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Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer and the prognosis of metastatic RCC remains poor, with a high rate of recurrence and mortality. Long non‑coding RNA (lncRNA) is a class of RNA which serves important roles in multiple cellular processes and tumorigenesis. In the present study, the expression and function of lncRNA eosinophil granule ontogeny transcript (EGOT) were examined in RCC. In 24 paired tissues (RCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues) the results of reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that EGOT was downregulated in 22 RCC tissues compared with paired tissues. Upregulation of lncRNA EGOT by transfection of 786‑O and ACHN RCC cells with pcDNA3.1‑EGOT suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and induced RCC cell apoptosis. The results demonstrated that EGOT may serve as a tumor suppressor in RCC and may be a potential prognostic biomarker of RCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acid oxidation (FAO) fuels many cancers. However, knowledge of pathways that drive FAO in cancer remains unclear. Here, we revealed that valosin-containing protein (VCP) upregulates FAO to promote colorectal cancer growth. Mechanistically, nuclear VCP binds to histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and facilitates its degradation, thus promoting the transcription of FAO genes, including the rate-limiting enzyme carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A). FAO is an alternative fuel for cancer cells in environments exhibiting limited glucose availability. We observed that a VCP inhibitor blocked the upregulation of FAO activity and CPT1A expression triggered by metformin in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Combined VCP inhibitor and metformin prove more effective than either agent alone in culture and in vivo. Our study illustrates the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of FAO by nuclear VCP and demonstrates the potential therapeutic utility of VCP inhibitor and metformin combination treatment for colorectal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro (mi)RNAs are involved in multiple cellular processes, and alterations in miRNA expression have been demonstrated to lead to tumorigenesis. Previous microarray analysis revealed that miRNA (miR)-24 was downregulated in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Additionally, miR-24 has been identified as an oncogene and tumor suppressor in various cancers. The present study assessed the expression levels of two stem-loops of miR-24, miR-24-1 and miR-24-2, in RCC tissues and paired healthy tissues by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results revealed that miR-24-2 was upregulated in RCC tissues and ACHN, 786-O and 769P cell lines compared with healthy tissues and HEK-293T cells, respectively, whereas miR-24-1 was almost absent in RCC and healthy kidney tissues. To investigate the role of miR-24-2 in RCC, a synthesized miR-24-2 mimic, negative control (NC), inhibitor or inhibitor NC was transfected into 786-O and ACHN RCC cells, and cell proliferation, mobility and apoptosis assays were performed. The results of the present study revealed that miR-24-2 was associated with cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis, thus demonstrating that miR-24-2 may serve a role as an oncogene in RCC. Further studies are required to investigate the signaling pathways of miR-24-2, and the potential of miR-24-2 as a therapeutic target or biomarker for the early detection of RCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer, and the prognosis of metastatic RCC remains poor with a high rate of recurrence and mortality. A previous study has revealed that microRNA (miRNA), which negatively regulates protein expression, serves a role of oncogene or tumor suppressor. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression and function of miR-514a-3p in RCC. To detect the expression of miR-514a-3p in 32 paired RCC tissues, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed. The function of miR-514a-3p in the proliferation, mobility and apoptosis of RCC cells (786-O and ACHN) was assessed by MTT, CCK-8, cell scratch, Transwell, Hoechst 33342 staining and flow cytometry assay. The results of qPCR revealed that miR-514a-3p was signifi- cantly downregulated in RCC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. Upregulation of miR-514a-3p by transfection of mimics suppressed RCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and induced cell apoptosis. The results revealed that miR-514a-3p was significantly downregulated in RCC and may serve a role as tumor suppressor in RCC. Further studies are required, focusing on the possibility of using miR-514a-3p as a biomarker for RCC as well as the pathway of miR-514a-3p in RCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) urothelial carcinoma associated 1 (UCA1) is an oncogenic lncRNA in bladder cancer, and its upregulation is associated with enhanced cell invasion. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. The present study demonstrated that UCA1 was positively associated with cell invasion ability and promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of bladder cancer cells by inducing high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). Furthermore, bioinformatics and luciferase reporter assays demonstrated binding sites of the tumor suppressive miR-143 within UCA1 and the 3'untranslated region of HMGB1. UCA1 negatively regulated miR-143 expression in a dose-dependent manner in bladder cancer cells. In addition, UCA1 and HMGB1 were upregulated and miR-143 was downregulated in bladder cancer specimens. Overall, the data suggested that UCA1 may promote the invasion and EMT of bladder cancer cells by regulating the miR-143/HMGB1 pathway, which exhibits an important regulatory role in the pathology of bladder cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the third most common cancer in the urological system; however, the pathogenesis remains unknown. