The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) belongs to the Salmonidae family which display complex and often highly plastic life history strategies. A common life history strategy in Atlantic salmon is anadromy in which the juvenile phase is spent in a freshwater environment as freshwater adapted 'parr' which then undergo a transition to become seawater adapted 'smolts' prior to migration to the sea where they become adults, grow and mature until returning to their natal streams to spawn. The transition from a freshwater to a saltwater adapted juvenile is called parr-smolt transformation (PST). PST is essential to survival during exposure to an increasingly saline conditions in subsequent migration downstream and into the marine environment. The initiation of PST has been linked to photoperiod cues and a surge in thyroid hormone in the form of thyroxine (T4) has also been observed to accompany PST. T4 is considered a 'pro-hormone' and requires activation to triiodothyronine (T3) to become fully functional. Thyroid hormone conversions are carried out by a group of selenoproteins called the iodothyronine deiodinases (dios) of which there are currently three recognised vertebrate orthologues; dio1, dio2 and dio3. The aims of this thesis were to characterize the repertoire of dio genes in Atlantic salmon and study their response to photoperiod manipulation during PST and during saltwater transfer following PST, and to understand how these responses are transcriptionally regulated using genome searching, whole animal and in vitro experiments. In this thesis, six dio genes were identified in the Atlantic salmon; dio1, dio2a, dio2b, dio3a1, dio3a2 and dio3b. All genes were highly conserved when compared to vertebrate dios, and characteristic Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) elements were identified in all 3' UTRs. Phylogenetic analysis suggested an origin in the teleost specific whole genome duplication (WGD) event for dio3b which has been identified in a number of teleosts, while dio2a/b and dio3a1/2 paralogues were identified as a possible product of the more recent salmonid specific WGD event. Analysis of tissue distribution of dio mRNAs revealed differential expression patterns between paralogues. Juvenile Atlantic salmon parr were exposed to a photoperiod regime designed to induce PST and were subsequently transferred to SW. Sampling of brain, gill and pituitary tissue was carried out throughout the experiment under different photoperiods and upon transfer to SW. In the brain, a change to long day photoperiod (LD) induced an increase in dio2b mRNA expression and extensive distribution within the circumventricular and lateral ventricular regions, which are sites of cell proliferation, was observed. In the gill, dio2b mRNA again increased in abundance upon exposure to LD, while dio2a showed no photoperiodic response, but displayed a dramatic increase upon exposure to SW for six hours. Using different light regimes and 24 hour SW exposure, a correlation was observed between dio2a expression and osmotic stress (determined by plasma chloride ion concentration), suggesting a role for local T3 production from T4 via outer ring deiodination by dio2a in the gill. Promoter analysis of Atlantic salmon dio2a and dio2b revealed a conserved consensus cAMP responsive element (CRE) and Luciferase assays determined that the CRE elements in both dio2a and dio2b were functional. Mutation of the CRE sites abolished Luciferase response. In the proximal promoter of dio2a in Atlantic salmon and Rainbow trout, a higher than expected number of osmotic response elements (OREs) were observed. No OREs were observed in the proximal promoter of the salmonid dio2bs, suggesting that the proximal OREs in dio2a could be directly responsible for the induction of dio2a mRNA expression upon exposure to SW. OREs bind osmotic response element binding proteins (also known as NFAT5s or TonEBPs). In this thesis, four Atlantic salmon NFAT5 paralogues were identified; NFAT5a1, NFAT5a2, NFAT5b1 and NFAT5b2. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the NFAT5a/b duplication occurred following the teleost WGD event while the NFAT5a1/2 and NFAT5b1/2 paralogues arose following the salmonid specific WGD. As was observed with dio2a, 24 hour SW exposure under different photoperiod regimes identified an increased prevalence of NFATb1 and NFAT5b2 mRNA expression in individuals experiencing high levels of osmotic stress. These results along with the presence of OREs in the promoter of dio2a lend support to the hypothesis that osmotic stress has a direct effect on dio2a expression via NFAT5 binding to OREs, resulting in downstream regulation of thyroid hormone mediated physiology. Further complexity was uncovered with the presence of multiple NFAT5 splice variants in Atlantic salmon from an Illumina based transcriptome. Two major conclusions have arisen through the work carried out for this PhD thesis. The first is that dio2b mRNA expression in the brain and gill is induced by long day photoperiod during PST in Atlantic salmon, as has been identified in the brain of birds, mammals and other teleosts. This supports the hypothesis that photoperiodic regulation of dio2 in vertebrates is an ancestral mechanism in the timing of seasonal life-history transitions irrespective of cyclical occurrence, such as in seasonal breeding, or seasonally triggered unidirectional events including puberty and metamorphic events such as PST. The extent of dio2b RNA expression in the Atlantic salmon smolt brain and the presence of dio2b in cellular proliferation regions suggest a role in extensive neural development during PST, which is required to support quasi-metamorphic changes in behaviour and physiology. Secondly, functional divergence in the regulation of dio2 paralogue expression during PST in response to environmental signals appears to have arisen in the Atlantic salmon via promoter reorganization following gene duplication. CREs in the promoters of Atlantic salmon dio2a and dio2b indicate conservation of cAMP-mediated seasonal regulation, however, identification of an over-representation of OREs in the promoter of the Atlantic salmon dio2a paralogue suggests an expansion of potential regulatory pathways of dio2 in teleosts. Expression of ORE binding proteins (NFAT5bs) in response to osmotic stress add further support to the hypothesis of induction of dio2a in response to osmotic stress via regulatory OREs. The utilization of two dio2 induction pathways in Atlantic salmon allows for fine tuning of preparative and activational phases of PST, and lends support to the idea of a role for the salmonid 4R WGS event in the evolution of plasticity in life history strategies by generating the potential for functional divergence of gene duplicates.