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Cryptosporidiosis is a major diarrheal disease with high mortality, primarily in young animals, and a zoonotic risk of infection. The molecular epidemiology patterns of Cryptosporidium isolates are still poorly understood in Egypt and other developing countries. The goal of this research was to better understand the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium isolates in pre-weaned cattle calves in Egypt's Al- Sharkia governorate by examining the hemo-biochemical changes in infected calves. We used 100 diarrheal faecal samples to detect the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining. Twenty-two of the positive samples after staining were further verified using PCR targeting the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) gene. We found that Cryptosporidium. Parvum (C. parvum) was the sole species identified using the polymorphic 60 kDa glycoprotein gene (GP60) locus. Sequencing GP60 locus samples revealed dominant circulation for subtype IIa of C. parvum in calves, unlike most previously reported sequences in Egypt. These sequences were 100% like those in Latin America (Brazil, KT948746 EPC30). Egypt imports cattle calves from Latin America, mainly Brazil, to overcome the deficiency in meat production, so it is more likely that the C. parvum sequences circulating in Egypt appear to be from different origins. Red Blood Cells (RBCs), Hemoglobin (Hb), Mean Corpuscular Hb (MCH), lymphocytes, and Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) values were all significantly diminished in the infected calves than in the healthy ones, while Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), neutrophil, eosinophil and monocytic percentages, Aspartate (Asp), and Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD) values increased. Our study for the first time identified the presence of C. parvum isolates and changes in hemato-biochemical conditions in pre-weaned cattle calves in Al-Sharkia governorate, which may address the potential role of imported livestock in disease transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine mastitis, a growing issue in dairy farms, with Klebsiella species being associated with severe mastitis. This study was designed to evaluate the prevalence, biochemical changes, antibiogram susceptibility profile, and biofilm-producing capacity of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from Holstein cows with clinical mastitis at a private farm in Alexandria, Egypt. The overall isolation rate of Klebsiella species was 28%, which was further characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer gene as K. pneumoniae. Clinical mastitis significantly impacted milk composition and blood biochemistry, causing a decline in milk composition, reduction of antioxidant capacity, and increased enzymatic levels compared to normal controls. K. pneumoniae isolates showed 100% resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, followed by resistance rates of 57, 43 and 43% to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and sulfamethoxazole--trimethoprim, respectively, while ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone showed complete susceptibility. The study found that all K. pneumoniae strains expressed the fimA, mrkA, and mrkD fimbrial genes, and the ecpA gene. The study highlights the high prevalence of multidrug-resistant and biofilm-producing K. pneumoniae strains in bovine clinical mastitis, emphasizing the need for improved antimicrobial usage and antibiofilm approaches to overcome the poor treatment response, as well as measuring antioxidant level and enzymatic activity in milk improved milk health screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe condition distinguished by inflammation and impaired gas exchange in the lungs. Staphylococcus aureus, a common bacterium, can cause ALI through its virulence factors. Aloe vera is a medicinal plant that has been traditionally used to treat a variety of illnesses due to its anti-inflammatory properties. Chitosan nanoparticles are biocompatible and totally biodegradable materials that have shown potential in drug delivery systems. Aim: To explore the antibacterial activity of Aloe vera-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (AV-CS-NPs) against S. aureus in vitro and in vivo with advanced techniques. Methods: The antibacterial efficacy of AV-CS-NPs was evaluated through a broth microdilution assay. In addition, the impact of AV-CS-NPs on S. aureus-induced ALI in rats was examined by analyzing the expression of genes linked to inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Furthermore, rat lung tissue was scanned histologically. The rats were divided into three groups: control, ALI, and treatment with AV-CS-NPs. Results: The AV-CS-NPs that were prepared exhibited clustered semispherical and spherical forms, having an average particle size of approximately 60 nm. These nanoparticles displayed a diverse structure with an uneven distribution of particle sizes. The maximum entrapment efficiency of 95.5% ± 1.25% was achieved. The obtained findings revealed that The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values were determined to be 5 and 10 ug/ml, respectively, indicating the potent bactericidal effect of the NPs. Also, S. aureus infected rats explored upregulation in the mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4 compared to healthy control groups. AV-CS-NP treatment reverses the case where there was repression in mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4 compared to S. aureus-treated rats. Conclusion: These NPs can serve as potential candidates for the development of alternative antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Small ruminants have a socioeconomic impact on Egypt’s production of meat, milk, and wool. Hence, every effort should be taken to prevent infections. Aim: To elucidate the prevalence and serogrouping of Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains from diarrheic lambs and kids, determine their antibiotic susceptibility and associated risk factors affecting the occurrence of the disease, and establish the most common virulence genes marker and major antimicrobial resistance genes. Methods: A total of 150 diarrheic animals (95 lambs and 55 kids) at different ages and seasons were subjected to clinical examination. Rectal swabs were collected from 150 diarrheic animals for isolation and biochemical identification of E. coli. Results: The bacteriological examination revealed that 62/95 lambs and 26/55 kids with percentages of 65% and 47%, respectively, showed infection with E. coli. Serotyping of 88 isolates of E. coli revealed the strains belonging to O2(8), O55(17), O84(5), O17(4), O6(8), O91(17), O26(9), O103(5), O126(5), O124(6), and O159(4). A total of 21 isolates were examined by multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of virulence and resistance genes. All examined isolates possessed a combination between intimin gene and heat-stable toxin (100%), the serine protease (pic) gene on 8/21 isolates of O55, O2, O6 (38%), and α-hemolysin gene on 8/21 isolates of O26, O91(38%) while adherent invasive gene (invA) gene on 3/21 isolates of O124, O159 (14%) which divided diarrheagenic E. coli into four types assigned to be atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (48%), atypical enterohemorrhagic E. coli 35%), atypical enterotoxigenic E. coli (6%), and atypical enteroinvasive E. coli (11%). On the other hand, the results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed high resistance to ampicillin, erythromycin, and tetracycline (100%) and amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid (92%) but were highly sensitive to gentamicin, imipenem, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and amikacin (100%). Concerning to ß lactams antibiotic resistance genes of examined isolates had blaSHV (100%) and blaCTX-M (43%). For tetracycline, we detected the tetA in all examined isolates. Conclusion: The wide spread of atypical E. coli strains among diarrheic lambs and kids with marked resistance to several antibiotics of interest and the detection of major resistance genes assess the potential risk of this pathogen to animal and public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main object of this paper is to deduce the bibasic Humbert functions Ξ1 and Ξ2 Some interesting results and elementary summations technique that was successfully employed, q–recursion, q–derivatives relations, the q–differential recursion relations, the q–integral representations for Ξ1 and Ξ2 are given. The summation formula derives a list of p–analogues of transformation formulas for bibasic Humbert functions that have been studied, also some hypergeometric functions properties of some new interesting special cases have been given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we derive some classical and fractional properties of the r R s matrix function by using the Hilfer fractional operator. The theory of special matrix functions is the theory of those matrices that correspond to special matrix functions such as the gamma, beta, and Gauss hypergeometric matrix functions. We will also show the relationship with other generalized special matrix functions in the context of the Konhauser and Laguerre matrix polynomials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]