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that long non‑coding RNAs are dysregulated in various tumors and serves an important role in tumorigenesis and development. In the present study, expression of lncRNA differentiation antagonizing non‑protein coding RNA (DANCR) in 24 paired RCC and adjacent normal tissues was detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results revealed that DANCR is downregulated in RCC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. Subsequent study revealed that overexpression of lncRNA DANCR by transfection of pcDNA3.1‑DANCR could suppress 786‑O and ACHN (RCC cell) proliferation, migration and invasion, and induce apoptosis compared with cells transfected with the pcDNA3.1 vector. The results revealed that DANCR functions as a tumor suppressor in RCC. In conclusion, the present study, to the best of our knowledge, was the first to reveal DANCR as a tumor suppressor. The results implicate DANCR as a potential biomarker of RCC, and further study will be focused on the clinical significance and signaling pathways of DANCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As influencing factors of genesis and progression in several types of human tumor, microRNAs (miRs) serves roles in the regulation of tumor cell viability, migration, and apoptosis. The present research aimed to investigate the association between the function of miR‑100‑5p and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). miR‑100‑5p expression was determined in RCC tissue and paired normal tissue samples using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. To assess the effects of miR‑100‑5p on cell viability, migration and apoptosis, multiple methods were used, including scratch wound assays, MTT assays, and flow cytometry. It was demonstrated that miR‑100‑5p was significantly upregulated in RCC tissue compared with in normal adjacent tissue samples. Furthermore, the viability and migration of 786‑O and, ACHN cells tranfected with miR‑100‑5p was significantly increased compared with the negative control group. In addition, miR‑100‑5p‑transfected 786‑O and ACHN cells demonstrated significantly reduced cellular apoptotic rates compared with the negative control group. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to report an association between miR‑100‑5p and RCC. The results of the current study suggest that tumor oncogene miR‑100‑5p could be used as a diagnostic biomarker for RCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that microRNAs (miRs, miRNAs) may serve an important role in the occurrence and development of tumors. miR-23a-5p has been confirmed as an oncogene in numerous diseases through gene chip analysis. However, as the most common type of renal tumor, the expression and function of miR-23a-5p in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains unclear. In the present study, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis, and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), wound scratch, Transwell, MTT and flow cytometry assays were performed to investigate the role of miR-23a-5p in RCC. The expression of miR-23a-5p in RCC tissue samples was significantly higher compared with that in normal tissue samples (P<0.01). Furthermore, the expression of miR-23a-5p in RCC cell lines (786O, ACHN and Caki-1) was significantly higher compared with that in the human embryo kidney 293T cell line, as determined using RT-qPCR (P<0.001). In addition, the results revealed that the upregulation of miR-23a-5p promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of RCC cells, and inhibited RCC cell apoptosis. The downregulation of miR-23a-5p resulted in the reversal of the results described above. Additionally, it was observed that the downregulation of miR-23a-5p significantly promoted ACHN and 786O cell viability (P<0.001). The results of the present study suggest that miR-23a-5p is an oncogene in the occurrence and development of RCC and may be a novel therapeutic target for RCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing evidence that the deregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs; miRs) contributes to tumorigenesis. Previous studies have shown that miR-195 is downregulated in various types of cancer. The present study aimed to investigate the function and expression levels of miR-125b. Results of qPCR revealed that miR-195-3p, the mature sequence of miR-195, was upregulated in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues and cell lines (786-O, 769P and ACHN). This indicated that the function and role of miR-195-3p may differ in different types of tumor. To assess the function of miR-195-3p in RCC cell lines, cell proliferation was examined using MTT and CCK-8 assays, mobility was assessed using a cell scratch assay, Transwell migration assay and invasion assay, and apoptosis was examined using flow cytometry. These assessments were also performed in cells with upregulated or downregulated miR-195-3p via transfection with synthesized miR-195-3p mimic or inhibitor. The results revealed that the overexpression of miR-195-3p promoted 786-O and ACHN RCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and inhibited cell apoptosis, whereas the downregulation of miR-195-3p suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and induced cell apoptosis. These results indicated that miR-195-3p was associated with the tumorigenesis of RCC, with further investigations to focus on the pathway and use of miR-195-3p as a clinical biomarker for RCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

microRNAs (miRs) have been investigated as a novel class of regulators of cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis and metabolism. In particular, miR-30b has been demonstrated to be deregulated in certain types of cancer, including lung, colorectal and gastric cancer. Previous studies of miR-30b in renal clear cell carcinoma demonstrated that the expression level of miR-30b was associated with distant metastasis. However, the function of miR-30b in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remained to be elucidated. In the present study, the expression of miR-30b in 31 paired RCC tissues from four cell lines (786-O, 769-P, ACHN and 293T) was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In addition, the effect of miR-30b on cell proliferation in RCC cells was also determined using MTT and Cell Counting Kit-8 assay analyses. Furthermore, the function of miR-30b in cell migration and invasion was determined by wound scratch and Transwell assays. Flow cytometry was also performed to quantify the effect of miR-30b on cell apoptosis. The results of the current study indicated that miR-30b was upregulated in RCC tissues from affected cell lines when compared with adjacent normal tissues and a normal kidney cell line, which is different to the downregulation of miR-30b as observed in other types of cancer. miR-30b is associated with RCC cell proliferation, invasion, migration and apoptosis, which indicated that miR-30b acts as an oncogene in RCC. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to demonstrate the upregulation of miR-30b in RCC tissues and describe miR-30b as an oncogene in RCC in the regulation of cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis. Further studies will define the target gene of miR-30b in RCC and investigate the potential role of miR-30b as a biomarker for RCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

