benefits for health of botanical preparations used in food supplements. It proposes a common basis for the mutual acceptance of the evidence as assessed by expert judgement that may lead to recognition of the safety and benefits of botanicals in different parts of the world. © 2019, Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. All rights reserved. Support for the development of this article was provided by the International Alliance of Dietary/Food Supplement Associations ().

Sixteen extracts prepared with petroleum ether and ethanol from the capitula obtained from eight Helichrysum species including H. armenium subsp. araxinum, H. armenium subsp. armenium, H. arenarium, H. pallasii, H. stoechas subsp. barrelieri, H. sanguineum, H. plicatum subsp. plicatum and H. graveolens (Asteraceae) growing in Turkey were screened for their antibacterial activity against ten different bacteria, six of which are the Gram-positive bacteria; namely Bacillus cereus, B. megaterium, Streptococcus mutans, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes as well as four Gram-negative bacteria; Salmonella enteritis, Shigella sonnei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli using disk diffusion method. Ampicilline, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin were employed as the reference drugs. Among the extracts screened, the ethanol extracts of H. pallasii, H. armenium subsp. armenium, H. plicatum subsp. plicatum and H. graveolens were found to be the most active ones with the wider antibacterial spectrum. The Helichrysum species screened herein also displayed remarkable inhibitory activity against the enteric-type of bacteria, S. enteritis and S. sonnei. Özet H. armenium subsp. araxinum, H. armenium subsp. armenium, H. arenarium, H. pallasii, H. stoechas subsp. barrelieri, H. sanguineum, H. plicatum subsp. plicatum and H. graveolens (Asteraceae) olmak üzere Türkiye’de yetisen 8 Helichrysum türünden petrol eteri ve etanol ile hazirlanan onalti ekstre, 6’si Gram-pozitif (Bacillus cereus, B. megaterium, Streptococcus mutans, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus ve Listeria monocytogenes), 4’ü Gram-negatif (Salmonella enteritis, Shigella sonnei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ve Escherichia coli) olan 10 farkli bakteriye karsi antibakteriyel aktiviteleri açisindan disk diffüzyon yöntemi kullanilarak taranmistir. Ampisilin, kloramfenikol ve eritromisin referans ilaçlar olarak kullanilmistir. Taranan ekstreler içinde, H. pallasii, H. armenium subsp. armenium, H. plicatum subsp. plicatum ve H. graveolens’e ait etanollü ekstreler, daha genis antibakteriyel spektrumlariyla en aktif ekstreler olarak bulunmustur. Burada taranan Helichrysum ekstreleri ayni zamanda enterik tipte bakteriler olan S. enteritis ve S. sonnei’ye karsi da önemli bir inhibitör aktivite göstermislerdir

The fine chemical compositions of the essential oils of J. drupacea leaves growing in southern Anatolia have been investigated. In order to find out whether any chemical change happens in the leaves of J.drupacea due to seasons and different location materials have been collected four times a year in four different districts for two consecutive years. The compositions of volatile oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS methods and 90.7 - 98.2 % of the compounds were characterized in the oils, corresponding to 118 - 122 substances. ?-pinene (9.97 - 45.9%), limonene (22.7 - 52.5%), ß-pinene (0.6 - 2.7%), ß-phellandrene (0.9 - 7.4%), ?-copaene (0.1 - 2.0%), ß-caryophylene (0.1 - 1.4%), ?-humulene (0.6 - 2.2%), ?-cadinene (0.1 - 2.3%) and ?-cadinene (0.8 - 3.9%) were found as major constituents.