miRNAs have been reported to be involved in multiple cellular processes and the tumorigenesis of various cancers. miR-15a-5p (also termed miR-15a) has previously been determined to be upregulated in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by microarray profile. However, the expression and function of miR-15a-5p in RCC remain to be validated. In the present study, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to detect the expression levels of miR-15a-5p in RCC tissues and cells. The expression level of miR-15a-5p was upregulated or downregulated by transfecting synthesized miR-15a-5p mimics or inhibitors. The MTT assay, CCK-8 assay, Transwell assay, wound healing assay, Hoechest 33342 staining and flow cytometry were conducted to investigate the role of miR-15a-5p in RCC. The results of the RT-qPCR demonstrated that miR-15a-5p was upregulated in RCC tissues and ACHN, 786-O and 769P RCC cells compared with paired normal tissues and HEK-293T cells. miR-15a-5p was observed to be associated with RCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis. The results demonstrated that miR-15a-5p may be important as a tumor promoter in RCC. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to describe miR-15a-5p as a tumor promoter in RCC. Further research will be performed to investigate the underlying signaling pathway of miR-15a-5p and the potential role of miR-15a-5p as a biomarker for early detection, prognosis prediction and a therapeutic target of RCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urachal carcinoma is a rare tumor that most commonly occurs in ovaries and less often in the adnexal region and urinary system. We herein present two cases of urachal carcinoma: One case was a 32-year-old male patient who presented with painless hematuria with blood clots for 1 month, whereas the other case was a 50-year-old woman who presented with gross hematuria with mild dysuria, urgency and frequent urination for 1 year. Following surgical resection, the two patients were diagnosed with urachal adenocarcinoma (mixed type) and urachal mucinous adenocarcinoma, respectively, based on the histopathological examination. A review of previously published cases and relevant literature is also presented. The aim of the present study was to help understand this disease better, in order to reduce the rate of clinical and pathological misdiagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certain microRNAs (miRs) are implicated in the genesis and progression of various cancers by regulating multiple cellular processes, including apoptosis, proliferation and migration. The aim of the present study was to explore the functions of miR-196a in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). RCC and paired normal tissues we assessed for miR-196a expression by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR. Furthermore, the effects of miR-196a on renal cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration were determined using an MTT assay, flow cytometry and a scratch wound assay following restoration of miR-196a with synthetic mimics. miR-196a was found to be significantly downregulated in RCC tissues compared with that in normal tissues (P<0.05). In addition, miR-196a suppressed cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration of the 786-O and ACHN RCC cell lines. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to report this tumor suppressor role of miR-196a in RCC. The results indicated that miR-196a may be a potential diagnostic biomarker for RCC and that transfection of miR-196a mimics may represent a novel treatment strategy for RCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have recently explored the role of microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) in the tumorigenesis of various types of cancer. miRNAs have been reported to be involved in numerous cell processes, including cell apoptosis, proliferation and migration, thus suggesting that miRNAs may have an important role in cancer progression. Downregulation of miR-149-5p has been detected in RCC tissues by microarray profiling; however, its expression and function in RCC has yet to be elucidated. In the present study, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the expression levels of miR-149-5p in RCC tissues and paired normal tissues. In order to determine whether miR-149-5p was able to regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis or migration, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, flow cytometric and wound healing assays were conducted. The results demonstrated that miR-149-5p was significantly downregulated in RCC tissues compared with in normal tissues (P<0.05). The restoration of miR-149-5p expression using synthetic mimics suppressed cell proliferation and migration, and promoted cell apoptosis. These results indicated that miR-149-5p may act as a tumor suppressor in RCC. The present study is the first, to the best of our knowledge, to identify miR-149-5p as a tumor suppressor in RCC. Future studies will be focused on the potential role of miR-149-5p as a biomarker for the early detection and prognostic prediction of RCC, and as a therapeutic target in RCC. In addition, further exploration regarding the pathways underlying the effects of miR-149-5p in RCC is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of the metastatic lesions of the adrenal gland normally originate from lung cancer, colon malignant tumor, renal cell carcinoma and melanoma. However, adrenal gland metastasis that metastasize from breast invasive ductal carcinoma are extremely rare. The present study reported a rare case of left adrenal gland metastasis in a 35-year-old female who was diagnosed as breast carcinoma 5 years ago with a mass located on the left adrenal gland, which was detected during a routine examination. The patient was asymptomatic and adrenal gland computed tomography revealed a mass in the left adrenal gland. Definitive preoperative diagnosis failed to be established. Left adrenal gland laparoscopic adrenalectomy was performed and the diagnosis of adrenal gland metastasis of breast invasive ductal carcinoma was confirmed by pathological and immunohistochemical examination. The patient remained in good condition by the time of writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of malignant tumor of the adult kidney and has a poor prognosis. MicroRNAs (miRs) are important in a wide range of biological and pathological processes, including cell differentiation, migration, growth, proliferation, apoptosis and metabolism. The present study aimed to determine the role exerted by miR-30a-5p in the tumorigenesis of RCC. The expression levels of miR-30a-5p in RCC tissues and RCC-derived cells were demonstrated to be significantly downregulated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Wound scratch assay, cell proliferation assay and flow cytometric analysis revealed that the abilities of migration and proliferation of the RCC-derived cells were suppressed, whereas cell apoptosis was promoted, when miR-30a-5p was overexpressed in these cells. N-acetylgalactos aminyltransferase 7 (GALNT7) was predicted to be one target gene of miR-30a-5p by bioinformatics analysis. Luciferase reporter assay, RT-qPCR and western blotting were performed to confirm that GALNT7 is the direct conserved target of miR-30a-5p. These results suggested that miR-30a-5p has a tumor-suppressive role in the tumorigenesis of RCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults, which is associated with poor prognosis and high recurrence. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to be dysregulated in cancer and to be important in the regulation of carcinogenesis, thus suggesting that this class of molecules may be used as biomarkers in cancer. The lncRNA urothelial carcinoma associated 1 (UCA1) has been observed to be upregulated and tofunction as an oncogene in certain types of cancer; however, the role of UCA1 in RCC remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to determine the expression and function of UCA1 in RCC. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to determine the expression levels of UCA1 in 46 paired RCC and adjacent normal tissue samples. Furthermore, qPCR was used to determine the expression levels of UCA1 in four RCC cell lines compared with the human embryonic kidney 293T cell line. The impact of UCA1 on cell migration, proliferation and apoptosis was investigated by wound scratch assay, MTT and flow cytometry, respectively. The results of the present study demonstrated that UCA1 expression levels were significantly increased in RCC tissues and cells, as compared with the controls. Ectopic expression and gene silencing of UCA1 in RCC cell lines exerted opposite effects on cellular proliferation, migration and apoptosis, and the results suggested that UCA1 may function as an oncogene in RCC. These results indicated that UCA1 may be considered as a promising biomarker for diagnosis, and a therapeutic target in RCC. Further research is required to elucidate the role and target genes of UCA1 in RCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xp11.2 translocation/transcription factor enhancer 3 (TFE3) fusion gene associated with renal cell carcinoma (Xp11.2 translocation RCC) is rare and occurs predominantly in children and adolescents. The current study reports the case of a 14-year-old male with Xp11.2 translocation RCC, who presented with chest pain that had persisted for 1 month. A solid neoplasm was located in the left kidney of the patient. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed the presence of a solid mass in the kidney, with uneven enhancement. Destruction of multiple bones was also observed. The patient was treated with a radical nephrectomy. The pathological examination of the tumor revealed that the tumor cells contained an eosinophilic cytoplasm in the renal interstitial tissue. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the tumor cells expressed P504S, cluster of differentiation 10, pan-cytokeratin, vimentin and TFE3. In conclusion, Xp11.2 translocation RCC is a rare type of kidney cancer. Diagnosing this disease prior to surgery is challenging, and providing a definite diagnosis requires histopathological and immunohistochemical examination, while genetic analysis may also be required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of renal tumor, which has a poor prognosis. Improvements in understanding the underlying molecular biology of RCC has led to systemic treatments, which have markedly improved patient outcomes. Therefore, it is necessary and worthwhile to identify novel biomarkers for RCC. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to be important in a wide range of biological and pathological processes, including cell differentiation, migration, growth, proliferation, apoptosis and metabolism. Aberrant expression of miRNA-130b has previously been reported in tumors, however, its role in RCC remains to be elucidated. In the present study, the upregulation of miR-130b was observed in RCC tissues and cell lines using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, which was consistent with previous microRNA profiling in RCC. Furthermore, the effects of miR-130b on cell migration, proliferation and apoptosis were examined using a wound scratch assay, an MTT assay and flow cytometric analysis, respectively. The results demonstrated that the downregulation of miR-130b by a synthesized inhibitor inhibited cell migration, suppressed cell proliferation and induced RCC cell apoptosis. The present study was the first, to the best of our knowledge, to suggest that miR-130b may be a promising biomarker for diagnosis and a therapeutic target for the treatment of RCC. Further investigations are required to examine the roles and target genes of miR-130b in RCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kidney cancer is the 14th most common cancer in the world and its prognosis remains poor due to difficult early detection and treatment. Therefore, the identification of biomarkers for early-stage renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is important. MicroRNA-106b (miR-106b) has been described as an oncogene in several types of human cancer. Previous microarray studies have suggested that miR-106b was significantly upregulated in RCC tissues compared with paired normal kidney tissues and may be a promising biomarker for the prediction of early metastasis following nephrectomy. The present study aimed to determine the expression and function of miR-106b in RCC. The expression of miR-106b in RCC tissues and cells, and in paired normal tissues and cells was determined by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, based on the previous sequencing results of miRNAs. Furthermore, a wound scratch assay, MTT assay and flow cytometry were performed to examine the functions of miR-106b on cell migration, proliferation and apoptosis. The results demonstrated that miR-106b was upregulated in RCC tissues and cell lines compared with control normal tissues and cell lines. Downregulation of miR-106b with a synthesized inhibitor suppressed cell migration and proliferation and induced renal cancer cell apoptosis, suggesting that miR-106b can be characterized as an oncogene in RCC. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to reveal that miR-106b is upregulated and affects cellular migration, proliferation and apoptosis in RCC. Further studies are required to examine the role and target genes of miR-106b in RCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the predominant and most aggressive type of kidney malignancy, however, the mechanism underlying its carcinogenesis remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to determine the expression and function of microRNA (miR)-429 in ccRCC carcinogenesis. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the expression of miR-429 in ccRCC specimens. Following transfection of miR-429 synthetic mimics, the expression of miR-429 was examined and cell proliferation, cell migration, apoptosis and luciferase assays were conducted in ccRCC cell lines. The results demonstrated that expression of miR-429 was decreased in ccRCC cells. In addition, upregulation of miR-429 by transfection of mimics reduced cellular proliferation and migration, and induced apoptosis in ACHN and 786-0 cell lines. Furthermore, miR-429 decreased the 3'UTR luciferase activity of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and c-MYC, and RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that the cancer cells transfected with miR-429 mimics exhibited decreased expression of VEGF, but not c-MYC. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to reveal that downregulated miR-429 functioned as a tumor suppressor by restraining cellular proliferation and migration, and inducing apoptosis, as well as targeting VEGF in ccRCC cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) serve an important role in the regulation of carcinogenic pathways. RCC is the most prevalent kidney cancer that occurs in adults. miRNAs have gained increasing attention due to their association with RCC tumorigenesis, serving as biomarkers for early detection and progression monitoring, and as potential targets for molecular therapy. Upregulation of miRNA-142-3p has been previously identified in RCC tissues by microarray profile, however, its expression and function in RCC have not yet been validated. In the present study, quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to quantify the relative expression of miR-142-3p in 53 paired RCC and adjacent normal tissues. Furthermore, wound healing, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and flow cytometry assays were performed to analyze the impacts of miR-142-3p on cellular migration, proliferation and apoptosis. The results demonstrated that miR-142-3p was significantly upregulated in RCC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. Downregulation of miR-142-3p, induced by chemically synthesized miR-142-3p inhibitor, significantly suppressed cell migration and proliferation, and promoted cell apoptosis in 786-O and ACHN cells, supporting the theory that miR-142-3p may function as an oncogene in RCC. The potential clinical significance of miR-142-3p, as a biomarker and therapeutic target, provides rationale for further investigation into the miR-142-3p-mediated molecular pathway and how it is associated with RCC development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MicroRNA (miR)-510-5p has been demonstrated to be involved in a number of types of malignancy; however, the function of miR-510-5p in renal cancer remains unclear. The present study aimed to determine the expression of miR-510-5p in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) specimens and analyzed the impact of miR-510-5p on renal cancer by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, wound scratch and apoptosis assays. The results showed that miR-510-5p was significantly downregulated in RCC specimens compared with normal renal specimens. Overexpression of miR-510-5p by synthetic mature mimics reduced cell proliferation and migration and induced an increase in cell apoptosis, indicating that miR-510-5p may act as a tumor suppressor in RCC. The present study firstly revealed that downregulated miR-510-5p functioned as a tumor suppressor by reducing cellular proliferation and migration, and inducing apoptosis in RCC. Further research is required to define target genes of miR-510-5p to determine the cellular mechanism of miR-510-5p in the carcinogenesis of RCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (MC) is a rare malignant cartilaginous forming tumor. MC of the kidney is extremely rare, with only seven cases reported in the literature. The present study described the case of a 17-year-old male, who presented with sudden severe pain in the right flank and a high fever. Imaging studies demonstrated a large soft heterogeneous mass (7.8x9.5x15 cm) located between the liver and right kidney with no clear demarcation, and a well-demarcated mass (1.3x2.4 cm) with patchy dense calcification occupying the left renal pelvis. Following the diagnosis of a Wilms' tumor, the patient underwent a right radical nephrectomy and the pathological diagnosis was MC of the kidney. To the best of our knowledge, the current study presents the first case of MC with bilateral kidney invasion and calcification in the renal pelvis. In addition, the clinical, radiological and pathological features, and the management of this unusual neoplasm were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the general population, tuberous sclerosis-associated renal angiomyolipoma (RAML) is a rare benign hamartoma with potentially life-threatening complications and a poor prognosis. The two patients reported in the present study, who were diagnosed with bilateral RAML and spontaneous rupture of the RAML with tuberous sclerosis, presented with flank pain, abdominal pain, hemorrhage, hematuria and multiple lesions. The two cases are representative examples of the disease, and highlight the importance of determining the risk of acute hemorrhage in the early stages, and the significance of timely and proper treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal angiomyolipoma (AML), also referred to as renal hamartoma, is a rare solid tumor without malignant characteristics. The inheritance pattern of renal AML is autosomal dominant. If the lesion grows to a large size, a series of clinical manifestations and serious complications may occur. We herein present a case of giant renal AML in a 34-year-old female patient, who presented with left-sided abdominal bloating for ~6 months. Following abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography examination, the patient underwent total left nephrectomy. The resected mass was sized 29x20x10 cm. Postoperative histopathological examination confirmed the lesion as a giant renal AML. There are only few cases of giant renal AML (>20 cm) reported in the literature to date. Due to the large size of the tumor, it is crucial to report similar cases, their diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