Uzbekistan is one of the Turcic republics in Central Asia where a desert continental climate mainly prevailes in territories. Nevertheless, this expedition was carried out in the northeast and east higher lands, where flora is richer. The interviews were performed in seven villages of Toshkent and in neighboring provinces of Samarqand, Djizzax and at Urgut Bazaar of Samarqand. Altogether 177 folk remedies were recorded in the surveyed area. Among these folk remedies, 162 remedies were obtained from 79 different kinds of plant species that belong to 31 different families, whereas, 15 animal originated remedies that belong to 8 different animals are listed, which includes their vernacular and scientific names, indications and recipes for preparations. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Aerial parts of Daphne oleoides Schreber ssp, oleoides (Thymelaeaceae) are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and lumbago in Turkish folk medicine. In order to evaluate folkloric utilization, in vitro inhibitory effects of the ethyl acetate extract and fractions obtained from this extract on interleukin 1 (IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) biosynthesis were studied, Through chemical isolation techniques and activity-guided fractionation process, seventeen compounds were isolated and their structures were elucidated (numbered 1-17). Diterpenoids genkwadaphnin (3) and 1,2-dehydrodaphnetoxin (6) and a coumarin derivative daphnetin (9) showed potent inhibitory activity and were found to be the main active ingredients. Furthermore, gnidilatin (4), gnidilatin-20 palmitate (5), genkwadaphnin-20-palmitate (7) and gnidicin-20-palmitate (8), having diterpenoid structure, and eudesmine (12), wikstromol (13) and matairesinol (14), having lignan structure, were determined to possess moderate inhibitory activity and may have a contributory role in the effect of the remedy. (C) 2001 Academic Press.

Folk medicine in northwest Anatolia has been studied and 116 remedies prepared from 67 plant and 8 animal species are described, each with vernacular names, methods of preparation and traditional uses. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Traditional drugs used in the east Anatolia including Erzurum, Erzincan, Agri, Kars, Igdir, and Ardahan provinces have been surveyed. In this report, 169 remedies obtained from 87 plant species belonging to 38 families and 10 animal species are listed with their vernacular names, parts used, methods of preparing drugs, and traditional usages.

In Turkey, the fresh fruit juice of Ecbalium elaterium (Cucurbitaceae) is directly applied into nostrils for the treatment of sinusitis. Clinical tests on voluntary patients revealed that the healing rate of double-high dosage application is higher than that of the single-low dosage (71.0 and 56.6%, respectively). In addition, a total relief from the main symptoms is observed in 20% of the patients, although the sinuses are not completely drained off on X-ray examination.

Two hundred and one folk remedies of West Anatolia derived from 91 plant species in 40 families and 2 animal species are presented, each with vernacular names, method of preparation of drugs and traditional uses.

Traditional medicine in the middle and west Black Sea regions: Amasya, Bilecik, Bolu, Cankin, Samsun, Sinop and Tokat provinces has been studied and 194 remedies obtained from 96 plant and 5 animal species are compiled. Vernacular names, parts used, methods of preparation, and medicinal usages are listed.

Two new labdane diterpenoids, marrubinones A (1) and B (2), were isolated from aerial parts of Marrubium astracanicum collected in Turkey. Compounds 1 and 2 were mostly characterized by two-dimensional NMR. For determination of the absolute configuration, the modified Mosher's method was applied to the 12-hydroxy forms of 1 and 2. Compounds 1 and 2 are pentacyclic diterpenoids, which differ from each other only in the stereochemistry at C-13, and they were identified as 9 alpha,13S:15,16-diepoxy-12-oxo-14-labden-19,6 beta-olide and 9 alpha,13R:15,16-diepoxy-12-oxo-14-labden-19,6 beta-olide, respectively.

Folk medicine in the inner region of the Taurus Mountains in south Anatolia has been studied; 256 remedies prepared from 124 plant and 3 animal species are listed. Data include vernacular names, the parts used, the methods of preparation of the drugs and the medicinal use.

The traditional utilization of plants as medicine in the Mediterranean region has been investigated. Field surveys were carried out among the people who live in the Taurus Mountains. Sixty-nine medicinal plants have been identified, which are listed with the vernacular names, the parts used, the methods of preparing the drugs and their traditional usages.