microRNAs (miRNAs; miR) are a class of small non-coding RNA molecules, which are involved in the pathogenesis of human diseases through the negative regulation of gene expression. Previous studies have demonstrated that miR-509-3p is a novel miRNA associated with cell proliferation and migration in 786-O renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells. However, the mechanism of action of miR-509-3p in RCC remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to examine the functional role and mechanism of miR-509-3p in the development of RCC. The results demonstrated that the expression levels of miR-509-3p were downregulated in the 786-O and ACHN RCC cell lines compared with the normal tissues of 10 patients with RCC, as determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The mRNA expression levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8 (MAP3K8) were upregulated in the RCC cell lines. Functional investigations demonstrated that the overexpression of miR-509-3p inhibited the migration and proliferation of the RCC cells, as determined by wound scratch and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays. Luciferase reporter assays revealed that the overexpression of miR-509-3p reduced the transcriptional activity of MAP3K8. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated that the ectopic transfection of miR-509-3p led to a significant reduction in the mRNA and protein expression levels of MAP3K8 in the RCC cells. Finally, knockdown of MAP3K8 inhibited the migration and proliferation of the RCC cells. Therefore, the results of the present study demonstrated that the miR-509-3p RCC suppressor was a significant regulator of the MAP3K8 oncogene, suggesting that it may have a potential therapeutic role in the treatment of RCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MicroRNAs (miRs) are small, endogenous noncoding RNAs that serve a significant function in various biologic processes, including those involved in cancer. The present study aimed to determine the expression and function of miR-16 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify the expression of miR-16 in 48 paired RCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues. The impact of miR-16 on cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis was analyzed by transfecting miR-16 mature molecules into the renal cancer cell lines 786-O and ACHN. The results indicated that miR-16 was significantly upregulated in RCC tissues (P<0.05). Downregulation of miR-16 resulted in reduced cell proliferation and migration and increased levels of apoptosis, while overexpression of miR-16 resulted in accelerated cellular proliferation and migration, suggesting that miR-16 may function as an oncogene in RCC. The present study demonstrated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that miR-16 is upregulated in RCC and acts as an oncogene by inducing cellular proliferation, migration and reducing apoptosis. Further study of miR-16 in RCC may clarify the molecular mechanisms of RCC carcinogenesis and aid in the development of novel biomarkers and therapeutic options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) originated from parenchyma and the majority of malignancies originating in the renal pelvis are transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). In the present study, a rare case of RCC growing into the renal pelvis and mimicking TCC in medical imaging is reported. The preoperative differentiation between RCC and TCC is important in order to identify the type of surgical treatment required: Nephrectomy or ureteronephrectomy. The role of ureteroscopy and biopsy is emphasized in the accurate preoperative diagnosis of a renal pelvic mass. Thus, the present study provided fundamental evidence for the pathogenesis of RCC with pelvic extension and challenged the present tumor node metastasis staging system of RCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

microRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved, endogenous, small, noncoding RNA molecules of approximately 22 nucleotides in length that function as post-transcriptional gene regulators. Their aberrant expression may be involved in human diseases, including cancer. Although miRNA-184 (miR-184) has been reported in other tumors, its function in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is still unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of miR-184 in RCC. The impacts of miR-184 on cell migration, proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated using migration scratch, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and flow cytometry assay. Our studies revealed that miR-184 mimic significantly inhibits cell migration, suppresses cell proliferation and induces renal cancer cell apoptosis in vitro when compared with the negative control (P<0.05). In this study, it was observed that miR-184 played a significant role as a tumor suppressor in RCC. Therefore, miR-184 may be a promising therapeutic target for renal cancer treatment in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an important class of small, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. They are involved in apoptosis, proliferation and migration and are known to have an important role in many types of cancer. Aberrant expression of miRNA-451a (miR-451a) has previously been reported in tumors, however its role in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is currently unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of miR-451a in RCC. The expression of miR-451a was analyzed in 50 paired RCC and normal tissues by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, the effects of miR-451a on cell migration, proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated, using migration scratch, MTT and flow cytometric assays. The present study demonstrated that miR-451a was upregulated in RCC, as compared with paired normal tissues (P<0.05). Downregulation of miR-451a using a synthesized inhibitor, significantly suppressed cell migration and proliferation, and induced apoptosis of renal cancer cells in vitro, as compared with a negative control (P<0.05). In the present study, it was determined that miR-451a may have an important role as a tumor enhancer in RCC. These results imply that miR-451a may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of RCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

miR-125a-5p has been previously described as a tumor suppressor in numerous malignancies, however the expression and function of miR-125a-5p in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains to be elucidated. In the present study, to explore the potential role of miR-125a-5p in RCC, quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the expression levels of miR-125a-5p in renal cancer tissues. The influence of miR-125a-5p on cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis was also determined, using an MTT assay, a wound scratch assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The expression of miR-125a-5p was shown to be decreased in RCC and the restoration of miR-125a-5p by synthetic mimics was shown to suppress cell proliferation and migration, and induce apoptosis. The present results indicate that miR-125a-5p may function as a tumor suppressor in RCC. The present study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to demonstrate the downregulation of miR-125a-5p in RCC, and to show the role it has in affecting cellular proliferation, migration and apoptosis. Further research is needed to define the target genes of miR-125a-5p and explore the potential of miR-125a-5p as a diagnostic or a prognostic biomarker for RCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urachal carcinomas are rare bladder malignances, which usually present at an advanced stage with a high risk of distant metastases and a poor prognosis. To improve understanding of this uncommon carcinoma, a retrospective review was conducted for the cases observed at Peking University Shenzhen Hospital and Peking University First Hospital. The clinical outcomes were analyzed for 17 patients with a diagnosis of urachal cancer, who were admitted to Peking University Shenzhen Hospital (Shenzhen, China) and Peking University First Hospital (Beijing, China) between 1998 and 2013. The TNM staging system was used to predict outcomes. Among the 17 study patients, there were 10 males and seven females, with a median age at diagnosis of 50 years. A total of four (23%) patients presented with lymph node or distant metastasis. The median overall survival time for all stages was 57.6 months, with five patients (38.4%) alive for more than five years following treatment. The application of the TNM staging system demonstrated a median survival time of 6.2 years for stage I/II patients, compared with a median survival of 1.8 years (log-rank, P<0.001) for patients with advanced disease (stages III and IV). In addition, no significant correlation was observed between tumor size and age, and survival. In conclusion, urachal carcinomas are usually locally advanced at presentation. Surgical excision remains the predominant choice of treatment and lymph node dissection is not required unless lymph node involvement is confirmed by preoperative examination. The current results indicated that the most significant predictor of prognosis was the tumor grade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary adrenal lymphoma (PAL) is an infrequent malignant tumor, occurring in the bilateral adrenal glands as a mass in the majority of cases. The current study presents a case of bilateral primary adrenal diffuse large B cell lymphoma in a 52-year-old female patient, who presented with abdominal pain in the left lumbar region for ~2 weeks. Abdominal ultrasound examination and computed tomography scanning revealed a mass of 132x119x101 mm on the left adrenal gland and a mass of 53x27 mm on the right adrenal gland. A percutaneous biopsy was performed and histopathological examination further confirmed this lesion as diffuse large B cell lymphoma. The present study highlights the importance of early diagnosis of PAL, and performs a literature review of the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brenner tumor is a rare type tumor, which mainly develops in the ovaries and rarely in the adnexal region and urinary system. To the best of our knowledge, only 5 cases of testicular Brenner tumor have been reported to date. In this report, we present the case of a 55-year-old patient who noted a swelling of the right scrotum for ~20 days. The clinical suspicion was an epididymal cyst. However, following surgical resection and subsequent pathological examination, the mass was diagnosed as a testicular Brenner tumor. A supplementary review of previously published cases and literature is also presented. The aim of this report is to help elucidate this disease and reduce the rate of clinical and pathological misdiagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Patients with idiopathic chronic scrotal pain are challenging to both the general practioner and urologist. In this study, we tried to recognize mild epididymitis as an underrecogniczed cause of idiopathic chronic scrotal pain. Methods:We described a consecutive series of 44 patients with idiopathic chronic scrotal pain characterized by mild scrotal pain, mild to moderate tenderness of epididymis without abnormal swelling of epididymis. We obtained a detailed history and physical examination along with routine urinalysis and Doppler ultrasound to identify the characteristics of this new clinical entity. Results: A consecutive series of 44 patients who were primarily diagnosed as "idiopathic chronic scrotal pain" came to our hospital. All had the sign of mild to moderate tenderness on the affected epididymis without epididymis enlargement. Doppler ultrasound showed the affected epididymis with normal size and no abnormal change. We treated them with antibiotics orally along with cessation of strenuous activity and all fully recovered from scrotal pain. Conclusion:In this study, we recognized mild epididymitis as an underrecogniczed cause of idiopathic chronic scrotal pain. It was characterized by mild scrotal pain, mild to moderate tenderness of epididymis without abnormal enlargement of epididymis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glomus tumors are rare and benign neoplasms, which normally originate from peripheral soft tissue. To date, reported cases of glomus tumor occurring in genitourinary tract, particularly in the urethra, are exceedingly rare. The present study presented a rare case of glomus tumor of the anterior urethra in a 42 year-old male, his main complaints were a history of anterior urethra pain for 3 years, and a palpable and tender mass in the urethra for 2 weeks. Urethrocystoscopy examination and the resection of the urethral mass were performed. Pathological and immunohistochemical examination revealed that the mass was a benign glomus tumor. The patient remained in good condition by 6 month follow-up, and revealed no problems or recurrence following surgery. This is the first case, to the best of our knowledge, to present a glomus tumor occurring in a male's urethra and the present report provided a supplementary review for the previous cases and the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rare neoplasm, termed 'anastomosing hemangioma' (AH), has been previously described in the genitourinary tract. To date, 29 cases of AH have been reported in the literature, and the case reported in the present study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first AH described in the urinary bladder. It is essential to distinguish AH from malignant vascular tumors due to the different treatments required and the prognosis. The patient in this case study was asymptomatic, with a neoplasm of ~1 cm within the right wall of the bladder. Pathologically, the lesion was predominantly composed of a structure comprising a small vascular cavity and irregularly fenestrated anastomosing vascular channels, with no clear atypia of the endothelial cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenomatoid tumors are rare benign neoplasms that normally occur in the scrotum. The clinical symptoms and routine examinations mean that it is difficult to distinguish adenomatoid tumors from malignant intratesticular solid tumors, which may result in unnecessary orchidectomies. The present report describes two adenomatoid tumor patients treated between 2006 and 2013 at the Peking University Shenzhen Hospital who presented with an asymptomatic mass in the scrotum. Based on thorough analysis of clinical features, blood, radiological images and intra-operative findings, limited local excisions were performed, revealing adenomatoid tumors of the testis on pathological examination. The patients were followed up and exhibit no recurrence at the time of writing. The present report also summarizes the morphological and immunohistochemical features of paratesticular tumors and reviews the literature to improve understanding of these rare lesions and assist in accurate diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bizarre leiomyomas of the scrotum are rare benign tumors that are often misdiagnosed. In this study, we present a case of bizarre leiomyoma of the scrotum in a 53-year-old male. The patient presented with a painless scrotal mass that was insidious in the right side of the scrotum with no sudden increase in size. Definitive preoperative diagnosis could not be established; however, following surgical resection of the tumor, a diagnosis of bizarre leiomyoma of the scrotum was determined by pathological examination. The patient was followed up six months following resection and no problems were reported. This is the first reported case of bizarre leiomyoma of the scrotum in China. A supplementary review of previously published cases and literature is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paragangliomas are extra-adrenal tumors of the autonomic nervous system and may be found within the skull base, neck, mediastinum and periaortic region. Paragangliomas of the urinary bladder are rare, and non-functioning bladder paraganglioma is even rarer and not easily recognized. Histological examination is often key in leading to a definitive diagnosis. The current report presents a case of a 28-year-old female with urinary bladder paraganglioma. The patient presented with no classical signs and symptoms, and these were only appreciated following histological examination of a transurethral resection specimen that elucidated the correct diagnosis. In the present report, the clinical features, diagnosis, management and pathological observations of paraganglioma of the urinary bladder are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metanephric adenoma (MA) is a rare benign renal neoplasm of originating in the epithelial cells, which is often difficult to distinguish from malignant neoplasms preoperatively. In this study we present two cases of patients with MA with the aim to analyze the clinical manifestations, imaging, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of MA. Computed tomography (CT) of the first case revealed a solid well-demarcated tumor, 5.5x5.4 cm in diameter. Ultrasound examination of the second patient revealed a hypoechoic mass with solid aspect and irregular limits in the upper pole of the right kidney. CT confirmed the presence of a 4 cm expansive tumoral formation with intermediate attenuation and minimum venous contrast enhancement at that anatomic site. The two cases underwent surgery and the patients were free from recurrence after a follow-up period of 18 months to 2 years. We also present a supplementary review of previously published cases and related literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the bladder is rare. The most common symptoms are hematuria, suprapubic pain and dysuria. The patient in the present case was a 59‑year‑old female who presented with a tumor sized ~5.0x3.4 cm, located in the anterior bladder wall, which was pathologically diagnosed as mucinous bladder adenocarcinoma. The stage at presentation was considered to be advanced and inoperable, due to extensive local invasion. For this type of cancer, early diagnosis is crucial. If the cancer is limited to the bladder, the survival rate may exceed 75%. Thus, for patients with confirmed or highly suspicious bladder mucinous adenocarcinoma, radical bladder cancer resection is required. The 5‑year survival rate of this type of cancer is 35‑55%. In the present case, the cancer of the patient was considered inoperable and 3 months later she succumbed to the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]